egg donors, IVF, women, recipients, practice, counselling, ethics, known donors: egg donors, IVF, women, recipients, practice, counselling, ethics, known donors.
This letter outlines the authors work with IVF recipients and egg donors. Favours counselling and giving donors an understanding of ethical issues.
2. Achilles RG. The Social Meanings of Biological Ties: A Study of Participants in Artificial Insemination By Donor.: University of Toronto; 1986.
3. Achilles R. Anonymity and Secrecy in Donor Insemination: In Whose Best Interests? Presented at the International conference on new reproductive technologies; Montreal, Canada; 1988.
secrecy, DI, practice, doctors, fatherhood, family, offspring, couples, semen donors: secrecy, DI, practice, doctors, fatherhood, family, offspring, couples, semen donors.
This article describes DI and discusses issues of anonymity, and social and biological parenthood. Drawing on limited qualitative research the author comments on the information which different groups in the DI process want about each other. It looks at the reasons given for maintaining secrecy and concludes that it is done primarily to 'normalise' the family. It also concludes that this secrecy is not in the interests of the child, and argues for it to be discontinued.
4. Achilles R. Donor Insemination: The Future of a Public Secret. In: Overall C, ed. The Future of Human Reproduction. Toronto: The Women's Press; 1989.
law, social attitudes, family, DI, anonymity, policy, payment, records, psychosocial, doctors: law, social attitudes, family, DI, anonymity, policy, payment, records, psychosocial, doctors.
This article gives a general discussion of a variety of DI issues, focussing on how people perceive things socially and upon 'mass emotion' or a collective conscience view of how thing are viewed.
5. Adair V. Infertile couples do not need to be told to relax. New Zealand Doctor. 1990(2 July):9.
infertility, couples, psychosocial, psychological, doctors, practice, social support, support groups, stress: infertility, couples, psychosocial, psychological, doctors, practice, social support, support groups, stress.
This piece reports on a study of couples who have conceived using ARTs, on what they found difficult abou their infertility experience and what they found helpful and unhelpful in the way in which they were treated by doctors.
6. Addelson KP. Some Moral Issues in Public Problems of Reproduction. Social Problems. 1990;37(1):1-17.
ethics, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, doctors, USA, abortion, doctors, family, feminism, women, rights, IVF, embryos, philosophy, history: ethics, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, doctors, USA, abortion, doctors, family, feminism, women, rights, IVF, embryos, philosophy, history.
This paper looks at debates about reproductive issues; abortion, assisted reproduction, contraception etc. in the US context from a philosophical and historical point of view.
7. Aitken J, Oke K. The Implications of IVF for the individual. Auckland: National Women's Hospital; 1990?
8. Albury RM. Frozen Embryo Babies: Australian Media Tells. Unpublished; 1986.
9. Alder EM, Baird DT, Lees MM, Lincoln DW, Loudon NV, Templeton AA. Attitudes of Women of Reproductive Age to In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Research. Journal of Biosocial Science. 1986;18:155-67.
women, IVF, research, UK, infertility, egg donation, social attitudes, religion, embryos: women, IVF, research, UK, infertility, egg donation, social attitudes, religion, embryos.
This study of 1716 women of child-bearing age at infertility, ante-natal and Family planning clinics found that 94% were in favour of IVF treatment, 76% apporved of research on embryos up to 14 days, and 79% thought women should be allowed to donate ova for research. Attitudes were not related to age, parity or social class but were influenced by religion.
10. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists: Committee on Ethics. Ethical issues in surrogate motherhood. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 1990 (Journal published in 1992);37:139-44.
surrogacy, payment, couples, doctors, adoption, parenthood, commercialisation, payment, interests of child, ethics, policy: surrogacy, payment, couples, doctors, adoption, parenthood, commercialisation, payment, interests of child, ethics, policy.
This paper looks at the arguments for against both commercial and non-commercial surrogacy. It argues that the surrogate should have control over prenatal care and delivery, and that she should have a period of time after birth in which to decide whether to place the child for adoption. It looks at policy issues, and the implications of surrogacy for doctors.11. American Fertility Society tEC. Ethical Considerations of the New Reproductive Technologies, Chapters 1-28, Appendices A-F. Fertility & Sterility. 1986;46(3(Supplement 1)):1S-94S.
