Abstracts on Assisted Reproduction 1981-1985

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guidelines, UK, research, DI, licensing, IVF, law: guidelines, UK, research, DI, licensing, IVF, law.

This newspiece reports on the leaked contents of the Warnock report about assisted reproduction licensing and embryo research.

2. Abramowitz S. A Stalemate on Test-Tube Baby Research. Politics, Not Ethics, The Major Constraint. The Hastings Center Report. 1984(February 1984):5-9.

IVF, ethics, social attitudes, research, regulation, USA, embryos, standards, prohibition, policy: IVF, ethics, social attitudes, research, regulation, USA, embryos, standards, prohibition, policy.

This article looks at the history of the de facto ban on embryo research in the USA. It looks at the reasons why Congress won't lift the ban, why the ban should be lifted, the reports of ethics committees and the ways forward in terms of getting the ban lifted.

3. Abyholm T, Stray-Pedersen S. A follow-up study among 285 men with azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia. International Journal of Andrology. 1981;4:421-31.

male infertility, men, medical aspects, adoption, couples, DI, Norway: male infertility, men, medical aspects, adoption, couples, DI, Norway.

This study reports on the success of couples in which the male is infertile to have a child through natural means, DI or adoption. Less of these couples separated or divorced than the national norm.

4. Adler JD, Boxley RL. The Psychological Reactions to Infertility: Sex Roles and Coping Styles. Sex Roles. 1985;12(3-4):271-9.

infertility, psychological, sex roles, coping skills, sexuality, identity, stress, gender, couples: infertility, psychological, sex roles, coping skills, sexuality, identity, stress, gender, couples.

This study of infertile, formally infertile and fertile medical patients found that better self esteem was associated with masculinity and androgeny as sex roles. Also found that there was no difference between the groups in terms of levels of coping.

5. Aicken DR. Issues arising from artificial conception practices. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1985(27 March 1985):186-7.

assisted reproduction, IVF, DI, NZ, religion, legislation, cryopreservation, ethics, surrogacy, regulation, interests of child, doctors, semen donors, couples, egg donors: assisted reproduction, IVF, DI, NZ, religion, legislation, cryopreservation, ethics, surrogacy, regulation, interests of child, doctors, semen donors, couples, egg donors.

This paper looks at assisted reproduction issues the response to these from various overseas committees and from religious thinkers, and the implications for this in a NZ context. It calls for legislation to be enacted in NZ.

6. Aitken J. Submission to - The Government Committee Considering the Social, Ethical and Legal Issues Arising from In Vitro Fertilization. In: Adoption TVSCo, ed. Victoria, Australia: The Victorian Standing Committee on Adoption, Victorian State Government, Australia; 1982.

7. Aitken J. Donor Conceptions: a Conflict of Needs and Rights. Monash Bioethics News. 1983;2(1):12-16.

DI, couples, infertility, egg donors, anonymity, records, family, interests of child, rights, openness, offspring, adoption, secrecy, semen donors: DI, couples, infertility, egg donors, anonymity, records, family, interests of child, rights, openness, offspring, adoption, secrecy, semen donors.

This paper outlines the situation with regard to anonymity in DI, and argues for the rights of involved parties to information about each other.

8. Aitken J. Submission to - The Government Committee Considering the Social, Ethical and Legal Issues Arising from In Vitro Fertilization. In: Victoria TVSCoAaAFCWSo, ed. Victoria, Australia: The Victorian Standing Committee on Adoption, Victorian State Government, Australia; 1983.

9. Alder E. Psychological Aspects of AID. In: Pullen EH, Pullen I, eds. Psychological Aspects of Genetic Counselling: Academic Press Inc.; 1984.

DI, psychological, couples, male infertility, practice, UK, ddoctors, disability, semen donors, treatment, pregnancy rates, selection, class, counselling, adoption, men, women, sexuality, secrecy: DI, psychological, couples, male infertility, practice, UK, ddoctors, disability, semen donors, treatment, pregnancy rates, selection, class, counselling, adoption, men, women, sexuality, secrecy.

This paper gives a general overview of the issues concerning DI in a UK context. Looks at the role of semen donors, and couples and presents a brief study of the attitudes to couples to DI, secrecy, and adoption.

10. Alder E, Templeton AA. Patient reaction to IVF treatment. The Lancet. 1985(January 19, 1985):168.

women, IVF, counselling, secrecy, DI, ethics, embryos, research, social attitudes, UK: women, IVF, counselling, secrecy, DI, ethics, embryos, research, social attitudes, UK.

This letter reporting a study of IVF patients looks at their attitudes to the treatment, who they had told about their treatment, if they would tell the child, their ethical concerns, and their attitudes to embryo research.11. Alder E. Psychological Aspects of IVF. In: Hall EVV, ed. Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Leiden: Boerhaave Committee on Postgraduate Medical Education; 1985.

IVF, psychological, women, infertility, stress, medical aspects, sexuality, couples, psychosocial, secrecy, counselling, doctors: IVF, psychological, women, infertility, stress, medical aspects, sexuality, couples, psychosocial, secrecy, counselling, doctors.

This paper looks at the relationship between stress, infertility, and infertility treatment. In a study of 20 women undergoing IVF treatment, 60% thought secrecy was important. It looks at the women's evaluation of various parts of the procedure, and recommends good preparation of women before treatment, counselling and follow up for women and children after treatment.

12. Allen DG, Alperstein A, Tsalacopoulos G. Artificial insemination by donor at Groote Schuur Hospital. Aouth African Medical Journal. 1985;67:284-7.

DI, ethics, religion, law, medical aspects, secrecy: DI, ethics, religion, law, medical aspects, secrecy.

This article outlines the implementation of a DI programme and semen bank in a South African hospital. It briefly overviews religious, ethical, legal, medical, counselling and secrecy issues in this area.

13. Alwyn JES. Artificial Insemination by Donor. An Infertility Dilemma. St. Mark's Review. 1982(September, 1982):26-7.

DI, infertility, family, fatherhood, motherhood, matching, couples, screening, anonymity, secrecy, law, religion, Christianity, ethics, doctors, single women: DI, infertility, family, fatherhood, motherhood, matching, couples, screening, anonymity, secrecy, law, religion, Christianity, ethics, doctors, single women.

This paper outlines DI practice, and promotes close matching. It notes that medicine favours secrecy, while law opposes it. It condemns single women receiving DI and looks at the ethical issues of DI from a Christian perspective.

14. Amadio C, Deutsch SL. Open Adoption: Allowing Adopted Children to "Stay in Touch" with Blood Relatives. Journal of Family Law. 1983;22:55-89.

law, legal, adoption, secrecy, openness, parenthood, history, USA, stress, psychosocial, interests of child, family: law, legal, adoption, secrecy, openness, parenthood, history, USA, stress, psychosocial, interests of child, family.

This article addresses the legal issues surrounding open adoption in the US. It looks at the issue of offspring access to their biological parents, historically and cross-culturally. It looks at the benefits in psychosocial terms for children who maintain some contact with their biological parents. It looks at open adoption as it relates to various familial relationships.

15. American Fertility Society. Ethical statement on in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility. 1984;41(1):12.

USA, ethics, IVF, practice, guidelines, semen donors, payment, consent, records, research, embryos, cryopreservation, gametes, egg donors: USA, ethics, IVF, practice, guidelines, semen donors, payment, consent, records, research, embryos, cryopreservation, gametes, egg donors.

This guideline looks at issues of IVF practice, embryo research, cryopreservation and sperm and oocyte donation.

16. American Fertility Society. Minimal standards for programs of in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility. 1984;41(1):13.

IVF, standards, practice, health professionals, doctors, research, psychosocial, medical aspects: IVF, standards, practice, health professionals, doctors, research, psychosocial, medical aspects.

This guideline looks at general considerations, personnel and special services and facilities. It favours concern with patients psychosocial needs.

17. Anderson A. Nakasone takes the lead. Nature. 1984;308(29 March 1984):395.

ethics, Japan, religion, Catholic, policy, scientists, IVF: ethics, Japan, religion, Catholic, policy, scientists, IVF.

This newspiece reports on first international conference on life sciences, which was held in Japan.

18. Andrews LB. The Stork Market: The Law of the New Reproductive Technologies. American Bar Association Journal. 1984;70:50-6.

law, USA, IVF, DI, couples, semen donors, egg donors, disability, surrogates, doctors, lawyers, legislation, prohibition, embryos, research, IVF, adoption, assisted reproduction, contracts, paternity, history, payment, advertising, commercialisation, screening, clinics: law, USA, IVF, DI, couples, semen donors, egg donors, disability, surrogates, doctors, lawyers, legislation, prohibition, embryos, research, IVF, adoption, assisted reproduction, contracts, paternity, history, payment, advertising, commercialisation, screening, clinics.

This paper overviews the legal situation with regard to ARTs in the USA and provides advice to lawyers on how to respond to requests for assistance in this area. Describes a number of cases and the implications of these and outlines a number of other potential situations. Notes also the difficulties lawyers may find themselves in in assisting in this area.

19. Andrews LB. New Conceptions: Chapter 7. Artificial Insemination: Parts of Chapter 10. Parenting. New York: St. Martin's Press; 1984.

DI, couples, male infertility, history, semen donors, selection, sperm banks, age, cryopreservation, medical aspects, psychological, process, male infertility, counselling, religion, social attitudes, law, legislation, USA, single women, posthumous: DI, couples, male infertility, history, semen donors, selection, sperm banks, age, cryopreservation, medical aspects, psychological, process, male infertility, counselling, religion, social attitudes, law, legislation, USA, single women, posthumous.

Artificial insemination chapter, is a guide for couple considering DI. Looks at history, donor screening and the lack of it by doctors and sperm banks, issues of age in having children, cryopreservation, and the DI procedure itself. Parenting chapter looks at the trauma of male infertility, counselling, the attitudes of society and religion, legal matters in teh USA, and DI for single women and using sperm posthumously.

20. Andrews LB, Fassler D, Tiefel HO. When Baby's Mother is also Grandma- and Sister. Hastings Center Report. 1985(October 1985):29-31.

ethics, family, IVF, surrogacy, egg donation, rights, psychological, doctors, motherhood, social attitudes, identity, interests of child: ethics, family, IVF, surrogacy, egg donation, rights, psychological, doctors, motherhood, social attitudes, identity, interests of child.

This paper presents a complex situation relating to IVF, egg donation by a daughter and surrogacy. It presents discussion of this by the two former authors. Andrews argues for the prodecures in terms of lack of risk to participants and reproductive rights. Tiefel argues against it in terms of the best interests of the child, who is to take responsibility for it and the role of physicians.21. Annas GJ. Contracts to Bear a Child: Compassion or Commercialism? The Hastings Center Report. 1981;11:23-4.

commercialisaion, surrogacy, law, ethics, policy, interests of child, semen donors, DI, legislation, motherhood: commercialisaion, surrogacy, law, ethics, policy, interests of child, semen donors, DI, legislation, motherhood.

This paper outlines ethical legal and policy issues in surrogacy. It discusses whether it shoul be a private or public issue, and what the best interests of the child are. It discusses the rights of semen donors and the advisability of legislation.

22. Annas GJ. Making Babies without Sex: The Law and the Profits. American Journal of Public Health. 1984;74(12):1415-7.

parenthood, commercialisation, assisted reproduction, technology, law, motherhood, surrogacy, ethics, regulation, USA, UK, Australia, advertising, cryopreservation, social attitudes, interests of the child: parenthood, commercialisation, assisted reproduction, technology, law, motherhood, surrogacy, ethics, regulation, USA, UK, Australia, advertising, cryopreservation, social attitudes, interests of the child.

This paper looks at the ethical, legal and social implications of new reproductive technologies, and at how various western countries have responded to these in terms of regulation. It looks at surrogate advertising, the disposal of frozen embryos, social attitudes and the interests of the child.

23. Annas GJ. Redefining Parenthood and Protecting Embryos: Why We Need New Laws. The Hastings Center Report. 1984(October 1984):50-2.

law, embryos, parenthood, DI, IVF, SET, contraception, egg donation, surrogacy, embryos, USA cryopreservation, commercialisation: law, embryos, parenthood, DI, IVF, SET, contraception, egg donation, surrogacy, embryos, USA cryopreservation, commercialisation.

This paper looks at recent ART developments and provides legal guidelines for dealing with paternity issues, and for dealing with embryos, cryopreservation a d commercialisation issues.

24. Annas GJ. Surrogate Embryo Transfer: The Perils of Patenting. The Hastings Center Report. 1984(June 1984):25-6.

ethics, IVF, SET, surrogacy, medical aspects, doctors, economics, patents, media, social attitudes, infertility, rights, legal, law: ethics, IVF, SET, surrogacy, medical aspects, doctors, economics, patents, media, social attitudes, infertility, rights, legal, law.

This paper describes surrogate embryo transfer and the controversy surrounding the attempt to patent it as a process. It looks at issues of access to knowledge and conflicts of interest between, scientific objectivity and profit.

25. Anonymous. Eugenic Artificial Insemination: A Cure for Mediocrity? Harvard Law Review. 1981;94(8):1850-70.

DI, sperm banks, eugenics, law, USA: DI, sperm banks, eugenics, law, USA.

This paper looks at eugenics in the USA, the practice of using sperm banks and donor insemination from high intelligence individual to upgrade the gene pool (eutelegenesis), the constitutional position on this, and the arguements for and against it.

26. Anonymous. Test-tube babies pilloried again. Nature. 1982;295(4 February):445.

IVF, ethics, doctors, sperm banks, cryopreservation, law, infertility, DI, surrogacy, social attitudes, embryos, social attitudes, UK: IVF, ethics, doctors, sperm banks, cryopreservation, law, infertility, DI, surrogacy, social attitudes, embryos, social attitudes, UK.

This piece outlines recent concerns in the UK about IVF, the use of donor gametes, cryopreservation etc.

27. Anonymous. The future of the test-tube baby. Nature. 1982;299(7 October):475-6.

IVF, embryos, research, Catholic, ethical, infertility, DI, social attitudes, surrogacy, cryopreservation, ethics, policy, UK, scientists: IVF, embryos, research, Catholic, ethical, infertility, DI, social attitudes, surrogacy, cryopreservation, ethics, policy, UK, scientists.