AFS, USA, guidelines, ethics, practice, psychosocial, semen donors, counselling, records, consanguinity, doctors, DI, payment, screening, motivation, IVF, practice, guideline, policy, egg donors embryos, medical aspects, cryopreservation, research, surrogacy, law: AFS, USA, guidelines, ethics, practice, psychosocial, semen donors, counselling, records, consanguinity, doctors, DI, payment, screening, motivation, IVF, practice, guideline, policy, egg donors embryos, medical aspects, cryopreservation, research, surrogacy, law.
Titles of Chapters and Appendices are: The basis for evaluation of an ethical position; The constitutional aspects of procreative liberty; American law and the new reproductive technologies; Ethics and the new reproductive technologies; The moral right to reproduce and its limitations; Ethical considerations of patents in reproductive medicine; The biologic characteristics of the preembryo; The moral and legal status of the preembryo; In vitro fertilization; Artificial insemination - husband; Artificial insemination - donor; Donor sperm in in vitro fertilization; Donor eggs in in vitro fertilization; Preembryos from in vitro fertilization for donation, Uterine lavage for preembryo transfer; The cryopreservation of sperm; The cryopreservation of eggs; The cryopreservation of preembryos; Research on preembryos: justifications and limitations; Surrogate gestational mothers: women who gestate a genetically unrelated embryo; Surrogate mothers; Quality assurance in reproductive technologies; Formation of policy for emerging reproductive technologies; Summary; Dissent on the use of third parties; Minimal genetic screen for gamete donors; From New Guidelines for the Use of Semen for Donor Insemination; Minimal standards for programs of in vitro fertilization; Ethical statement on in vitro fertilization; In Vitro Fertilization Special Interest Group Application for Membership.
12. American Fertility Society. IVF and GIFT: a patient's guide to assisted reproductive technology. Birmingham, Alabama, USA: American Fertility Society; 1989.
IVF, GIFT, assisted reproduction, USA, ethics, law, practice, technology: IVF, GIFT, assisted reproduction, USA, ethics, law, practice, technology.
Source of Reference, AFS ethics Committee 1994 report.
13. American Fertility Society. Ethical Considerations of the New Reproductive Technologies. Fertility and Sterility. 1990;53(6: June, 1990):Supplement 2, i-vii, 1S-109S.
AFS, USA, guidelines, ethics, practice, psychosocial, semen donors, counselling, records, consanguinity, doctors, DI, payment, screening, motivation, IVF, practice, guideline, policy, egg donors embryos, medical aspects, cryopreservation, research, surrogacy, law, GIFT, religion, Catholic: AFS, USA, guidelines, ethics, practice, psychosocial, semen donors, counselling, records, consanguinity, doctors, DI, payment, screening, motivation, IVF, practice, guideline, policy, egg donors embryos, medical aspects, cryopreservation, research, surrogacy, law, GIFT, religion, Catholic.
Titles of Chapters and Appendices are: The basis for evaluation of an ethical position; The constitutional aspects of procreative liberty; American law and the new reproductive technologies; Ethics and the new reproductive technologies; The moral right to reproduce and its limitations; Ethical concerns and public information; Ethical considerations of patents in reproductive medicine; The biologic characteristics of the preembryo; The moral and legal status of the preembryo; In vitro fertilization; Gamete intrafallopian transfer, Artificial insemination - husband; Artificial insemination - donor; Donor sperm in assisted reproduction; Donor sperm in in vitro fertilization; Additional procedures; The cryopreservation of eggs; The cryopreservation of fertilizing eggs and preembryos; Research on preembryos: justifications and limitations; Surrogate gestational mothers: women who gestate a genetically unrelated embryo; Surrogate mothers; Quality assurance in reproductive technologies; Formation of policy for emerging reproductive technologies; Summary; Dissent on the use of third parties; Minimal genetic screen for gamete donors; From New Guidelines for the Use of Semen for Donor Insemination; Revised Minimum standards for in vitro fertilization gamete intrafallopian transfer, and related procedures; Ethical considerations of the new reproductive technologies (AFS reaction to Catholic document on assisted reproduction issues).