This piece looks at public attitudes in the UK to IVF and embryo research. Argues that opposition to these is 'irrational'.

28. Anonymous. Test-tube babies: Australia more tolerant than UK. The Bulletin. 1982(November 16, 1982).

UK, Australia, IVF, surrogacy, SET, couples, social attitudes: UK, Australia, IVF, surrogacy, SET, couples, social attitudes.

This paper presents the results of surveys in Australia and the UK on the approval and knowledge about IVF and surrogacy procedures. It finds Australians are slightly more liberal.

29. Anonymous. Surrogate Motherhood. Western New England Law Review. 1983;5:663-4.

surrogacy, motherhood, legislation, law, policy, regulation, social attitudes, DI: surrogacy, motherhood, legislation, law, policy, regulation, social attitudes, DI.

Fragment of a discussion about regulating surrogacy, social attitudes and its similarities to DI.

30. Anonymous. Legal restraints proposed for UK / Warnock's law. Nature. 1984(26 July):266.

embryos, IVF, research, ethics, social attitudes, DI, licensing, rights, semen donors, surrogacy, commercialisation, regulation, gentic engineering, clinics: embryos, IVF, research, ethics, social attitudes, DI, licensing, rights, semen donors, surrogacy, commercialisation, regulation, gentic engineering, clinics.

These pieces outline the recommendations of the Warnock report in relation to DI, embryo research, clinic licensing and surrogacy.31. Anonymous. Waller Committee Releases Final Report/ Warnock Committee Reports in Britain/ French Government Committee Reports on the Use of Embryos and Foetal Tissue. Bioethics News. 1984(October):2-3.

Australia, cryopreservation, embryos, research, prohibition, couples, surrogacy, France, UK: Australia, cryopreservation, embryos, research, prohibition, couples, surrogacy, France, UK.

Summary of Waller reports recommendatons on embryo freezing and surrogacy. This piece also outlines the Warnock report and developments in France.

32. Anonymous. Human fertilisation report. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1984(22 August):571.

UK, regulation, licensing, clinics, IVF, DI, cryopreservation, research, embryos, genetic engineering, commercialisation, anonymity, semen donors, egg donors, couples, law, surrogacy, paternity: UK, regulation, licensing, clinics, IVF, DI, cryopreservation, research, embryos, genetic engineering, commercialisation, anonymity, semen donors, egg donors, couples, law, surrogacy, paternity.

This piece outlines the contents of the Warnock report and the changes that would be made to UK law to implement it.

33. Anonymous. Effects of Surrogate Motherhood, Other Child-bearing Options Need Closer Study, Says Researcher / Surrogates Existing Family Should Be Followed In Studies on Surrogate Motherhood. Psychiatric News; 1984.

34. Anonymous. The Warnock Report: A Review. Bioethics News. 1984(11/84):7-9.

technology, surrogacy, commercialisation, embryos, assisted reproduction, research, ethics, regulation, UK: technology, surrogacy, commercialisation, embryos, assisted reproduction, research, ethics, regulation, UK.

This review presents the recommendations of the Warnock committee, and concentrates its comments on surrogacy and the status of the embryo.

35. Anonymous. Artificial fertilization made natural. Nature. 1984;310(26 July):269.

UK, regulation, IVF, DI, doctors, surrogacy, prohibition, cryopreservation, embryos, semen donors, STds, sperm banks, records, openness, research, abortion, eugenics: UK, regulation, IVF, DI, doctors, surrogacy, prohibition, cryopreservation, embryos, semen donors, STds, sperm banks, records, openness, research, abortion, eugenics.

This piece overviews and comments on the proposals of the Warnock committee about information access, surrogacy and embryo research.

36. Anonymous. Confused comment on Warnock. Nature. 1984;312(29 November):389.

UK, regulation, embryos, IVF, research, social attitudes, surrogacy, commercialisation, licensing: UK, regulation, embryos, IVF, research, social attitudes, surrogacy, commercialisation, licensing.

This piece comments on the public and legislator reaction to the Warbock report and issues concerning IVF, embryo research and surrogacy.

37. Anonymous. A welcome report. British Medical Journal. 1984;289(5439):207-8.

UK, regulation, Dim,, IVF, licensing, embruyos, cryopreservation, research, legislation, social attitudes, doctors: UK, regulation, Dim,, IVF, licensing, embruyos, cryopreservation, research, legislation, social attitudes, doctors.

This paper reviews the Warnock report and the outlines the public and potential legislative response to the issues it covers.

38. Anonymous. Warnock proposals in trouble. Nature. 1985;313(7 February):417.

doctors, UK, legislation, social attitudes, licensing, embryos, research, law, lawyers: doctors, UK, legislation, social attitudes, licensing, embryos, research, law, lawyers.

This piece reprots on UK legislative developments in relation to licensing and embryos research and the attitudes of doctors and lawyers to these developments.

39. Anonymous. UK agonizes on embryo research. Nature. 1985;313(7 February):424.

UK, embryos, research, IVF, legislation, lawyers, legislation, DI, surrogacy, openness, licensing: UK, embryos, research, IVF, legislation, lawyers, legislation, DI, surrogacy, openness, licensing.

This piece reports the law societies comments on openness, surrogacy embryo research etc. in relation to the Warnock report and attempts at legislation on these issue in the UK.

40. Anonymous. Surrogate mothers. British Medical Journal. 1985;290(26 January 1985):308.

surrogacy, law, UK, motherhood, interests of child, family, USA: surrogacy, law, UK, motherhood, interests of child, family, USA.

This paper looks at the legal and social implications of the Baby cotton case.41. Anonymous. Reproductive technoLogy and the Procreation Rights of the Unmarried. Harvard Law Review. 1985;98(650):669-85.

law, USA, reproductive rights, social attitudes, single women, single men, lesbian, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, interests of child, surrogates, couples, doctors, DI, IVF, prohibition, family, policy, adoption: law, USA, reproductive rights, social attitudes, single women, single men, lesbian, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, interests of child, surrogates, couples, doctors, DI, IVF, prohibition, family, policy, adoption.

This paper argues that the USA supreme court decisions do favour the idea of a right to repoduce for unmarried as well as married people. It looks at attitudes to providing ARTs for this group, and generally presents an arguement which favours their gaining access to these technologies. It discusses the way the family is viewed and role of the state in protecting public morality and health.

42. Aral AO, Jr. WC. The Increasing Concern With Infertility. Why Now? Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983;250(17):2327-31.

infertility, demographics, couples, USA, history, social attitudes, doctors, clinics, treatment, education, race, age, women, contraception, media, sexuality, environmental factors, STDs: infertility, demographics, couples, USA, history, social attitudes, doctors, clinics, treatment, education, race, age, women, contraception, media, sexuality, environmental factors, STDs.

This paper outlines 4 reasons why the USA is witnessing an increased concern with infertility in terms of the number of couples visiting clinics in realation to this. These are: an increase in the no. of infertile couples, an increase in the no. of couples seeking treatment, an increase in the number of doctors specialising in this area and a more accepting social milieu. Looks at demographic differences in incidences of infertility, and historical reasons for the current situation.

43. Arnold JM, Joyce DN. Artificial insemination by donor (AID). The Practioner. 1982;226:1324-8.

DI. coup.les, history, UK, male infertilitpsychosocial, practice, recruitment, semen donors, screening, consanguinity, pregnancy rates, child development, family, law, doctors, counselling: DI. coup.les, history, UK, male infertilitpsychosocial, practice, recruitment, semen donors, screening, consanguinity, pregnancy rates, child development, family, law, doctors, counselling.

This paper discusses the history of DI and its practice in a UK context. It promotes the importance of counselling couples, and looks at the screening of donors and the development of children conceived as a result of DI. Reocommends that control of DI remain with the medical profession.

44. Asche A. AID, IVF and Genetic Engineering - Beyond the Legal Frontiers. Address Given by the Honourable Mr Justice Asche to the College of Law and Family Law Practitioners Association of New South Wales - "The David Opas Memorial Lecture": College of Law and Family Law Practitioners Association of New South Wales; 1983.

45. Bailey R. The Legal Position of Children Born as a Result of Artificial Insemination and In Vitro Fertilization. In: Blake R, ed. In Vitro Fertilisation and Artificial Insemination By Donor. Proceedings of the Seminar and Public Lecture held by the South Australian Health Commission. Adelaide: South Australian Health Commission; 1984.

law, Australia, offspring, parenthood, semen donors, family, cryopreservation, embryos, single women, surrogacy: law, Australia, offspring, parenthood, semen donors, family, cryopreservation, embryos, single women, surrogacy.

This paper looks at the status of IVF and DI children under South Australian Law. It looks at various state and Commonwealth law. It also looks at a variety of other issues: frozen embryos, single women and ART's, surrogacy.

46. Barker G. Your Search for Fertility. New York: William H. Morrow; 1981.

couples, infertility, assisted reproduction, psychosocial: couples, infertility, assisted reproduction, psychosocial.

not seen.

47. Barker C. Law Conference 1984 - Discussion on Bioethics. New Zealand Law Journal. 1984(July):237-44.

ethics, law, NZ, IVF, commercialisation, oocytes, embryos, adoption, DI, openness, offspring, records, interests of child, Australia, UK, payment, class, race, medicalisation, family, medical aspects, cryopreservation, religion, Christianity, infertility., Maori, regulation, consanguinity, semen donors, secrecy, openness, counselling, insurance: ethics, law, NZ, IVF, commercialisation, oocytes, embryos, adoption, DI, openness, offspring, records, interests of child, Australia, UK, payment, class, race, medicalisation, family, medical aspects, cryopreservation, religion, Christianity, infertility., Maori, regulation, consanguinity, semen donors, secrecy, openness, counselling, insurance.

This is a verbatim report of the 1984 NZ Law Conference discussion on bioethics. It touches on: IVF, commercialisation, embryo destruction, rights of DI offspring to identifying information, interests of child, attitudes of DI parents in Australia to telling the child, donor payment and commercial practice, class, race, discrimination, economics (particularly of IVF, and who it is helping), medicalisation of ART's, Christianity, Maori religion and symbolism, regulation, consanguinity, , destruction of records in NZ, counselling for couples in NZ, and insurance.

48. Barry N. What shall we tell AID babies? Social Work Today. 1984(10th December):8.

surrogacy, infertility, research, embryos, UK, DI, law, social workers, health professionals, telling the child, lesbian, single women, IVF, secrecy, semen donors, psychological, motherhood, social attitudes, abortion, offspring: surrogacy, infertility, research, embryos, UK, DI, law, social workers, health professionals, telling the child, lesbian, single women, IVF, secrecy, semen donors, psychological, motherhood, social attitudes, abortion, offspring.

This paper reports on a meeting of lawyers, social workers and health professionals which discussed the Warnock report. It notes participants disapproving of legal situation and secrecy, discussing the potential psychological effects of ART's, particularly surrogacy and looking at the preconditions for parents telling their children about their DI origins.

49. Barry N. Bearing a gift of life. Social Work Today. 1984(10th December):14-15.

surrogacy, motherhood, social attitudes, family, UK, social workers, abortion, telling the child, adoption, religion, Catholic, family, interests of child: surrogacy, motherhood, social attitudes, family, UK, social workers, abortion, telling the child, adoption, religion, Catholic, family, interests of child.

This is a report of an interview with a surrogate mother in Scotland who conceived a baby by natural means and then handed it over to the commissioning couple. It looks at issues of adultery, social attitudes, how the child will react, etc.

50. Bartels D. The Uses of in vitro Human Embryos: Can the Public Participate in Decision Making? Search. 1983;14(9-10):257-62.

embryos, IVF, social attitudes, infertility, research, ethics, guidelines, genetic engineering, medical aspects, scientists, abortion, organ doning, eugenics: embryos, IVF, social attitudes, infertility, research, ethics, guidelines, genetic engineering, medical aspects, scientists, abortion, organ doning, eugenics.

This paper advocates public participation in the debates over the uses of science in embryo research and genetic engineering. It looks at technical aspects of genetic engineering, IVF as a source of embryos, abortion, organ doning, genetic screening and gene therapy. It discusses ethical issues and means for ensuring public participation in decision making.51. Baruch EH, Jr AFDA. Resetting the Biological Clock. Women and the New Reproductive Technologies. Disssent. 1985(Summer):273-6.

women, feminism, technology, gender, women, men, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, cryopreservation, DI, egg donation, payment, class, poverty, economics, social attitudes, sex selection, rights, disability, abortion, parenthood, family, motherhood, sexuality, single women, single men, scientists, economics: women, feminism, technology, gender, women, men, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, cryopreservation, DI, egg donation, payment, class, poverty, economics, social attitudes, sex selection, rights, disability, abortion, parenthood, family, motherhood, sexuality, single women, single men, scientists, economics.

This paper outlines the benefits for women of ARTs in allowing them to extend their reproductive years and potential. It also looks at the social and economic implications of this. It also discusses genetic screening, sex selection and surrogacy and discusses the positives and negatives of these procedures. It then looks at the uses men could make of ARTs which may have negative effects for women. It argues that new technologies should be regulated rather than prohibited as they can be used for both good and bad.

52. Bates P. Legal Criteria for Distinguishing Between Live and Dead Human Foetuses and Newborn Children. University of New South Wales Law Journal. 1983;6:143-51.

law, legislation, Australia, organ donation, abortion, fetal tissue, women, doctors, pregnancy, UK, embryos, research: law, legislation, Australia, organ donation, abortion, fetal tissue, women, doctors, pregnancy, UK, embryos, research.

This paper notes that there are a variety of different legal defnitions of death, depending on the context. It looks at the Australian law in relation to when life occurs in relation to the birth or conception, and when a new human being is legally said to come into existence. This background was prepared for an ethics committee looking at embryo research.

53. Bates P. Foetal and Neonatal Life, Death and the Law. New Doctor. 1984;31:40-3.

fetal tissue, law, embryos, research, Australia, technology, assisted reproduction, IVF, DI, legislation, ethics, social attitudes, abortion: fetal tissue, law, embryos, research, Australia, technology, assisted reproduction, IVF, DI, legislation, ethics, social attitudes, abortion.

This paper looks at legal definitions of life and death in Australia in relation to ART's. It looks at issues of premature births, and abortion practice.

54. Batterman R. A Comprehensive Approach to Treating Infertility. Health and Social Work. 1985:46-54.

infertility, psychosocial, social work, counselling, social support, process, stress: infertility, psychosocial, social work, counselling, social support, process, stress.

This article draws on the authors clinical experience in counselling to present an analysis of the crisis of infertility and the emotional stages associated with this. It defines the therapeutic role of the social worker in relation to this.

55. Bayles M. Reproductive Ethics. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall Inc.; 1984.

ethics, contraception, DI, surrogacy, IVF, genetic screening, abortion, social attitudes, policy, disability, cloning, embryo research, genetic engineering, sterilisation, law, adoption, contracts, rights, counselling, embryos, infertility, consent, lesbian, doctors, sex selection, disability, sterilisation, single women, religion, pregnancy: ethics, contraception, DI, surrogacy, IVF, genetic screening, abortion, social attitudes, policy, disability, cloning, embryo research, genetic engineering, sterilisation, law, adoption, contracts, rights, counselling, embryos, infertility, consent, lesbian, doctors, sex selection, disability, sterilisation, single women, religion, pregnancy.

This book uses a case study approach to look at a variety of issues in reproductive ethics. It discusses contraception, DI, surrogacy, IVF, sex selection, genetic screening, abortion, the status of the embryo, rights, and genetic engineering issues.

56. Beardsley T. Societies urge a softer line. Human embryo experiments. Nature. 1984;302(28 April):739.

IVF, doctors, regulation, research, semen donors, embryos, practice, cryopreservation, ethics, UK, couples: IVF, doctors, regulation, research, semen donors, embryos, practice, cryopreservation, ethics, UK, couples.

This newspiece reports on the recommendations of the UK Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and the Medical Research Council to the Warnock Committee. It looks at issues of informed consent for couples undergoing treatment, and donors providing embryos and gametes for research. It also looks at issues of licensing of practice and facilities.

57. Beardsley T. US Congress plans to act. Artificial fertilization. Nature. 1984;310(16 August):533.

USA, IVF, guidelines, law, embryos, commercialisation, cryopreservation, genetic engineering, ethics, medical aspects: USA, IVF, guidelines, law, embryos, commercialisation, cryopreservation, genetic engineering, ethics, medical aspects.

This newspiece reports on a US Congress subcommittee hearing about setting up a commission into IVF, genetic engineering and ARTs generally. Notes discussion on embryo research, the rights of embryos etc.

58. Beck WW. Two hundred years of artificial insemination. Fertility and Sterility. 1984;41(2):193-5.

DI, doctors, ethics, law, secrecy, semen donors, family, social attitudes, parenthood, surrogacy, rights, regulation, history, offspring: DI, doctors, ethics, law, secrecy, semen donors, family, social attitudes, parenthood, surrogacy, rights, regulation, history, offspring.

This paper looks at ethical and social issues involved in DI. It notes various attitudes to the donor and mentions ethical concerns. It advocates secrecy for the donor on the grounds that there will be no DI if this is not maintained, and that openness would be disruptive to family. Also discusses surrogacy and calls for greater regulation in this ART area.

59. Bell JS. Psychological Problems Among Patients Attending an Infertility Clinic. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1981;25(25):1-3.

couples, infertility, psychological, sexuality, stress, gender, psychosocial: couples, infertility, psychological, sexuality, stress, gender, psychosocial.

This pilot study of 10 couples attending an infertility clinic found that respondents had higher stress levels than normal and that some respondents experienced sexual problems.

60. Bell JS. Psychological aspects. In: Hargreave TB, ed. Male Infertility. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1983.

psychological, male infertility, sexuality, stress, sperm quality, couples, doctors, counselling, process, support groups: psychological, male infertility, sexuality, stress, sperm quality, couples, doctors, counselling, process, support groups.

This chapter looks at the psychological conditions which may be related to infertility. It looks at issues of sexuality, couple relationships, and the relationship between decreased sperm quality and stress. It looks at ways of managing infertility, the value of support groups, counselling and the role of doctors. It looks at the emotional process of dealing with infertility.61. Bents H. Psychology of male infertility - a literature survey. International Journal of Andrology. 1985;8:325-36.

male infertility, psychological, stress, sexuality, gender, couples, methods: male infertility, psychological, stress, sexuality, gender, couples, methods.

This paper looks at psychological factors in male infertility. It looks at sexuality, personality, psychosocial and relationship issues. It outlines an appropriate methodology for investigating this area.

62. Berger DM. Psychological Aspects of Donor Insemination. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1982;12(1):49-57.

psychological, DI, couples, selection, women, anonymity, law, psychosocial, family, openness, records, doctors: psychological, DI, couples, selection, women, anonymity, law, psychosocial, family, openness, records, doctors.

This paper reviews several papers which looks at the psychological consequences of DI for the couples involved. It concludes that anonymity may not be as harmless as initially thought. Makes suggestions as to ways in which opennes could be encouraged.

63. Berk A, Shapiro JL. Some Implications of Infertility in Marital Therapy. Family Therapy. 1984;11(1):37-48.

infertility, couples, psychological, psychosocial, sexuality, process, stress, family, social attitudes, counselling, adult development, crisis, treatment: infertility, couples, psychological, psychosocial, sexuality, process, stress, family, social attitudes, counselling, adult development, crisis, treatment.

This paper looks at the psychological impact of infertility on couples, and the ways in which counsellors can respond to this. It looks at social attitudes to infertility, the possibility of psychological causation of infertility, adult development issues, the process of dealing with infertility etc. It outlines strategies that counsellors can take in responding to this issue and presents a case study to illustrate the concerns which might arise.

64. Bernstein AH. Health/family law update. Ferment in family law afficts providers in malpractice cases. Hospitals. 1983(August 16):111, 114, 116.

law, doctors, family, surrogacy, USA, parenthood, abortion: law, doctors, family, surrogacy, USA, parenthood, abortion.

This article presents a series of legal cases about family definition, surrogacy, liability in various situations, abortion, consent etc.

65. Blank RH. Redefining Human Life. Reproductive Technologies and Social Policy. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press; 1984.

policy, assisted reproduction, law, legal, policy, USA, rights, social attitudes, abortion: policy, assisted reproduction, law, legal, policy, USA, rights, social attitudes, abortion.

This book discusses assisted reproduction and social policy in the USA and makes recommendations. Chapter headings are: The Context of Reproductive Issues in the United States; Reproductive Technology: The State of the Art; The Changing Legal Framework of Reproductive Choice; The Changing Context of Fetal Rights; A Framework for Reproductive Policy in the United States; Reproductive Policy: Directions for the Future.

66. Blank RH. The Context of Reproductive Issues in the United States. In: Blank RH, ed. Redefinig Human Life: Westview Press; 1984.

policy, USA, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, technology, ethics, economics, religion, rights, philosophy, abortion, couples, offspring: policy, USA, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, technology, ethics, economics, religion, rights, philosophy, abortion, couples, offspring.

This chapter looks at issues concerning the interaction of technology and society and the notion of rights in American culture. It applies these to reproductive technologies.

67. Blank RH. Making Babies. The State of the Art. The Futurist; 1985.

68. Blatnau R, Bergin J. Sexual selection looms. Future Times. 1985(Winter):9-10.

IVF, genetic engineering, ethics, contraception, embryos, research, surrogacy, commercialisation, payment, social attitudes, law, technology: IVF, genetic engineering, ethics, contraception, embryos, research, surrogacy, commercialisation, payment, social attitudes, law, technology.

This interview with th authors touches on developments in, and social attitudes to; IVF, embryo research, surrogacy and contraception. Stresses inevitability of these technological developments coming to be used.

69. Bombardieri MA, Clapp D. Easing stress for IVF patients and staff. Contemporary Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984(October):1-4.

IVF, stress, couples, health professionals, doctors, process, economics, psychological, telling the child, counselling, support groups, family, social attitudes, psychosocial, guidelines, clinics: IVF, stress, couples, health professionals, doctors, process, economics, psychological, telling the child, counselling, support groups, family, social attitudes, psychosocial, guidelines, clinics.

This paper discusses ways in which health professionals can help intending IVF couples decide whether or not to undertake IVF, what pressures there are in relation to IVF, both from themselves and from others, and ways in which the health professionals involved can make the IVF experiences as pleasant as possible.

70. Bonham D. Advances in the management of infertility. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1984(March 14):146-7.

infertility, DI, semen donors, motivation, payment, cryopreservation, recruitment, NZ, IVF, medical aspects, policy, legislation, commercialisation: infertility, DI, semen donors, motivation, payment, cryopreservation, recruitment, NZ, IVF, medical aspects, policy, legislation, commercialisation.

This paper disucusses IVF and DI in a NZ context and legislation and procedures relating to them.71. Boyarsky R, Boyarsky S. Psychogenic Factors in Male Infertility. Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality. 1983;17(2, February):86H-86T.

male infertility, psychological, stress, sexuality, psychosocial, men, doctors, fatherhood, process: male infertility, psychological, stress, sexuality, psychosocial, men, doctors, fatherhood, process.

While noting that the research is inconclusive, this paper emphasises the various psychological causes of male infertility, and describes other behaviour which may be associated with these psychological causes. It also outlines an appropriate process of mourning in relation to male infertilty.

72. Brahams D. In-Vitro Fertilisation and Related Research. Why Parliament Must Legislate. The Lancet. 1983(September 24):726-9.

IVF, law, legislation, embryos, research, DI, ET, cryopreservation, surrogacy, motherhood, ethics, fatherhood, licensing, interests of child, clinics, doctors, records, policy, payment, parenthood, UK: IVF, law, legislation, embryos, research, DI, ET, cryopreservation, surrogacy, motherhood, ethics, fatherhood, licensing, interests of child, clinics, doctors, records, policy, payment, parenthood, UK.

This paper overviews the ART situation in the UK from a legal perspective and recommends that legislation be enacted to (among other things) establish a licensing system, control the surrogacy and embryo research situation, encourage doctors in providing treatement to consider the best interests of the child, and clear up issues surrounding paternity and cryopreservation.

73. Bramm HG, Tiefel HO. Human In Vitro Fertilisation (letter and reply). Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982;248(18):2240-1.

IVF, interests of child, doctors, pregnancy, abortion, medical aspects, ethics, religion, social attitudes: IVF, interests of child, doctors, pregnancy, abortion, medical aspects, ethics, religion, social attitudes.

A discussion of the dangers of IVF, ethical issues surrounding abortion, and religion vs. science debates.

74. Brand HJ. Psychological stress and infertility: Part 2: Psychometric test data. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1982;55:385-8.

infertility, psychosocial, psychological, stress, women: infertility, psychosocial, psychological, stress, women.

This study of 59 women with unexplained infertility, 32 women with organic infertility, and 5 fertile women found that there were no significant differences as measured by personality questionairres between the women with the various types of infertility. The fertile women (wives of sterile men) were however, more extraverted, and less self-controlled than the infertile women.

75. Brand HJ, Roos SS, Merwe ABVd. Psychological stress and infertility: Part 1: Psychophysiological reaction patterns. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1982;55:379-84.

infertility, psychosocial, psychological, couples, stress, medical aspects, women: infertility, psychosocial, psychological, couples, stress, medical aspects, women.

This study of 59 women with unexplained infertility, 32 women with organic infertility, and 5 fertile women found that there were no significant physiological differences between these women.

76. Brebner CM, Sharp JD, Stone FH. The role of infertility in adoption. London: British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering; 1985.

infertility, couples, adoption, doctors, psychosocial, stress, matching, secrecy, parenthood, process, family, psychological: infertility, couples, adoption, doctors, psychosocial, stress, matching, secrecy, parenthood, process, family, psychological.

This book presents and discusses the results of a study of predominantly infertile or subfertile couples who adopt children. It looks at how they resolve their infertility, how their identities as adoptive parents develop, and the relationships between these.

77. Bresnick ER. A Holistic Approach to the Treatment of the Crisis of Infertility. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 1981(April 1981):181-8.

counselling, infertility, psychological, couples, single women, lesbians: counselling, infertility, psychological, couples, single women, lesbians.

This paper uses case studies of people presenting themselves for counselling for infertility, to demonstrate the negative effect infertility can have on a persons psychological well being and the positive effect therapy can have in regard to this. Three psychological-behavioural categories are outlined to describe the people presenting in these situations, and so that the role of psychological intervention can better be understood.

78. British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering, British Association of Social Workers, Party ASW. AID and after. In: authors: C, McWhinnie AM, Snowden R, Joyce DN, Mitchell GD, eds. Evidence submitted to the Government Inquiry into Human Fertilisation and Embryology. Paper from BAAF study day, 'Openness in AID'. London: British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering; 1984.

79. British Association of Social Workers CoIiHFaEEWC. Report of Committee of Inquiry into Human Fertilisation and Embryology. comments from the British Association of Social Workers: British Association of Social Workers; 1983.

80. British Association of Social Workers. Surrogacy: the great debate. Social Work Today. 1985(14 January):24.

surrogacy, counselling, prohibition, commercialisation, DI, openness, rights, screening, parenthood, legislation, licensing, social workers: surrogacy, counselling, prohibition, commercialisation, DI, openness, rights, screening, parenthood, legislation, licensing, social workers.

This is a summary of the BASW project group which provided recommendations to the Warnock committee. It recommends prohibition of surrogacy, especially commercial arrangements, openness in DI and the right of offspring to their genetic heritage. It approves of the paternity proposals in the Act, and emphasises the role of counselling and social workers part in this.81. British Association of Social Workers' Sexuality Special Interest Group. Evidence Submitted to the Government Inquiry into Human Fertilisation and Embroyology in March 1983 by the British Association of Social Workers' Sexuality Special Interest Group: British Association of Social Workers; 1983.