14. American Fertility Society. Revised minimum standards for in vitro fertilization, gamete intrafallopian transfer, and related procedures. Fertility and Sterility. 1990;53(2):225-6.
standards, IVF, GIFT, assisted reproduction, health professionals, research, records, embryos: standards, IVF, GIFT, assisted reproduction, health professionals, research, records, embryos.
This guideline sets out AFS standards on issues of personnel, GIFT, embryo research, record keeping and informed consent.
15. Amuzu B, Laxova R, Shapiro SS. Pregnancy Outcome, Health of Children, and Family Adjustment After Donor Insemination. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990;75(June 1990):899-905.
family, couples, DI, child development, psychosocial: family, couples, DI, child development, psychosocial.
This study of 427 women who conceived through DI at a clinic found that approximately half did not tell their family or friends, the same percentage did not intend to tell their children. The divorce rate for these couples was lower than that for a matched population. Most couples were pleased that they had undertaken DI. There is nothing in this paper about donors.
16. Andrews LB. Legal and Ethical Aspects of New Reproductive Technologies. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1986;29(1):190-204.
law, ethics, assisted reproduction, cryopreservation, embryos, infertility, technology, doctors, policy, regulation, legislation, parenthood, couples, semen donors, egg donors: law, ethics, assisted reproduction, cryopreservation, embryos, infertility, technology, doctors, policy, regulation, legislation, parenthood, couples, semen donors, egg donors.
This paper presents guidelines for the moral assessment of ART's based on govt reports and ethics committees in various countries. These include that ART's have respect for embryos, do no harm to participants, involve voluntary participation, have low physical and psychological risk, and are not harmful to society. It looks at the application of these principles, legal, regulatory and assessment issues.
17. Andrews LB. Ethical and Legal Aspects of In-Vitro Fertilization and Artificial Insemination by Donor. Urologic Clinics of North America. 1987;14(3):633-42.
ethics, law, IVF, DI, Catholic, selection, couples, USA, doctors, embryos, research, records, pregnancy rates, parenthood, screening, semen donors, cryopreservation, rights, guidelines, psychological, single women, lesbian, social attitudes, practice: ethics, law, IVF, DI, Catholic, selection, couples, USA, doctors, embryos, research, records, pregnancy rates, parenthood, screening, semen donors, cryopreservation, rights, guidelines, psychological, single women, lesbian, social attitudes, practice.
This overview of legal and ethical issues in IVF and DI in a USA context looks at couples selection and donor screening, current medical practice, embryo research, record keeping, cryopreservation, paternity issues, use of ARTs by lesbian and single women etc.
18. Andrews L. Between Strangers. Surrogate Mothers, Expectant Fathers and Brave New Babies. New York: Harper and Row; 1989.
surrogacy, couples, infertility, interests of child, women, feminism, law, USA, commercialisation, lawyers, regulation, social attitudes, motherhood, payment, pregnancy, reproductive rights, parenthood, history, abortion, contracts, contraception, DI, fatherhood, counselling, psychological, clinics, IVF, legislation, media, matching, Catholic, surrogates,: surrogacy, couples, infertility, interests of child, women, feminism, law, USA, commercialisation, lawyers, regulation, social attitudes, motherhood, payment, pregnancy, reproductive rights, parenthood, history, abortion, contracts, contraception, DI, fatherhood, counselling, psychological, clinics, IVF, legislation, media, matching, Catholic, surrogates,.
This book outlines the issues of surrogacy in a USA context. It is based on interviews with surrogates and couples, psychologists, legislators, and feminists. Generslly favours surrogacy. Has 3 sections: Making Babies, Making Decisions, Making Law.
19. Andrews LB. Control and Compensation: Laws governing extracorporeal generative materials. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 1989;14:541-560.
right to privacy, IVF, artificial insemination, surrogate motherhood.: right to privacy, IVF, artificial insemination, surrogate motherhood.
The author discusses The Vatican Instruction, OTA Report on assisted reproduction, and the right to privacy of the US Constitution. Payment for surrogate mothers and donors are discussed, as well as the right to know the fate of the semen and body parts.