82. Brodsky AM, Martin DJ, Kelly AM, Bierman K. Survey of Attitudes about Reproductive Technologies. Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Anaheim, USA: Unpublished; 1983.

83. Bromberger B. The Fetus - Law, Ethics, and Experimentation. Pathology. 1985;17:1-3.

law, ethics, embryos, abortion, fetal tissue, research, doctors, scientists, medicalisation, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, history, lesbian, cryopreservation, contraception, semen donors, Australia, egg donors: law, ethics, embryos, abortion, fetal tissue, research, doctors, scientists, medicalisation, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, history, lesbian, cryopreservation, contraception, semen donors, Australia, egg donors.

This paper extols the benefits and outlines the consequences of medical research over recent years, and uses this as a basis for arguing that opponents of assisted reproduction techniques are over-reacting to the relatively minor developments which such procedures represent.

84. Bunkle P. Manufacturing Motherhood/ Letter regarding DI. Broadsheet. 1984(April):12-15, 23.

motherhood, IVF, DI, female infertility, women, contraception, sexuality, feminism, assisted reproduction, technology, multiple pregnancy, paternity, family, media, doctors, law, DI, psychosocial, stress, semen donors, payment, prevention, education, NZ, doctor patient relations, Sweden, regulation, practice, policy: motherhood, IVF, DI, female infertility, women, contraception, sexuality, feminism, assisted reproduction, technology, multiple pregnancy, paternity, family, media, doctors, law, DI, psychosocial, stress, semen donors, payment, prevention, education, NZ, doctor patient relations, Sweden, regulation, practice, policy.

This piece looks at the use of ARTs and in particular IVF and the impact of these upon women. It discusses relations between women and their doctors, the portrayal of infertility and ARTs in the media, ideas of the inevitability of technological progress and the importance of women taking control of and influencing how these technologies are used. Looks at the implications of different sorts of feminism when approaching issues of infertility and ARTs. Second piece looks at DI and raises a number of questions about the practice as a whole, semen donors, their payment, the production of the semen, paternity etc.

85. California (State of USA). Assembly Bill 3771 (Surrogate Parent Act). In: Roos A, ed. Los Angeles: State of California; 1982.

86. Callan VJ. Perceptions of Parents, the Voluntarilty and Involuntarily Childless: A Multidimesional Scaling Analysis. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1985(November):1045-50.

infertility, couples, child freee, social attitudes, parenthood, psychological, psychosocial, gender, Australia: infertility, couples, child freee, social attitudes, parenthood, psychological, psychosocial, gender, Australia.

This paper looks at the attitudes of married and single people with regard to their perception of involuntarily and voluntarily childless couples, and couples who had varying numbers of children in the following direction: parents with many children parents with few children, parents wanting more children and the infertile, andthe voluntarily childless.

87. Capron AM. The New Reproductive Possibilities: Seeking a Moral Basis for Concerted Action in a Pluralistic Society. Law Medicine and Health Care. 1984;12:192-8.

ethics, social attitudes, assisted reproduction: ethics, social attitudes, assisted reproduction.

not seen.

88. Carter JW, Carter M. Sweet Grapes - How to Stop Being Infertile and Start Living Again: Perspective Press; 1984.

infertility, couples, psychosocial, process, counselling, assisted reproduction, adoption, child free: infertility, couples, psychosocial, process, counselling, assisted reproduction, adoption, child free.

not seen, see IVF Coordinators... 1992.

89. Chamberlain ER. Hardy Human Issues. Yesterday and Today; 1984.

90. Charlesworth M. New ways of life and death. Current Affairs Bulletin. 1984(October):4-24.

ethics, technology, DI, IVF, economics, USA, policy, embryos, research, cloning, philosophy, religion, Christianity, Catholic, feminism, eugenics, scientists, fatherhood, motherhood, family, law, Australia, abortion, genetic engineering, legislation, prohibition: ethics, technology, DI, IVF, economics, USA, policy, embryos, research, cloning, philosophy, religion, Christianity, Catholic, feminism, eugenics, scientists, fatherhood, motherhood, family, law, Australia, abortion, genetic engineering, legislation, prohibition.

This paper overviews legal, ethical, and philosophical issues in relation to ART's and looks at such issues as the status of the embryo, the advisability of legislation, policy concerns, and ways in which discussion about these issues can be structured.91. Charlesworth M. The Waller Committee Report: A Commentary. Bioethics News. 1984(October):5-6.

IVF, infertility, embryos, cryopresernation, couples, surrogacy, payment, commercialisation, Australia, France, advertising, law, social attitudes: IVF, infertility, embryos, cryopresernation, couples, surrogacy, payment, commercialisation, Australia, France, advertising, law, social attitudes.

This paper summarises the findings og the Waller commission and compares it to similar French and UK reports.

92. Child Welfare League of America. Report of agency survey on surrogate parenting: Child Welfare League of America; 1983.

93. Christchurch Infertility Society. Rules of the Christchurch Infertility Support Group Incorporated; 1983.

94. Clark M, Witherspoon D, Abramson P, et al. Infertility: New Cures, New Hope / Five Years of Hard Labor / Test-Tube Triumphs. Newsweek; 1982.

95. Clark A, Forbes-Smith P, Bycroft R, Peek J, Shaw M, Graham F. Reproductive and Social History of IVF Patients with Tubal Infertility. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1985;1000(826):380-2.

IVF, NZ, couples, infertility, class, stress, medical aspects, race, age, religion, support groups, selection, doctors: IVF, NZ, couples, infertility, class, stress, medical aspects, race, age, religion, support groups, selection, doctors.

This paper reports on the demographics of the first 100 couples undergoing IVF in Auckland and compares these to subsequent couples. Also describes their motivation and the medical and selection procedures.

96. Clayton CE, Kovacs GT. AID offspring Initial follow-up study of 50 couples. The Medical Journal of Australia. 1982;April 17, 1982:338-9.

DI, secrecy, child development, medical aspects, couples, psychosocial: DI, secrecy, child development, medical aspects, couples, psychosocial.

This study of 50 couples who had under gone DI and their resultant children concludes that in the sample there were no obstetric, paediatric or emotional problems resulting particularly from DI usage. 68% of the couples said they would not tell the child about its origins. There was a greater degree of hyperactivity in these children than in the normal population.

97. Clode D. Media Watch. Social Work Today. 1984(6th August).

media, UK, assisted reproduction, class, infertility, embryos, research, doctors, philosophy, ethics, rights, women, practice, regulation: media, UK, assisted reproduction, class, infertility, embryos, research, doctors, philosophy, ethics, rights, women, practice, regulation.

This is a commentary on UK media responses to the Warnock Report.

98. Cohen S, Wills TA. Stress, social support and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin. 1985;98(2):310-357.

.

.

99. Cohen J, Feehill CB, Fishel SB, et al. In vitro fetilization: a treatment for male infertility. Fertility and Sterility. 1985;43(3):422-32.

IVF, male infertility, gender, couples, doctors: IVF, male infertility, gender, couples, doctors.

not seen. Reference in Strickler, 1992.

100. Collins JA, Wrixon W, Janes LB, Wilson EH. Treatment-Independent Pregnancy Among Infertile Couples. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1983;309(20):1201-6.

infertility, assisted reproduction, couples, doctors, counselling, adoption, medical aspects, pregnancy, pregnancy rates: infertility, assisted reproduction, couples, doctors, counselling, adoption, medical aspects, pregnancy, pregnancy rates.

This study finds that the rates of pregnancy of couples who conceived as a result of ARTs, are not considerably higher than those who conceived not as a result of these treatments. While noting statistical problems it calls for greater clinical testing of ART treatments.101. Collins JA, Garner GB, Wilson EH, Wrixon W, Casper RF. A proportional hazards analysis of the clinical characteristics of infertile couples. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984;148(5):527-32.

couples, infertility, pregnancy rates, medical aspects, demographics, contraception, treatment: couples, infertility, pregnancy rates, medical aspects, demographics, contraception, treatment.

This study of infertile couples applying for treatment found correlations between pregnancy rates and: previous occurence of pregnancy for couple, shorter length of marriage, shorter duration of infertility, the presence of tubal disease, fewer infertility diagnosis, favourable first diagnosis, and length of usage of contraception.

102. Corea G. Reproductive Control: The War Against the Womb. In: Corea G, ed. The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs. London: The Women's Press; 1985.

feminism, women, doctors, technology, assisted reproduction, medicalisation, scientists, genetic engineering, history, men: feminism, women, doctors, technology, assisted reproduction, medicalisation, scientists, genetic engineering, history, men.

This chapter looks at male control of reproductive technology as part of a wider trend of men to technologically control both women, and nature. Expresses concern about genetic engineering developments.

103. Corea G. The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs. London: G. Corea; 1985.

.

.

104. Corea G. Artificial Insemination: 1) Eugenics: Family (Genetic) Planning. 2) The Subversive Sperm: 'A False Strain of Blood' 3) The Socialized Sperm: Institutionalising Artificial Insemination. In: Corea G, ed. The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs. London: The Women's Press; 1985.

DI, feminism, women, doctors, eugenics, history, philosophy, IVF, sperm banks, reproductive rights, cryopreservation, parenthood, law, adoption, lesbian, single women, semen donors, USA, fatherhood, secrecy, social attitudes: DI, feminism, women, doctors, eugenics, history, philosophy, IVF, sperm banks, reproductive rights, cryopreservation, parenthood, law, adoption, lesbian, single women, semen donors, USA, fatherhood, secrecy, social attitudes.

'Eugenics' looks at the history of reproductive control in order to produce 'better children', in terms of the ways men have used these technologies to control women as breeding machines. 'The Subversive Sperm' discusses issues of paternity and legitmacy, the threat of DI to men, and the use of DI by lesbian and single women. ' The Socialized Sperm' looks at the ways law and medicine alters the importance of donors depending on the marital state of women using DI.

105. Corea G. Surrogate Motherhood: Happy Breeder Woman. In: Corea G, ed. The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs. London: The Women's Press; 1985.

surrogacy, motherhood, commercialisation, payment, USA, ET, media, infertility, ethics, economics, Catholic, adoption, single women, lesbian, single men, couples, social attitudes, technology, law, blood bond, counselling, doctors, lawyers, psychological, abortion, legislation, class, DI, gender: surrogacy, motherhood, commercialisation, payment, USA, ET, media, infertility, ethics, economics, Catholic, adoption, single women, lesbian, single men, couples, social attitudes, technology, law, blood bond, counselling, doctors, lawyers, psychological, abortion, legislation, class, DI, gender.

This chapter looks at surrogacy in terms of its use for the exploitation and commdification of women and children. Looks at the pain and low payment involved and the possibility of use of poor and Third world women to have First world babies. Looks at the public reaction to surrogacy and compares it to the reaction to DI. Quotes commercial surrogacy agent, and animal inseminators.

106. Corea G. Eugenics: Family (Genetic) Planning/ The Subversive Sperm. In: Corea G, ed. The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs. London: Women's Press; 1985.

DI, family, eugenics, feminism, male infertility, law, semen donors: DI, family, eugenics, feminism, male infertility, law, semen donors.

Eugenics chapter briefly recounts the rise of eugenics and its intersection with the arrival of artificial insemination. In 'The subversive sperm' author puts forward idea that despite its eugenic potential DI is not as popular as other technologies as it is threatening to male centred ideas of reproduction patriachy etc. Author also examines legal trends towards granting sperm donors more or less status in relation to the marital condition of the women. This is seen as an attempt to recreate nuclear families and marriages.

107. Corea G. Afterword: Who is Hiding the Women of Britain: And Why? In: Corea G, ed. The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs. London: The Women's Press; 1985.

UK, IVF, eugenics, women, assisted reproduction, sex selection, scientists, research, embryos, technology, feminism, family, law, DI, couples, medicalisation, doctors, infertility, lesbian, single women, cryopreservation, egg donation, ET, drugs, regulation: UK, IVF, eugenics, women, assisted reproduction, sex selection, scientists, research, embryos, technology, feminism, family, law, DI, couples, medicalisation, doctors, infertility, lesbian, single women, cryopreservation, egg donation, ET, drugs, regulation.

This paper presents a feminist analysis of the way ARTs ahave developed in the UK, and the development of legislation to deal with them. It is concerned about the ways in which women are excluded from the discourse in favour of embryos and families. Comments on Warnock Report and science and medicine based pressure groups.

108. Correy JF, Whitten W, Watkins RA, Bradfield GF, McCullum H, Gray G. Letter about success rates of IVF/ET programme. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984;24:227.

IVF, Australia, medical aspects, ET, pregnancy: IVF, Australia, medical aspects, ET, pregnancy.

This letter reports on the (low) pregnancy and birth rates of an IVF/ET programme .

109. Corson SL, Batzer FR, Baylson MM. Donor Insemination. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983;12:283-309.

DI, doctors, couples, women, men, semen donors, selection, matching, medical aspects, cryopreservation, law, legislation, USA, secrecy, ethics: DI, doctors, couples, women, men, semen donors, selection, matching, medical aspects, cryopreservation, law, legislation, USA, secrecy, ethics.

This overview of DI in a USA setting, looks at the role of doctors in choosing and matching appropriate couples and donors, and general medical concerns including the relative benefits of fresh and frozen semen. It looks at legal, legislative and constitutional issues in the USA, and contains a professional code of ethics in regard to this situation.

110. Council for Science and Society. Human Reproduction. The Lancet. 1984(June 9):1290.

assisted reproduction, semen donors, DI, ethics, anonymity, parenthood, law, telling the child, counselling, licensing, sperm banks, embryos, social attitudes, surrogacy, sex selection, regulation, cryopreservation, research: assisted reproduction, semen donors, DI, ethics, anonymity, parenthood, law, telling the child, counselling, licensing, sperm banks, embryos, social attitudes, surrogacy, sex selection, regulation, cryopreservation, research.

This summary of a report looks at assisted reproduction issues. Notably favours donor anonymity, but also that the child be told.111. Council for Science and Society WPot. Human Procreation. Ethical Aspects of the New Techniques: Council for Science and Society; 1984.

112. Cox DN, Reading AE. Personality profiles of women attending an artificial insemination by donor clinic. Personality and Individual Differences. 1982;4(2):213-4.

psychological, DI, women: psychological, DI, women.