20. Annas GJ. The Baby Broker Boom. The Hastings Center Report. 1986(June 1986):30-1.
law, surrogacy, motherhood, commercialisation, payment, legislation, doctors, USA: law, surrogacy, motherhood, commercialisation, payment, legislation, doctors, USA.
This paper argues against commercial surrogacy in the USA and looks at recent judicial decisions in relation to this.21. Annas GJ. The Ethics of Embryo Research: Not as Easy as It Sounds. Law, Medicine and Health Care. 1987;14(3-4):138-40, 148.
motherhood, embryos, ET, IVF, ethics, embryos, research, commercialisation, organ doning: motherhood, embryos, ET, IVF, ethics, embryos, research, commercialisation, organ doning.
This paper looks at the ethics surrounding embryo research. It looks at views from around the world, commercialisation issues and euthanasia. (there seems to be some pages missing).
22. Annas GJ. Baby M: Babies (and Justice) for Sale. Hastings Center Report. 1987(June 1987):13-15.
surrogacy, legislation, law, class, fatherhood, motherhood, fatherhood, commercialisation: surrogacy, legislation, law, class, fatherhood, motherhood, fatherhood, commercialisation.
This paper reports on the contested custody case of the surrogate baby 'Baby M', emphasising the way the judge distinguished between social class, and commenting on the difficulties of surrogacy.
23. Annas GJ. The Impact of Medical Technology On The Pregnant Woman's Right To Privacy. American Journal of Law and Medicine. 1987;13(2-3):213-32.
law, pregnancy, assisted reproduction, USA, family, contraception, abortion, surrogacy, IVF, motherhood, ET, commercialisation, prohibition, medical aspects, rights, technology, women: law, pregnancy, assisted reproduction, USA, family, contraception, abortion, surrogacy, IVF, motherhood, ET, commercialisation, prohibition, medical aspects, rights, technology, women.
This paper discusses the effect of assisted reproduction on pregnant womens' rights to privacy in the USA. It looks at the legal cases surrounding the right to procreate and not procreate. It discusses surrogacy, motherhood, personhood and who has the right to abort fetuses. It looks at commercial surrogacy and prohibition and various other situations involving pregnant women.
24. Annas GJ. Fairy Tales Surrogate Mothers Tell. Law, Medicine and Health Care. 1988;16(1-2, Spring):27-33.
surrogacy, social class, gender, social attitudes, motherhood, women, couples, infertility, interests of child, adoption, feminism, egg donation, semen donation, organ donation, pregnancy, family, embryos, legislation, regulation, USA, law: surrogacy, social class, gender, social attitudes, motherhood, women, couples, infertility, interests of child, adoption, feminism, egg donation, semen donation, organ donation, pregnancy, family, embryos, legislation, regulation, USA, law.
This paper takes a critical look at surrogacy asserting that it is sexist and classist, places the interests of adults over those of the child. It compares it to egg, semen and organ donation and makes legislative recommendations.
25. Annas GJea. the treatment of infertility: legal and ethical concerns. Clinical Obstetrics and Gyneacology. 1989;32(3 (September)):614-619.
artificial insemination, donor, couples, recipients: artificial insemination, donor, couples, recipients.
The author argues that by selecting donors by the physician, there would be a selection of superior genes, questions the use of IVF and the status of infertility as a disease or not, discusses the 14 day limit for conducting research on human embryo, raises questions about the rights of the surrogate mother; criticises embryo transfer techniques as for its risks to the embryo, as well as the embryo freezing techniques for its risks of causing confusion of parental identity.
26. Anonymous. Tough talk on surrogate birth. Nature. 1986;320(March 13):95.
surrogacy, couples, UK, ethics, legislation, payment,social attitudes, rights, commercialisation, counselling: surrogacy, couples, UK, ethics, legislation, payment,social attitudes, rights, commercialisation, counselling.
This piece discuss public and parliamentary attitudes to surrogacy in the Uk and promotes the idea of making surrogacy arrangements only conductable by charitable agencies .
27. Anonymous. US courts and legislatures face implications of surrogacy. Nature. 1987;325(15 January):184.
surrogacy, law, USA, contracts, surrogates, couples, pregnancy, commercialisation, payment, paternity, France, Germany, UK: surrogacy, law, USA, contracts, surrogates, couples, pregnancy, commercialisation, payment, paternity, France, Germany, UK.