This study of 43 women attending a DI clinic utilised a psychological test and found that the typical woman in this group was 'a stable controlled individual who has chosen, in conjunction with her partner, what is a socially-acceptable solution to the problem'.

113. Craft I. In vitro fertilization - a fast changing technique: a discussion paper. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1982;75(April):253--7.

IVF, scientists, medical aspects, infertility, stress, embryos, research, ethics, psychosocial: IVF, scientists, medical aspects, infertility, stress, embryos, research, ethics, psychosocial.

This article presents an overview of the contemporary issues in IVF and ARTs, it considers mainly medical, but also psychosocial issues.

114. Creighton H. The Nurse and the Surrogate Mother. Nursing Management. 1985;16(6):40-3.

nurses, surrogacy, motherhood, women, religion, Catholic, policy, health professionals, pregnancy, law, legislation, religion, USA: nurses, surrogacy, motherhood, women, religion, Catholic, policy, health professionals, pregnancy, law, legislation, religion, USA.

This paper discusses legal and religious issues in surrogacy, and discusses how nurses will become involved in surrogacy arrangements and the need for policy and regulation in relation to this.

115. Crowe C. 'Women Want It': In-Vitro Fertilization and Women's Motivations for Participation. Women's Studies International Forum. 1985;8(6):547-52.

infertility, women, motherhood, IVF, Australia, medicalisation, gender, feminism, sexuality, family, blood bond, stress, identity, couples, media, psychosocial, psychological, motivation, identity: infertility, women, motherhood, IVF, Australia, medicalisation, gender, feminism, sexuality, family, blood bond, stress, identity, couples, media, psychosocial, psychological, motivation, identity.

This study looks at women's motivation for participating in an Australian IVF program. It argues that for participation to occur women need to adhere to the discourses of motherhood, fertility and medicalisation. Sees IVF treatment as exemplifying gender relations.

116. Cusine DJ. Legal Implications. Presented at the Eugenics Society Annual Symposium 1983.

law, DI, IVF, ET, counselling, ethics: law, DI, IVF, ET, counselling, ethics.

This paper discusses legal and ethical issues in relation to DI, IVF, ET and genetic counselling.

117. Cusine DJ. In vitro fertilization. Legal and ethical implications. British Journal of Hospital Midicine. 1984;31(February):111, 114.

law, ethics, IVF, doctors, embryos, cryopreservation, UK: law, ethics, IVF, doctors, embryos, cryopreservation, UK.

This paper discusses general issues and issues of negligence and surplus embryos in relation to IVF.

118. D'Andrea KG. The Role of the Nurse Practitioner in Artificial Insemination. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 1982;13(2):75-8.

nurses, DI, couples, counselling, law, infertility, psychosocial, semen donors, screening, USA, clinics: nurses, DI, couples, counselling, law, infertility, psychosocial, semen donors, screening, USA, clinics.

This paper describes a DI programme and the nurses role in it as counsellor, legal advisor and teacher to couples, and screener of donors.

119. Daniell JF. Sex-Selection Procedures. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 1983;28(4: April):235-7.

sex selection, couples, sexuality, medical aspects, DI, social attitudes: sex selection, couples, sexuality, medical aspects, DI, social attitudes.

This paper describes 'do it yourself', abortion related and DI related methods of sex selection, and provides a brief discussion of social attitudes towards this, and the possible effects it might have.

120. Daniels K. Issues and problems for the infertile couple. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1984;97(28 March 1984):185-7.

infertility, adp[tion, couples, gender, sexuality, psychosocial, social attitudes, grief, stress.: infertility, adp[tion, couples, gender, sexuality, psychosocial, social attitudes, grief, stress.

This article addresses issues raised by infertility for couples such as: the social unacceptability of childlesssness, infertility as a problem in relation to other problems, access to information, reproduction vs. sexuality, ideas about gender role, and substitutes and alternatives to natural childbirth such as adoption. It looks at grieving, guilt and blame in relation to infertility and to these associated issues.121. Daniels K. The practice of artificial insemination of donor sperm in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1985;98(10 April):235-9.

DI, NZ, technology, media, doctors, couples, medical aspects, law, psychosocial, selection, semen donors, payment, matching, records, telling the child, parenthood, recruitment, policy: DI, NZ, technology, media, doctors, couples, medical aspects, law, psychosocial, selection, semen donors, payment, matching, records, telling the child, parenthood, recruitment, policy.

This study of doctors about their practice of DI in NZ found that only 20% of obstetricians and gynecologists offer this service. These did discuss legal, and psychosocial issues with the couples, and 65% of them paid the donors. Information was also collected on matching, selection, secrecy, policy concerns etc.

122. Daniluk J, Leader A, Taylor PJ. The Psychological Sequelae of Infertility. In: Gold JH, ed. The Psychiatric Implications of Menstruation; 1985.

psychological, infertility, parenthood, stress, couples, sexuality, psychosocial, process: psychological, infertility, parenthood, stress, couples, sexuality, psychosocial, process.

This paper describes the incidence and effect of infertility on couples, summarises the research into the psychological and psychosocial aspects of this and presents areas for further research.

123. Davies I. Contracts to bear children. Journal of medical ethics. 1985;11:61-5.

surrogacy, motherhood, interests of child, sexuality, law, psychological, UK, payment, economics, policy, regulation, commercialisation, infertility, couples: surrogacy, motherhood, interests of child, sexuality, law, psychological, UK, payment, economics, policy, regulation, commercialisation, infertility, couples.

This paper looks at policy, ethical and legal issues in relation to surrogacy in the UK. It comments on the findings of the Warnock report and presents policy alternatives.

124. Davis JH, Brown DW. Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID) and the Use of Surrogate Mothers - Social and Psychological Impact. The Western Journal of Medicine. 1984;141(1):127-30.

infertility, couples, doctors, DI, surrogacy, interests of child, parenthood, records, openness, anonymity, secrecy, adoption, psychosocial, psychological, offspring, family, counselling, surrogates: infertility, couples, doctors, DI, surrogacy, interests of child, parenthood, records, openness, anonymity, secrecy, adoption, psychosocial, psychological, offspring, family, counselling, surrogates.

This paper looks at the psychosocial issues involved in DI and surrogacy, looking at the impact on all involved parties, especially the resultant offspring. Includes case studies and testimonies of surrogacy situations, experiences of DI offspring, donors etc. Argues for openness, screening, counselling, and the rights of offspring to information about donors upon maturity.

125. De Vires J, Degani S, Eibschitz I, Oettinger M, Zilberman A, Sharf M. The influence of the postcoital test on the sexual function of infertile women. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984;3:101-6.

treatment, women, couples, sexuality, infertility, psychological, practice: treatment, women, couples, sexuality, infertility, psychological, practice.

not seen, See Reading 1991.

126. Deitch R. Ethical Issues in Human Reproduction: Waiting for the Warnock Report. The Lancet. 1984(June 2):1250.

UK, surrogacy, law, commercialisation, embryos, research, ethics, rights: UK, surrogacy, law, commercialisation, embryos, research, ethics, rights.

This paper overviews ART issues in the UK, prior to the Warnock Report.

127. Deitch R. A Government Bill on Surrogate Motherhood? The Lancet. 1985(January 19):178.

UK, surrogacy, legislation, commercialisation: UK, surrogacy, legislation, commercialisation.

Outlines possibility of pre-Warnock Bill to outlaw surrogacy.

128. Delaisi de Parseval G, Janaud A. The father came out of the cold or the 'AID father' (in French with translation). L'Information Psychiatrique. 1981;57(10):1165-74.

male infertilty, fatherhood, DI, couples, social attitudes. France: male infertilty, fatherhood, DI, couples, social attitudes. France.

This study of 15 men looks at the position of the social father in the DI relationship arguing that this man has been ignored.

129. Dennerstein L, Morse C. Psychological Issues in IVF. Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1985;12(4: December):835-45.

psychological, couples, IVF, infertility, sexuality, gender: psychological, couples, IVF, infertility, sexuality, gender.

This study looks at the psychology and sexuality of couples entering an IVF program.

130. Densen-Gerber J. Birth Poll. Omni; 1985.131. Derogatis LR, Melisaratos M. The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report. Psychological Medicine. 1983;13:595-605.

psychosocial, psychological, stress: psychosocial, psychological, stress.

This is a description of a psychological instrument.

132. Deutsch E. Parpalaix et al. v. C.E.C.O.S. Right of the Widow of a Sperm Donor to Have the Sperm of Her Late Husband handed over to Her. Medicine and Law. 1985;4:229.

semen donors, couples, sperm banks, law, France: semen donors, couples, sperm banks, law, France.

This paper describes the case in the title where a man donated his perm to a sperm bank with the intention that this would be handed over to his wife on his death. The sperm bank refused to do this but was forced to by the courts.

133. Dixon. Side Issues: unpublished; 1985.

134. Du Plessix Gray F. Mother Love - Instinct or Gift. Vogue; 1981.

135. Dunne RM. Issues Related to In Vitro Fertilization. St Mark's Review. 1982(September):9-16.

IVF, USA, Australia, UK, medical aspects, couples, technology, infertility, social attitudes, ethics, religion, law, embryos, cryopreservation, sperm banks, abortion, research, scientists, Christianity, ET, surrogacy, cloning, DI, Catholic, Protestant, Judaism, anonymity, family: IVF, USA, Australia, UK, medical aspects, couples, technology, infertility, social attitudes, ethics, religion, law, embryos, cryopreservation, sperm banks, abortion, research, scientists, Christianity, ET, surrogacy, cloning, DI, Catholic, Protestant, Judaism, anonymity, family.

This paper outlines ART developments and the ethical, legal and particularly religious issues and arguments associated with these.

136. Dunstan GR. Developments in human reproduction and their eugenic, ethical implications. Social and ethical aspects. Presented at the Eugenics Society Annual Symposium; UK; 1983.

DI, contraception, eugenics, ethics, cryopreservation, France, UK, telling the child, payment, semen donors, IVF, embryos, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, research, philosophy, USA, regulation: DI, contraception, eugenics, ethics, cryopreservation, France, UK, telling the child, payment, semen donors, IVF, embryos, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, research, philosophy, USA, regulation.

This paper discusses developments in ARTs and the social, ethical and philosophical issues that these raise.

137. Dunstan GR. In-vitro fertilization. British Journal of Hospital Medicine. 1985(September):131.

IVF, legislation, UK, doctors, regulation, scientists, embryos, research, rights, law, religion: IVF, legislation, UK, doctors, regulation, scientists, embryos, research, rights, law, religion.

This paper welcomes the defeat of a bill which would have restricted IVF and embryo research in the UK. It argues that embryos have moral claims, but no legal rights or personality.

138. Dyson A. After Warnock: Questions to the Church. Crucible. 1984(October-December):154-61.

UK, licensing, legislation, ethics, scientists, research, doctors, regulation, law, religion, Christianity, embryos, interests of child, infertility, feminism, gender, DI, IVF, Catholic, abortion: UK, licensing, legislation, ethics, scientists, research, doctors, regulation, law, religion, Christianity, embryos, interests of child, infertility, feminism, gender, DI, IVF, Catholic, abortion.

This paper discusses the Warnock report and looks at the possible types of Christian response to this. Looks at feminist, status of embryo and regulatory issues.

139. Editorial. Test-tube babies pilloried again. Nature. 1982;295(11 February):445.

doctors, IVF, UK, ethics, law, surrogacy, motherhood, sperm banks, cryopreservation, embryos, legislation , licensing, cloning, eugenics: doctors, IVF, UK, ethics, law, surrogacy, motherhood, sperm banks, cryopreservation, embryos, legislation , licensing, cloning, eugenics.

This paper reports on activity in UK medical circles in response to developments in ARTs.

140. Editorial. The future of the test-tube baby. Nature. 1982;299(7 October):475-6.

IVF, UK, ethics, religion, assisted reproduction, embryos, research, cryopreservation, social attitudes: IVF, UK, ethics, religion, assisted reproduction, embryos, research, cryopreservation, social attitudes.

This paper looks at an outcry against IVF in the UK. Argues for the continuation of IVF.141. Editorial. Whither Human Donor Insemination in Britain? The Lancet. 1982;1( 8271, March 6):545-6.

DI, UK, doctors, social attitudes, abortion, adoption, law, ethics, psychosocial, child development, Denmark, infertility, clinic, selection, lesbian, single women, interests of child: DI, UK, doctors, social attitudes, abortion, adoption, law, ethics, psychosocial, child development, Denmark, infertility, clinic, selection, lesbian, single women, interests of child.

This editorial overviews the situation with regard to DI in the UK and the lack of research that has been done particularly in the psychosocial area.

142. Editorial. Life and Death Issues. St Mark's Review. 1982(September):1-7.

ethics, law, IVF, assisted reproduction, scientists, doctors, UK, Australia, DI, religion, Christianity, history, semen donors, payment, anonymity, regulation, cryopreservation, genetic engineering, practice: ethics, law, IVF, assisted reproduction, scientists, doctors, UK, Australia, DI, religion, Christianity, history, semen donors, payment, anonymity, regulation, cryopreservation, genetic engineering, practice.

This paper overviews legal and ethical issues in relation to ARTs, and developments in this field in the UK.

143. Editorial. In vitro fertilisation. Journal of medical ethics. 1983;9:187-8.

IVF, ethics, embryos, sexuality, STDs, social attitudes, infertility, rights, egg donation, DI, Catholic, philosophy, genetic engineering: IVF, ethics, embryos, sexuality, STDs, social attitudes, infertility, rights, egg donation, DI, Catholic, philosophy, genetic engineering.

This editorial looks at issues of ethics in relation to IVF, social attitudes to infertility and philosophical positions in relation to the point at which embryos come to be human.

144. Editorial. Handling the human embryo. Nature. 1984;309(31 May):387.

UK, regulation, DI, doctors, records, anonymity, embryos, research: UK, regulation, DI, doctors, records, anonymity, embryos, research.

This editorial reports on the Dunstan report which came out prior to Warnock. It discusses, embryo research, and regulation of doctors.