This piece discusses recent legal cases in the USA regarding surrogacy, presents the opinions of various commentators on the issue, and outlines developments in France, UK, and West Germany.
28. Anonymous. Human Fertilisation and Embryology. Draft Legislation on Infertility Services and Embryo Research. The Lancet. 1987;1343(5 December):1343.
IVF, DI, ethics, licensing, records, social attitudes, regulation, infertility, semen donors, doctors, clinics, couples, assisted reproduction, pregnancy, egg donation, GIFT, drugs, UK, embryos, research, surrogacy, law, parenthood, cryopreservation: IVF, DI, ethics, licensing, records, social attitudes, regulation, infertility, semen donors, doctors, clinics, couples, assisted reproduction, pregnancy, egg donation, GIFT, drugs, UK, embryos, research, surrogacy, law, parenthood, cryopreservation.
This is a summary of the UK governments 1987 White Paper in response to the Warnock Report.
29. Anonymous. Selective Fetal Reduction. The Lancet. 1988(October 1):773-5.
multiple pregnancy, abortion, disability, embryos, ethics, pregnancy, psychological, economics, IVF, psychosocial.: multiple pregnancy, abortion, disability, embryos, ethics, pregnancy, psychological, economics, IVF, psychosocial.
This paper discusses the reasons for fetal reduction in the case of multiple pregnancies. Argues that procedures should be altered to reduce the necessity of this happening more than is necessary . Calls for further social and psychological research.
30. Anonymous. Embryos win rights. Nature. 1990;343(15 February):577-8.
embryos, UK, law, research, regulation, social attitudes, licensing, scientists, legislation: embryos, UK, law, research, regulation, social attitudes, licensing, scientists, legislation.
This piece looks at the proposed UK legislation on embryo research, and argues that the restriction on research up to 14 days is arbitrary. Argues for an alternative to this.31. Appleton T. Caring for the IVF Patient - Counselling. In: Fishel S, Symonds EM, eds. In Vitro Fertilisation. Past, present, future. Oxford: IRL Press; 1986.
IVF, counselling, education, couples, infertility, social support, stress, psychological, religion: IVF, counselling, education, couples, infertility, social support, stress, psychological, religion.
This paper reports on the experience of the author in an IVF clinic in providing education, resources and counselling for IVF couples. It looks at issues of stress related to infertility and social support.
32. Appleton T. Counselling, care in infertility: The ethic of care. British Medical Bulletin. 1990;46(3):842-9.
infertility, counselling, doctors, social attitudes, psychosocial, counselling, social support, secrecy, stress, sexuality: infertility, counselling, doctors, social attitudes, psychosocial, counselling, social support, secrecy, stress, sexuality.
This article emphasise that doctors are treating 'people who are infertile' rather than 'infertility'. It looks at different types of counselling, social support, the needs of couples, secrecy, and psychosocial and sexual issues.
33. Aronowitz BR, Feldschuh J. Artificial Insemination by Donor Yours, Mine, or Theirs. In: Offerman-Zuckerberg J, ed. Gender in Transition: A New Frontier. New York: Plenum; 1989.
DI, male infertility, secrecy, single women, lesbians, couples, semen donors, donor experience, psychosocial: DI, male infertility, secrecy, single women, lesbians, couples, semen donors, donor experience, psychosocial.
This book chapter presents brief interview data from married couples, single heterosexual women, homosexual women, and donors on the medical and psychological aspects of DI. It addresses issue of male infertility and experiences of donating, and issues of secrecy in relation to whether to tell offspring about their DI origins.
34. Atherton RF. Artificially Conceived Children and Inheritance in New South Wales. The Australian Law Journal. 1986;60(July 1986):374-86.
parenthood, law, IVF, DI, Australia, surrogacy, cryopreservation, motherhood, legislation: parenthood, law, IVF, DI, Australia, surrogacy, cryopreservation, motherhood, legislation.
This paper looks at legal issues in relation to ART's in New South Wales. It looks at issues of paternity and consent of parties to treatments. Also addresses surrogacy, posthumous children, wills, and frozen embryos.