145. Editorial. Artificial fertilization made natural. Nature. 1984;310(26 July):269.

IVF, legislation, law, UK, DI, doctors, regulation, embryos, cryopreservation, surrogacy, STDs, screening, research, eugenics, prohibition: IVF, legislation, law, UK, DI, doctors, regulation, embryos, cryopreservation, surrogacy, STDs, screening, research, eugenics, prohibition.

This editorial criticises the Warnock report, arguing for regulation rather than prohibition.

146. Editorial. Human Reproduction: Regulated Progress or Damned Interference. The Lancet. 1984(July 28):202-4.

IVF, assisted reproduction, law, UK, research, embryos, regulation, couples, infertility, DI, egg donation, cryopreservation, surrogacy, commercialisation, social attitudes, licensing, scientists: IVF, assisted reproduction, law, UK, research, embryos, regulation, couples, infertility, DI, egg donation, cryopreservation, surrogacy, commercialisation, social attitudes, licensing, scientists.

This editorial reports the recommendations of the UK Warnock committee and comments that over-regulation can limit the chances of infertile couples, not just restrain scientists.

147. Editorial. Surrogacy falsely in the dock. Nature. 1985;313(10 January):83.

UK, surrogacy, legislation, commercialisation, DI, prohibition, regulation, law, parenthood, social attitudes: UK, surrogacy, legislation, commercialisation, DI, prohibition, regulation, law, parenthood, social attitudes.

This editorial in response to a contemporary call for prohibition of surrogacy in the UK, argues for regulation instead.

148. Edwards RG, Steptoe PC. Current Status of In-Vitro Fertilisation and Implantation of Human Embryos. The Lancet. 1983(3 December):1265-9.

IVF, ET, embryos, medical aspects, age abortion, clinics: IVF, ET, embryos, medical aspects, age abortion, clinics.

This is a medical summary of work on IVF and ET in a clinic in Cambridge University.

149. Edwards RG, Puxon M. Parental consent over embryos. Nature. 1984;310(19 July):179.

embryos, research, law, couples, rights, doctors, scientists, IVF, parenthood, doctors: embryos, research, law, couples, rights, doctors, scientists, IVF, parenthood, doctors.

Discussion of legal issues surrounding responsibilities of parents with regard determining the use of embryos, in relation to responsibilities of doctors and scientists.

150. Edwards RG, Seppala M, Johnston WIH, et al. Helsinki Statement on Human in Vitro Fertilization. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1984;442:571-2.

infertility, IVF, guideline, doctors, scientists, family, ET, DI, egg donation, law, research, embryos, ET: infertility, IVF, guideline, doctors, scientists, family, ET, DI, egg donation, law, research, embryos, ET.

This is an statement about ethical use of embryo research and other ARTs by a group of doctors and scientists, (Members of the Advisory Board of the 3rd World Congress on in Vitro Ferilization and Embryo Transfer).151. Edwards RG, (Ed) MS, (Ed) RE. Introduction: The Scientific Basis of Ethics. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1985;442(Part 15. Ethical and Moral Issues of In Vitro Fertilization):564-70.

ethics, scientists, IVF, doctors, embryos, rights, research, ET, infertility, medical aspects, genetic screening: ethics, scientists, IVF, doctors, embryos, rights, research, ET, infertility, medical aspects, genetic screening.

This paper summarises the statement of the Scientific Committee of the Third World Congress on in Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer (the Helsinki statement) which allowed for embryo research in order to understand genetic diseases and infertility. Defends reputation of scientists and discusses their relations with other interested groups. Includes bibliography of all of authors considerable work on this area of ethics and IVF.

152. Eisenstadt SN, Roniger L. Personal relations, trust and ambivalence in relation to the institutional order/ The construction of trust in the social order and its ambivaleneces: viewed from the development of sociological theory/ The structuring of trust in society: unconditionalities, generalised exchange and the development of interpersonal relations. In: Eisenstadt SN, Roniger L, eds. Personal relations, trust and ambivalence in relation to the institutional order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1984.

blood bond, adoption, family, psychosocial, psychological: blood bond, adoption, family, psychosocial, psychological.

Looks at interpersonal relations in various forms and contexts from an anthropological/sociological perspective.

153. Ely M. Marie Ely. In: Michelson J, Gee S, eds. Coming late to motherhood. Twenty Women tell their stories. Wellingborough, UK: Thorsons; 1984.

lesbian, DI, semen donors, parenthood, women, pregnancy, motherhood, doctors, telling the child, psychosocial, psychological, adult development: lesbian, DI, semen donors, parenthood, women, pregnancy, motherhood, doctors, telling the child, psychosocial, psychological, adult development.

This piece relates the experience of this lesbian women and her experience of trying to conceive, pregnancy, birth and childrearing. It discusses these in relation to her life in general, her relationship with her partner, issues of coordinating motherhood with other commitments in her life, and with her self image.

154. Evans MI. Human In Vitro Fertilization. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1981;245(22):2324-7.

IVF, ethics, USA, law, rights, embryos. doctors, practice, clinics, regulation, cryopreservation, female infertility: IVF, ethics, USA, law, rights, embryos. doctors, practice, clinics, regulation, cryopreservation, female infertility.

General discussion of ethical, legal and practical issues in relation to IVF and embryos.

155. Ewerlšf G. Artificial insemination - legislation and debate. Current Sweden. 1985(329).

Sweden, semen donors, legislation, anonymity, tracing, recruitment: Sweden, semen donors, legislation, anonymity, tracing, recruitment.

This report summarises the report of the Insemination committees report which resulted in legislation being passed which made guaranteed DI offspring access to the identity of their biological fathers. It lists the recommendations of the report in regards to various groups having access to DI and under what conditions. It notes that the report favoured IVF for couples and tolerated unpaid surrogacy. It denies that having children is a universal human right.

156. Fadiman A. The most exclusive women's club in America. Life; 1982.

157. Family Law Council A. Creating Children. A Uniform Approach to Law and Practice of Reproductive Technology in Australia. Canberra, Australia: Attorney General's Department Australian Government Printing Service; 1985.

158. Family Studies Io. A Child is Not the "Cure" for Infertility. In: Harper P, Aitken J, eds. Melbourne: Institute of Family Studies; 1982.

159. Family Studies Io. Letter to All Members of the Victorian Parliament. In: D. E. Edgar D, ed. Melbourne, Australia: Family Studies, Institute of; 1984.

160. Family Studies Io. Comments on the Infertility (Medical Procedures) Bill 1984 and Status of Children (Amendment) Bill 1984. Melbourne, Australia: Institute of Family Studies; 1984.161. Fertility Society of Australia. In Vitro Fertilization Programmes in Australia and New Zealand 1979-84. In: University) NPSUS, ed. Sydney: Fertility Society of Australia/Sydney University; 1984.

162. Flannery FT, Zimmerly JG. In Vitro Fertilization- Sowing the Seeds of Liability. Legal Medicine. 1982:227-37.

IVF, parenthood, disability, law, USA, couples, doctors: IVF, parenthood, disability, law, USA, couples, doctors.

This paper discusses who is liable in cases of newborn disability as a result of IVF under USA law.

163. Foss GL. Artificial Insemination by Donor: A Review of 12 Year's Experience. Journal of Biosocial Science. 1982;14(3):253-62.

medical aspects, DI, women: medical aspects, DI, women.

This study of 450 of courses of DI treatment of women found that there was a 68% success rate. For women over 35 years this figure dropped to 47%.

164. France J. In Vitro Fertiliation: A Brave New World? Presented at the New Zealand Law Conference 1984.

science, IVF, ethics, genetic engineering, law, motherhood, embryos, research, surrogacy, cryopreservation assisted reproduction, couples, medical aspects, women, doctors: science, IVF, ethics, genetic engineering, law, motherhood, embryos, research, surrogacy, cryopreservation assisted reproduction, couples, medical aspects, women, doctors.

This paper describes recent ART developments, and looks at ethical issues in relation to these.

165. Franks DD. Psychiatric Evaluation of Women in a Surrogate Mother Program. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1981;138(10, October):1378-9.

psychological, surrogacy, motherhood, doctors, psychosocial, class, family, motivation, payment: psychological, surrogacy, motherhood, doctors, psychosocial, class, family, motivation, payment.

This study of 10 surrogate mothers found no evidence of psychopathology, and that they were often financially less well off. Also discusses motivation.

166. Frazer B. Ethics and in-vitro fertilisation. British Medical Journal. 1982;285(16 October):1113-4.

ethics, IVF, scientists, doctors, technology, eugenics, genetic engineering, family, parenthood, religion, Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, prohibition, infertility: ethics, IVF, scientists, doctors, technology, eugenics, genetic engineering, family, parenthood, religion, Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, prohibition, infertility.

This letter calls for the prohibitionof IVF by drawing on religious texts and arguing against eugenic like consequences and the division of procreation from marriage.

167. Free Church Federal Council and the British Council of Churches WPsuutao. Choices in Childlessness. The Report of a Working Party set up under the auspices of the Free Church Federal Council and the British Council of Churches; 1982.

168. Freeman EW, Garcia C, Rickels K. Behavioral and emotional factors: comparisons of anovulatory infertile women with fertile and other infertile women. Fertility and Sterility. 1983;40(2):195-201.

female infertility, stress, psychological, sexuality, medical aspects, women: female infertility, stress, psychological, sexuality, medical aspects, women.

This study of 49 women with anovulatory infertility and controls of otherwise infertile and fertile women found that there were no significant psychological differences between the treatment group and the controls and that it could not be determined whether the lower self esteem and inhibited sexual attitudes of the treatment group had resulted from or preceded the infertility.

169. Freeman EW, Boxer AS, Rickels K, Tureck R, Mastroianni L. Psychological evaluation and support in a program of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Fertility and Sterility. 1985;43(1):48-53.

IVF, ET, psychosocial, psychological, couples, infertlity, crisis, stress, clinics, counselling, sexuality: IVF, ET, psychosocial, psychological, couples, infertlity, crisis, stress, clinics, counselling, sexuality.

This study of 200 couples undergoing IVF or ET treatment at a clinic found that respondents were significantly more likely to be depressed or anxious than an average population. Concludes that this is a result of the treatment rather than a pre-existing condition in the sample. See Freeman 1987.

170. Frick-Bruder V, Braendle W, Bettendorf G. The Infertile Couple: A Quantitative Approach to the Evaluation of Each Partner. In: Insler V, Bettendorf G, eds. Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility. New York: Elsevier/North-Holland; 1981.

infertility, couples, women, men, doctors, psychological, family, practice, stress: infertility, couples, women, men, doctors, psychological, family, practice, stress.

This study of couples but particularly women's relationships with doctors over the time of infertility treatment, describes the types of relationships that may be conducive to unexplained infertility. It recommends that doctors avoid being idealized by patients and that the male partner be involved. Psychoanalytical bias.171. Friedman S. Surrogate Parenting. Acta Europaea Fertilitatis. 1984;15(6):441-4.

surrogacy, ethics, medical aspects, couples, parenthood, motherhood, law, payment, USA, clinics, infertility, psychosocial, selection, screening, single men, surrogates partners, family, commercialisation, motivation, psychological, openness, practice, secrecy, telling the child: surrogacy, ethics, medical aspects, couples, parenthood, motherhood, law, payment, USA, clinics, infertility, psychosocial, selection, screening, single men, surrogates partners, family, commercialisation, motivation, psychological, openness, practice, secrecy, telling the child.

This paper looks at the contemporary practice and payment for surrogacy in the USA, and the associated, ethical, medical, legal, psychosocial and secrecy issues.

172. Ganos D, Lipson R, Warren G, Neil B. Surogate Mothering. Case for Discussion. In: Ganos D, Lipson R, Warren G, Neil B, eds. Difficult Decisions in Medical Ethics. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc.; 1983.

surrogacy, contract, couples, motherhood, payment, lawyers, infertility, genetic screening, abortion, ethics, law: surrogacy, contract, couples, motherhood, payment, lawyers, infertility, genetic screening, abortion, ethics, law.

This piece describes a case in which a woman agrees to a surrogacy contract which includes a provision that she will abort the child if it has a genetic disease. The child does and the surrogate refuses to abort the child, continues to demand payment and refuses to accept custody of this child. Raises moral questions in relation to this.

173. Garcia C-R, Freeman EW, Rickels K, et al. Behavioural and emotional factors and treatment responses in a study of anovulatory infertile women. Fertility and Sterility. 1985;44(4):478-83.

infertility, psychosocial, women, drugs, medical aspects, pregnancy, psychologcial, stress, couples: infertility, psychosocial, women, drugs, medical aspects, pregnancy, psychologcial, stress, couples.

This study of women who were given either a drug to induce ovulation or a placebo. It compares the psychosocial states of these women by these two groups and interms of whehter or not they conceived. Finds that women who with drew from the programme had better psychosocial scores, and that those who ovulated but did not achieve pregnancy had scores indicating they were slightly less comfortable with social interaction , and possibly had more conflict with their partners.

174. Garner CH. In Vitro Fertilisation and Embryo Transfer. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 1983;12(2):75-8.

IVF, ET, nurses, education, infertility, couples, USA, medical aspects, counselling, psychosocial, stress, psychological: IVF, ET, nurses, education, infertility, couples, USA, medical aspects, counselling, psychosocial, stress, psychological.

This paper describes IVF, ET, the issues faced by infertile couples, and the nurse's role in responding to these issues.

175. Gersz SR. The Contract in Surrogate Motherhood: A Review of Issues. Law, Medicine and Health Care. 1984;12(3):107.

surrogacy, contract, couples, female infertility, payment, motherhood, law, DI, policy, adoption, commercialisation, prohibition, regulation, legislation: surrogacy, contract, couples, female infertility, payment, motherhood, law, DI, policy, adoption, commercialisation, prohibition, regulation, legislation.

This mainly legal paper looks at surrogacy, compares it to DI and adoption, and discusses the pros and cons of various legal and legislative approaches, and the reponsibilities of contracting parties.