35. Austin CR. The surrogate triplets of Perth, Western Australia. Human Reproduction. 1989;4(3):346.
surrogacy, ethics, doctors, Australia, legislation, NZ, USA, UK, Canada, policy: surrogacy, ethics, doctors, Australia, legislation, NZ, USA, UK, Canada, policy.
This paper reports on the birth of triplets to a surrogate mother. The pregnancy had been overseen by a doctor against the advice of the ethics committee. Paper discusses legislation in various countries in relation to surrogacy and notes arguments for and against.
36. Back KW, Snowden R. The anonymity of the gamete donor. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1988;9:191-198.
DI, anonymity, secrecy, semen donors, family, social attitudes, identity, assisted reproduction, Sweden, legislation, UK: DI, anonymity, secrecy, semen donors, family, social attitudes, identity, assisted reproduction, Sweden, legislation, UK.
This article addresses the arguments for and against donor anonymity by examining issues of family, personal identity, and the views that people have of gamete donors. It draws on a study of 899 case records of DI couples, and interviews with a sub-sample of 57 couples to reach the conclusion that openness about DI has little negative affect can alleviate family problems that may arise. It argues that secrecy about DI may reinforce negative stereotypes about donors and about assisted reproduction, and that it violates social norms of interpersonal relations.
37. Baram D, Tourtelot E, Meuchler E, Huang K. Psychosocial adjustment following unsuccessful in vitro fertilization. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988;9:181-90.
psychosocial, IVF, couples, process, counselling, psychological, stress, infertility: psychosocial, IVF, couples, process, counselling, psychological, stress, infertility.
not seen, See Reading 1991.
38. Barratt CLR, Monteiro EF, Chauhan M, Cooke S, Cooke. ID. Screening donors for sexually transmitted disease in donor insemination clinics in the UK. A survey. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1989;96:461-6.
DI, STDs, UK, screening, clinics, USA, recruitment, medical aspects, payment, HIV: DI, STDs, UK, screening, clinics, USA, recruitment, medical aspects, payment, HIV.
This study of 32 DI centres in the UK found that very few centres had any method by which (non HIV) STD infected donors could be screened out. Paper looks at issues of payment and outlines problems in such screening.
39. Barratt CL, Cooke ID. Risks of donor insemination. Guidelines on control of infections need further publicity. British Medical Journal. 1989;299(11 November):1178-9.
HIV, medical aspects, DI, semen donors, screening, STDs, UK, cryopreservation, guidelines: HIV, medical aspects, DI, semen donors, screening, STDs, UK, cryopreservation, guidelines.
This paper looks at recent reports on transmission of STDs through DI. It looks at current guidelines for screening donors and calls for more uniformity of practice and research into this matter.
40. Barratt CLR, Chauhan M, Cooke ID. Donor insemination - a look to the future. Fertility & Sterility. 1990;54(3):375-387.
semen donors, recipients, screening, selection, DI, UK, recruitment: semen donors, recipients, screening, selection, DI, UK, recruitment.
Reviews the selection and recruitment of semen donors at a clinic and the screening of female recipients for factors that influence the probability of conception.41. Bartels D, Priester R, Vawter DE, Caplan AL. Beyond Baby M. Ethical Issues in New Reproductive Technologies. Contemporary Issues in Biomedicine, Ethics, and Society. Clifton, New Jersey: Humana Press; 1990.
42. Baruch EH, Jr. AFDA, Seager J. Embryos, Ethics, and Women's Rights. Exploring the New Reproductive Technologies. New York: Harrington Park Press; 1987.
43. Baruch EH. A Womb of His Own. Women Health. 1988;13(1-2):135-9.
feminism, technology, assisted reproduction, female infertility, psychological, interests of child, medicalisation, surrogacy, genetic engineering: feminism, technology, assisted reproduction, female infertility, psychological, interests of child, medicalisation, surrogacy, genetic engineering.
This paper looks at ART's and the possibility that women may no longer needed for procreation. It looks at surrogacy in terms of a man's ability to buy a womb and the impact for all of this for the psychology of individuals and for culture. A critique of a feminist position.