176. Giwa-Osagie OF, Ogunyemi D, Emuveyan EE, Akinla OA. Etiologic Classification and Sociomedical Characteristics of Infertility in 250 Couplews. International Journal of Fertility. 1984;29(2):104-8.

male infertility, female infertility, medical aspects, Nigeria, couples, culture, social attitudes, contraception, DI, drugs, poverty: male infertility, female infertility, medical aspects, Nigeria, couples, culture, social attitudes, contraception, DI, drugs, poverty.

This study of 250 couples in Nigeria who presented for infertility notes the percentage types of infertility. Notes the specific reasons for various types of infertilty in terms of cultural practices such as polygamy, and attitudes to family planning. Compares result to those of studies undertaken in similar African contexts, and to studies undertaken in the West.

177. Gleicher N. The fetus is a graft, both biologically and legally. Fertility and Sterility. 1984;42(6):824-5.

medical aspects, IVF, embryos, women, cryopreservation, law, clinics, pregnancy rates, organ doning, ethics, rights: medical aspects, IVF, embryos, women, cryopreservation, law, clinics, pregnancy rates, organ doning, ethics, rights.

This paper argues that embryos should be defined legally in the same ways as organs for donation.

178. Glezerman M. Two Hundred and Seventy Cases of Artificial Donor Insemination: Management and Results. Fertility and Sterility. 1981;35(2):180-7.

male infertility, medical aspects, psychosocial, couples, semen donors, doctors, counselling, DI: male infertility, medical aspects, psychosocial, couples, semen donors, doctors, counselling, DI.

This study of 270 infertile men found an 85.2% pregnancy rate occurring as a result of their female partners undergoing DI treatment. It was found that of the couples in which the men did not attend an appointment with doctors when requested, the abortion rates and treatment dropout rates were higher and the pregnenacy rates lower than the rest of the sample. Paper advises that the doctor has a heavy responsibility to counsel infertile couples, and to work towards eliminating the importance of the donor from the minds of DI recipients. It cautions against couples using DI to get a child to save their marriages.

179. Goldenring JM. The brain-life theory: towards a consistent biological definition of humaness. Journal of medical ethics. 1985;11:198-204.

ethics, embryos, abortion, IVF, USA, policy, research, doctors: ethics, embryos, abortion, IVF, USA, policy, research, doctors.

This paper argues that life can be defined as the presence of a functioning human brain. In an embryo this is from 8 weeks on. Looks at implications of this for abortion and IVF.

180. Goodman K, Rothman B. Group Work in Infertility Treatment. Social Work with Groups. 1984;7(1):79-97.

support groups, social support, infertility, women, couples, psychosocial, stress, psychological, crisis, social workers, family, parenthood, social attitudes, process, sexuality, doctors, pregnancy, gender, DI, adoption, surrogacy, counselling: support groups, social support, infertility, women, couples, psychosocial, stress, psychological, crisis, social workers, family, parenthood, social attitudes, process, sexuality, doctors, pregnancy, gender, DI, adoption, surrogacy, counselling.

This study of women involved in an infertility support group in a private clinic, looks at difficulties in getting women to join such groups, the stresses and emotional aspects of infertility for women, the stages that these groups went through, the way they responded to alternatives to preganancy and the way the groups dealt with issues of members getting pregnant. Looks at the role of soical workers in this and their relationhips with both the women and the doctors.181. Gorowitz S. On Surrogate Mothers. In: Gannos D, Lipson R, Warren G, Weil B, eds. Progress in Clinical and Biololgical Research. New York: Alan R. Liss INc.; 1983.

surrogacy, motherhood, DI, IVF, ethics, social attitudes, technology, contracts, genetic screening, abortion, adoption, payment, psychological, law: surrogacy, motherhood, DI, IVF, ethics, social attitudes, technology, contracts, genetic screening, abortion, adoption, payment, psychological, law.

This is a reflection on a contived case of surrogacy where there is conflict between the surrogate and the commissioning couple. Looks at ethical and legal positions and options and presents alternatives.

182. Gorowitz S. Enginerering Human Reproduction. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 1985;10:267-74.

assisted reproduction, policy, technology, IVF, ET, reproductive rights, research, embryos, ethics, posthumous, DI, cryopreservation, law, regulation, social attitudes, USA, sexuality, family, scientists: assisted reproduction, policy, technology, IVF, ET, reproductive rights, research, embryos, ethics, posthumous, DI, cryopreservation, law, regulation, social attitudes, USA, sexuality, family, scientists.

This paper presents an overview of the ethical and policy issues raised by ARTs and embryo research and calls for a Warnock style committee in the USA.

183. Graham FM. Infertility. To Medical Practitioners. Therapeutic Notes No. 192. In: Health Do, ed. Welliington, NZ: Department of Health; 1983.

184. Greenfeld D, Mazure C, Haseltine F, DeCherney A. The Role of the Social Worker in the In-Vitro Fertilization Program. Social Work in Health Care. 1984;10(2):71-9.

IVF, social workers, clinics, practice, infertility, counselling, stress, couples, psychosocial, medical aspects, economics, child free: IVF, social workers, clinics, practice, infertility, counselling, stress, couples, psychosocial, medical aspects, economics, child free.

This paper looks at the medical and psychosocial components of an IVF treatment which patients have to respond to, and the role of social workers in this.

185. Grobstein C. From Chance to Purpose. An Appraisal of External Human Fertilization. Reading, Massachusetts, USA: Addison-Wesley; 1981.

IVF, DI, medical aspects, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, policy, regulation, technology, pregnancy, embryos, research, ET, cloning, USA, cryopreservation, ethics, philosophy, identity: IVF, DI, medical aspects, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, policy, regulation, technology, pregnancy, embryos, research, ET, cloning, USA, cryopreservation, ethics, philosophy, identity.

This book describes the medical aspects of IVF, and ethical and policy issues in relation to this. It also gives an extensive coverage of embryo development and the concept of selfhood.

186. Grobstein C. The Moral Uses of 'Spare' Embryos. The Hastings Center Report. 1982(June):5-6.

embryos, ethics, research, IVF, cryopreservation, DI, technology, scientists, abortion: embryos, ethics, research, IVF, cryopreservation, DI, technology, scientists, abortion.

This paper discusses contemporary ART developments, and the ethics and medical aspects of working with embryos.

187. Grobstein C, Flower M, Mendeloff J. External Human Fertilization: An Evaluation of Policy. Science. 1983;222(4620):127-33.

cryopreservation, embryos, policy, USA, Australia, IVF, ethics, family, parenthood, law, doctors, reproductive rights, research, social attitudes, medical aspects, economics: cryopreservation, embryos, policy, USA, Australia, IVF, ethics, family, parenthood, law, doctors, reproductive rights, research, social attitudes, medical aspects, economics.

This paper discusses ethical, legal and policy issues in regard to IVF, and looks at clinical reports on its success, and the cost of and demand for this treatment. Describes current policy and outlines future options in the USA.

188. Grobstein C, Fowler M. Current Ethical Issues in IVF. Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1985;12(4):877-91.

ethics, IVF, policy, UK, Australia, USA, infertility, couples, cryopreservation, embryos, research, genetic engineering, commercialisation, doctors, reproductive rights, family, DI, egg donation, ET, health professionals, blood bond, identity, assisted reproduction: ethics, IVF, policy, UK, Australia, USA, infertility, couples, cryopreservation, embryos, research, genetic engineering, commercialisation, doctors, reproductive rights, family, DI, egg donation, ET, health professionals, blood bond, identity, assisted reproduction.

This is a general overview of ethical and policy issues associated with ARTs mainly in a UK and Australian context.

189. Grobstein C, Flower M, Mendeloff J. Frozen Embryos: Policy Issues. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1985;312(24, June 13):1584-8.

cryopreservation, embryos, policy, USA, Australia, IVF, ethics, family, parenthood, law, doctors, reproductive rights, research, social attitudes, medical aspects: cryopreservation, embryos, policy, USA, Australia, IVF, ethics, family, parenthood, law, doctors, reproductive rights, research, social attitudes, medical aspects.

This paper discusses ethical and policy issues in embryo freezing, and makes recommendations in a USA context.

190. Guttmann AF, Brinsmead M, Stanger J, Oliver M. Psychosocial profile of 180 couples undergoing IVF. Presented at the IVF World Congress; Melbourne, Australia; 1985.

IVF, couples, psychosocial, psychological, stress,: IVF, couples, psychosocial, psychological, stress,.

This study of 180 couples undergoing IVF found that in undergoing psychological tests they were no different to a comparable population.191. Hall EV. Th gynaecologist and artificial reproduction. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985;4:317-20.

doctors, assisted reproduction, couples, infertility: doctors, assisted reproduction, couples, infertility.

not seen. See Brody 1993.

192. Hammond MG, Talbert LM. Infertility: A Practical Guide for the Physician. New Jersey: Medical Economics Books; 1985.

193. Handel WW, Sherwyn BA. Surrogate Parenting. Coming to Grips with the Future. Trial. 1982(April):57-61.

surrogacy, parenthood, advertising, law, USA, couples, payment, adoption, infertility, doctors, DI, family, contracts, policy, commercialisation, ethics: surrogacy, parenthood, advertising, law, USA, couples, payment, adoption, infertility, doctors, DI, family, contracts, policy, commercialisation, ethics.

This paper looks predominantly at the legal issues associated with surrogacy, mainly in California.

194. Handelsman DJ, Dunn SM, Conway AJ, Boylan LM, Jansen RP. Psychological and attitudinal profiles in donors for artificial insemination. Fertility and Sterility. 1985;43(1):95-101.

attitudes, semen donors motivation, information, outcomes, disclosure, anonymity, altruism, payment, demographics, withdrawal, psychological, secrecy: attitudes, semen donors motivation, information, outcomes, disclosure, anonymity, altruism, payment, demographics, withdrawal, psychological, secrecy.

Studies 30 consecutive new volunteers and 45 established donors using the Cattell 16PF personality profile and an attitudinal survey. Donors differed from general population norms and this seemed to reflect their self-selection as donors. The predominant motive for donation was altruism, but secondary motives were common. Financial motivation very low, few students in the population. Donors approved of all current and most hypothetical uses of their sperm but wanted disclosure of information of non-identifying nature only to other participants. Unmarried donors more likely motivated for nonaltruistic reasons and more in favour of disclosures. Attitudes of donors stable over 3 years but increasing minority envisaged circumstances that might lead to their withdrawal.

195. Hanmer J. Sex predetermination, artificial insemination and the maintenance of male-dominated culture. In: Roberts H, ed. Women, Health and Reproduction. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; 1981.

DI, Catholic, Protestant, Judaism, family, history, single women, infertility, law, women, rights, men, feminism, cryopreservation, lesbian, doctors, medical aspects, sex selection, abortion, gender: DI, Catholic, Protestant, Judaism, family, history, single women, infertility, law, women, rights, men, feminism, cryopreservation, lesbian, doctors, medical aspects, sex selection, abortion, gender.

This paper argues for the use of DI, sex selection and abortion by single women and lesbians, as a means by which women can choose to have children of the sex that they want, and thus gain ground in the battle of the sexes. Argues that women should be able to legitimate their children.

196. Hanmer J. Transforming consciousness: Women and the New Reproductive Technologies. In: Corea G, Klein RD, Hanmer J, et al., eds. Man-Made Women: How new Reproductive Technologies affect women. London: Hutchinson and Co. Ltd; 1985.

women, medicalisation, feminism, infertility, men, surrogacy, UK, DI, technology, assisted reproduction: women, medicalisation, feminism, infertility, men, surrogacy, UK, DI, technology, assisted reproduction.

This paper looks at the medicalisation of childbearing and the subjugation of women in this process. Sees ARTs as a part of this .

197. Hanscombe G. The right to lesbian parenthood. Journal of Medical Ethics. 1983;9:133-5.

ethics, rights, lesbian, parenthood, DI, homosexual, health professionals, child development, sexuality, discrimination,: ethics, rights, lesbian, parenthood, DI, homosexual, health professionals, child development, sexuality, discrimination,.

This paper argues for the treatment of leabian women with ARTs. Outlines scientific basis of homosexual normality and gives examples of discrimination.

198. Harper T. Surrogate Motherhood: Should we Follow this US Example. Family Studies Newsletter. 1985;12(April):11-12.

surrogacy, USA, law, commercialisation, assisted reproduction, screening, couples, contracts, counselling, motherhood, psychological, pregnancy, selection, infertility, parenthood, payment, ethics, practice, lawyers: surrogacy, USA, law, commercialisation, assisted reproduction, screening, couples, contracts, counselling, motherhood, psychological, pregnancy, selection, infertility, parenthood, payment, ethics, practice, lawyers.

This paper describes the preactice of a US legal firm in facilitating surrogacy arrangements. It reports on the surrogacy selection and screening of couples and surrogate, counselling, payment, and the way in which the lawyer harasses the surrogate into giving up the baby, on the grounds that it 'not her child'.

199. Harris MB, Turner PH. Gay and Lesbian Parents. Journal of Homosexuality. 1985;12:101-13.

parenthood, gay men, lesbian, homosexuality, child development, motherhood, fatherhood, interests of child, law, sex role: parenthood, gay men, lesbian, homosexuality, child development, motherhood, fatherhood, interests of child, law, sex role.

This study of gay men and lesbian parents found that there was no major differences between their parenting and that of heterosexual parents,except that the former made more of an effort to provide opposite sex role model for their children.

200. Harrison RF, Walzman M, McGuinness E, Gill B, Kidd M. Investigation and treatment of the infertile couple in Ireland. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1981;7:145ff.

Ireland, infertility, couples, doctors, medical aspects: Ireland, infertility, couples, doctors, medical aspects.

not seen.201. Harrison RF, O'Moore AM, O'Moore RR, McSweeney JR. Stress Profiles in Normal Infertile Couples: Pharmacolgical and Psychological Approaches to Therapy. In: Insler V, Bettendorf G, eds. Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility. New York: Elsevier/North Holland; 1981.

couples, infertility, drugs, Ireland, medical aspects, methods, psychological, psychosocial, single women, stress, social attitudes: couples, infertility, drugs, Ireland, medical aspects, methods, psychological, psychosocial, single women, stress, social attitudes.

This study of infertile couples looks at the effect of two drugs on the stress experienced by couples by measuring physiological changes. Found one drug was useful another not, and that this method of measuring stress was unhelpful. It also found positive changes (recorded using psychological tests) in the stress levels of couples (n=2) undergoing Transcendental Meditation. Most of the couples asked to attend however, did not complete the course for a variety of reasons.

202. Harrison RF, O'Moore A, O'Moore RR. Stress and Artificial Insemination. Infertility. 1981;4(4):303-11.

medical aspects, pscychosocial, counselling, process, environment, doctors, DI, infertility, stress: medical aspects, pscychosocial, counselling, process, environment, doctors, DI, infertility, stress.

This study looked at fertile couples with psychosexual problems and infertile couples being treated with DI. It concludes that the stress of hospital settings can reduce the chances of pregnancies.

203. Harrison RF, O'Moore AM, O'Moore RR, Robb D. Stress in Infertile Couples. Presented at the Fertility and Sterility; Dublin, Ireland; 1983.

infertility, couples, stress, clinics, psychological, psychosocial, gender, social attitudes, women, men, Ireland: infertility, couples, stress, clinics, psychological, psychosocial, gender, social attitudes, women, men, Ireland.

This study of infertile couples and controls, some of whom under went autogenic relaxation therapy, found that for the infertile this treatment increased the tendency towards improved psychological health and reduced anxiety and guilt proneness in women.

204. Haseltine FP, Mazure C, L'Aune WD, et al. Psychological Interviews in Screening Couples Undergoing in Vitro Fertilization. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1985;442:504-22.

IVF, couples, selection, psychological, pregnancy rates, infertility, women, men: IVF, couples, selection, psychological, pregnancy rates, infertility, women, men.

This study looks at men and women presenting for IVF, their attitudes, feelings and demographics.

205. Henahan J. Artificial insemination has few untoward effects. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983;250(10):1256.

DI, couples, sexuality, cryopreservation, psychological, offspring, psychosocial, parenthood, the Netherlands, child development, USA: DI, couples, sexuality, cryopreservation, psychological, offspring, psychosocial, parenthood, the Netherlands, child development, USA.

This newspiece reports on 2 studies in the Netherlands by J. Kremer (See Kremer 1984) looking at the sexuality and psychology of couples undergoing DI. It also reports on two studies by J. J. Marik (See Fidell 1989) about couple cohesiveness, and the (positive) development of DI offspring.

206. Henahan JF. Fertilization, embryo transfer procedures raise many questions. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1984;252(7):877-82.

ET, IVF, ethics, cryopreservation, medical aspects, genetics, infertility, age, pregnancy rates, doctors, scientists, embryos, law, surrogacy, assisted reproduction: ET, IVF, ethics, cryopreservation, medical aspects, genetics, infertility, age, pregnancy rates, doctors, scientists, embryos, law, surrogacy, assisted reproduction.

This paper discusses, ethical and legal questions raised by ART developments.

207. Heptinstall D. Questioning 'the ultimate gift'. Community Care. 1985;14 February:22-4.

UK, surrogacy, law, ethics, doctors, commercialisation, payment, motivation,legislation, couples, economics, social work, motherhood, adoption, telling the child, social attitudes: UK, surrogacy, law, ethics, doctors, commercialisation, payment, motivation,legislation, couples, economics, social work, motherhood, adoption, telling the child, social attitudes.

This paper looks at the Baby Cotton case in the UK and controversy over surrogacy. Looks at adoption comparisons, social work issues and law.

208. Hertz DG. Infertility and the Physician-Patient Relationship: A Biopsychosocial challenge. General Hospital Psychiatry. 1982;4:95-101.

infertility, couples, psychological, psychosocial, sexuality, doctors, social attitudes, family, motivation, technology, policy, economics, race, age, gender, men, women, drugs, stress, parenthood, process, doctor patient relations, sterilisation: infertility, couples, psychological, psychosocial, sexuality, doctors, social attitudes, family, motivation, technology, policy, economics, race, age, gender, men, women, drugs, stress, parenthood, process, doctor patient relations, sterilisation.

This paper looks at doctor infertile couple relations and outlines causes of negative relationships, and ways in which such a relationships can develop. Notes particularly how women can view doctors and treatment and generally calls for more doctor empathy. Also looks at psychological causes of inferility and sterility issues.

209. Hill IR. Liability and In-Vitro Fertilization. Medicine, Science and Law. 1985;25(4):270-4.

infertility, couples, IVF, ethics, law, doctors, rights, reproductive rights, UK, lawyers, practice, multiple pregnancy, age, drugs, pregnancy, women, medical aspects.: infertility, couples, IVF, ethics, law, doctors, rights, reproductive rights, UK, lawyers, practice, multiple pregnancy, age, drugs, pregnancy, women, medical aspects.

This paper looks at the legal and medical issues surrounding IVF. It discusses who is liable, and the possible medical complications.

210. Hirsch BD. Parenthood by Proxy. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983;249(16):2251-2.

surrogacy, law, legislation, parenthood, DI, payment, disability, doctors, secrecy, semen donors, screening, surrogate, couples: surrogacy, law, legislation, parenthood, DI, payment, disability, doctors, secrecy, semen donors, screening, surrogate, couples.

This paper looks at the legal difficulties surrounding surrogacy and advises doctors on how to avoid being held liable for complications arising from these arrangements.211. Holden C. Two Fertilized Eggs Stir Global Furor. Nature. 1984(6 July):35.

eggs, cryopreservation, Australia, USA, clinics, records, parenthood, posthumous, IVF, embryos, ethics law,: eggs, cryopreservation, Australia, USA, clinics, records, parenthood, posthumous, IVF, embryos, ethics law,.

This newspiece reports on a case in which a couple died without leaving a will but leaving a considerable fortune and two embryos frozen in an Australian embryo bank. Discusses law and paternity issues.

212. Holder AR. Surrogate Motherhood: Babies for Fun and Profit. Law, Medicine and Health Care. 1984;12(3):115-17.

surrogacy, motherhood, payment, commercialisation, law, USA, adoption, legislation, parenthood, lawyers: surrogacy, motherhood, payment, commercialisation, law, USA, adoption, legislation, parenthood, lawyers.

This is a discussion of legal cases in the USA with regards to surrogacy and its commercialisation.

213. Holmes HB, Hoskins B, Gross M. The Custom-Made Child? - Women Centred Perspectives. New Jersey, USA: Humana Press; 1981.

214. Holtz SB. An Investigation in to the Relationship Between Sexual Guilt and Sex Role and Psychogenic Infertility in Women: Bryn Mawr College; 1983.

215. Houghton D, Houghton P. Coping with Childlessness. London: George Allen and Unwin; 1984.

infertility, support groups, infertility societies, couples, medical aspects, psychosocial, adoption, psychological, process, coping skills, age, women: infertility, support groups, infertility societies, couples, medical aspects, psychosocial, adoption, psychological, process, coping skills, age, women.

This is a general book for infertile couples, looking at medical and psychosocial issues, the process of dealing with infertility and ways of resolving it.

216. Houghton D, Houghton P. Identifying the problem. In: Houghton D, Houghton P, eds. Coping with Childlessness. London: George Allen and Unwin; 1984.

history, infertility societies, support, support groups, UK, infertility, psychosocial, couples, child free, assisted reproduction, policy, adoption, social workers, counselling: history, infertility societies, support, support groups, UK, infertility, psychosocial, couples, child free, assisted reproduction, policy, adoption, social workers, counselling.

This introductory chapter outlines the work and development of the National Association for the Childless (NAC) in the UK, its structure and its relationships with other groups in society.

217. House JS, Kahn RL. Measures and concepts of social support. In: Cohen S, Syme SL, eds. Social Support and Health. London: Academic Press; 1985.

social support, psychosocial: social support, psychosocial.

.

218. Hughes-Onslow J. Nine months to 1984. The Spectator. 1983(30 April):15-16.

IVF, embryos, cryopreservation, research, philosophy, ET, scientists, philosophy, ethics, age, anonymity, social attitudes, cloning, law, genetic engineering, Australia: IVF, embryos, cryopreservation, research, philosophy, ET, scientists, philosophy, ethics, age, anonymity, social attitudes, cloning, law, genetic engineering, Australia.

This article describes the work and philosophy of P. Singer and his medical colleagues at Monash University. It looks at their favouring IVF and various genetic engineering attitudes, and the ethical arguments brought against them.

219. Hulka JF. Donor Insemination: Guidelines for Uncharted Territory. Fertility and Sterility. 1981;35(5: May):500-1.

DI, infertility, couples, doctors, ethics, law, USA, Canada, cryopreservation, sperm banks, anonymity, records, screening, selection, clinic, legislation, USA, semen donors: DI, infertility, couples, doctors, ethics, law, USA, Canada, cryopreservation, sperm banks, anonymity, records, screening, selection, clinic, legislation, USA, semen donors.

This paper overviews recommendations from Canadian, USA and European reports on DI, and discusses issues of cryopreservation, ethics, law, anonymity and legislation.

220. Hull MGR, Glazener C, Kelley N, et al. Population study of causes, treatment and outcome of infertility. British Medical Journal. 1985;291:1693-7.

medical aspects, infertility, IVF, UK treatment, doctors, male infertility, female infertility: medical aspects, infertility, IVF, UK treatment, doctors, male infertility, female infertility.

This paper looks at the specific causes of infertility in a population and the extent of it in this same population. Looks also at ways of treating this.221. Humphrey M. Infertility and alternative parenting. In: Broome A, Wallace L, eds. Psychology and Gynaecological Problems: Tavistock; 1984.

infertility, couples, psychological, sexuality, doctors, adoption, female infertility, male infertility, motherhood, parenthood, DI, fatherhood: infertility, couples, psychological, sexuality, doctors, adoption, female infertility, male infertility, motherhood, parenthood, DI, fatherhood.

This paper looks at the psychological elements in infertility and alternative parenting options for the infertile. It looks at the hypotheses given for female infertility and notes the lack of research done in this area. It looks at DI and adoption, and their effectiveness.

222. Hunt J. The Role of Counselling in an AID Service: Unpublished; 1983.

223. Iglesias T. In vitro fertilisation: the major issues. Journal of medical ethics. 1984;1:32-7.

Catholic, religion, IVF, ethics, embryos, rights, research, cryopreservation, doctors, scientists, philosophy, Judaism, abortion: Catholic, religion, IVF, ethics, embryos, rights, research, cryopreservation, doctors, scientists, philosophy, Judaism, abortion.

This paper is a presentation of arguments against the use of IVF by a Catholic theologian. Looks at ethics, philosophy etc.

224. James B, Hughes PF. Psychological well-being as an outcome variable in the treatment of infertility by Clomiphine. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1982;55:375-7.

infertility, psychological, psychosocial, women, drugs, treatment: infertility, psychological, psychosocial, women, drugs, treatment.

This study of 27 women who had undergone infertility treatment found no indication that the failure of these treatments had a negative affect on the women's sense of well-being.

225. James WH. Artificial Insemination by Donor. A Review of 12 Years' Experience. A Comment. Journal of Biosocial Science. 1984;16(1):153-4.

sex selection, DI, medical aspects, women, psychological, doctors, stress, drugs: sex selection, DI, medical aspects, women, psychological, doctors, stress, drugs.

This paper looks at theories of how sex selection can be achieved and notes the potential effects of drugs, and the stress of the medical procedure on women undergoing DI in relation to this.

226. Jansen RPS. A practical Ethical Framework for in Vitro Fertilizaiton and Related Reproductive Interventions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1985;442:595-600.

ethics, IVF, assisted reproduction, embryos, research, couples, infertility, doctors, scientists, technology, philosophy, social attitudes, cryopreservation: ethics, IVF, assisted reproduction, embryos, research, couples, infertility, doctors, scientists, technology, philosophy, social attitudes, cryopreservation.

This paper outlines various ethical/philosophical positions from which to look at the issues involved in IVF, embryo research, etc.

227. Johnston I. The donor. In: Wood C, Leeton J, Kovacs G, eds. Artificial Insemination by Donor. Melbourne: Brown Prior Andersen; 1981.

recruitment, selection, screening, outcomes, semen donors, Australia, DI, records, matching: recruitment, selection, screening, outcomes, semen donors, Australia, DI, records, matching.

This paper looks at Australian procedures for recruiting and screening donors, payment, medical issues, record keeping and matching donors with social fathers.

228. Johnston I, Lopata A, Speirs A, Hoult I, Kellow G, Plessis YD. In Vitro Fertilization: The Challenge of the Eighties. Fertility and Sterility. 1981;36(6):699-706.

IVF, embryos, research, ethics, medical aspects, reproductive rights, multiple pregnancy, doctors, pregnancy rates: IVF, embryos, research, ethics, medical aspects, reproductive rights, multiple pregnancy, doctors, pregnancy rates.

This paper presents the results of a study of IVF cycles at an Australian hospital over a three year period, looking particularly at medical aspects and pregnancy rates. Also looks at ethical objections to IVF.

229. Johnston WIH, Oke K, Speirs A, et al. Patient Selection for in Vitro Fertilzation: Physical and Psychological Aspects. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1985;442:490-503.

screening, IVF, women, age, pregnancy rates, medical aspects, psychological, crisis, process, couples, counselling, infertility,: screening, IVF, women, age, pregnancy rates, medical aspects, psychological, crisis, process, couples, counselling, infertility,.

This paper looks at the pregnancy rates of various categories of women undergoing IVF. It also discusses the psychological process of dealing with infertility and IVF for couples and gives advice to counsellors in relation to this.

230. Johnstone B. Ethical Aspects of Contemporary Infertility Treatment. Presented at the In Vitro Fertilisation and Artificial Insemination by Donor: Proceedings of the Seminar and Public Lectures; Adelaide; 1984.

ethics, infertility, Christianity, philosophy, law, embryos, research, cryopreservation, sexuality, couples, commodificaiton, parenthood, motherhood, IVF, surrogacy, identity, interests of child, ET, society: ethics, infertility, Christianity, philosophy, law, embryos, research, cryopreservation, sexuality, couples, co