44. Becker G. Healing the Infertile Family. Strengthening Your Relationship in the Search for Parenthood. New York: Bantam Books; 1990.
infertility, family, psychosocial, stress, psychological, identity, couples, men, counselling, women, gender, process, coping skills, USA: infertility, family, psychosocial, stress, psychological, identity, couples, men, counselling, women, gender, process, coping skills, USA.
This book is based upon research with couples undergoing infertility, and looks at describes, and attempts to address both male and female concerns, and relationship issues generally at various stages in the process of infertility resolution.
45. Beecham L. Report on surrogacy commended to ARM. British Medical Journal. 1990;300(17 March):752.
surrogacy, doctors, regulation, legislation, ethics, interests of child, couples, parenthood, guidelines: surrogacy, doctors, regulation, legislation, ethics, interests of child, couples, parenthood, guidelines.
This piece reports on a discussion by the British Medical Association (?) about its policy on surrogacy. This touches on the interest of the child and of all the networks of all the parties involved, and on the general unadvisability of surrogacy except in certain situations. It notes the setting up of a committee to look into the matter, and the passing of amotion not to participate in surrogacy until the ARM (?) has agreed appropriate guidelines.
46. Belbas NF. Staying in Touch: Empathy in Open Adoptions. Smith College Studies in Social Work. 1987;57(3):184-98.
adoption, openness, interests of child, couples, practice, policy, gender, USA: adoption, openness, interests of child, couples, practice, policy, gender, USA.
This study of 12 families where some degree of open adoption has been practiced found that prior to coming to the agencies only one of the couples had thought about open adoption. It describes the process of birth mother and social parents coming to know each other and the types of interaction. It notes that none of the couples felt having an open adoption had effected their relationship with the child. It also reviews the relevant literature on secrecy and notes the extent of open adoption in the US and the increased liklihood of couples getting children if they were ready to have an open adoption.
47. Bell CJ. Adoptive Pregnancy: Legal and Social work Issues. Child Welfare. 1986;65(5):421-36.
SET, IVF, DI, surrogacy, ET, adoption, social work, secrecy, openness, identity, interests of child, psychological, couples, parenthood, law, USA, policy, counselling, family: SET, IVF, DI, surrogacy, ET, adoption, social work, secrecy, openness, identity, interests of child, psychological, couples, parenthood, law, USA, policy, counselling, family.
This paper looks at the ethical and social implications of SET and IVF-ET treatments. It discusses secrecy issues, and compares these new arrangements to adoption addressing identity, psychological and best interests of the child issues. It looks at legal issues in a USA context, and policy and practice issues in social work including counselling concerns.
48. Belliotti R. Marxism, feminism and surrogate motherhood. Social Theory and Practice. 1988;14(3):389-417.
feminism, marxism, surrogacy, moral permissibility: feminism, marxism, surrogacy, moral permissibility.
The author addresses the question of moral permissibility of surrogate motherhood in the context of Marxism and in a version of Feminism. He defines alienation, exploitation and commodification in the context of Marxism, outlines a Feminist account on moral impermissibility and applies these issues to surrogate contracts. He concludes that Marxist and Feminist arguments do not establish the moral impermissibility of surrogacy.
49. Belsey MA, Ware H. Epidemiological, social and psychosocial aspects of infertility. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 1986.
infertility, couples, psychosocial, social attitudes, doctors, child free, adoption, surrogacy, DI, women, men, male infertility, female infertility, clinics, Thailand, Korea, Colombia, New Guinea, couples, Sudan, Pakistan, Roumania, Fiji, Malaysia, Nepal, Dominican Republic, prevention, environmental factors, psychological, stress, STDs, medicalisation, history, age, India, records: infertility, couples, psychosocial, social attitudes, doctors, child free, adoption, surrogacy, DI, women, men, male infertility, female infertility, clinics, Thailand, Korea, Colombia, New Guinea, couples, Sudan, Pakistan, Roumania, Fiji, Malaysia, Nepal, Dominican Republic, prevention, environmental factors, psychological, stress, STDs, medicalisation, history, age, India, records.
This paper looks at issues in the collection of data about infertility prevalence around the world. It looks at types of infertility, causes for various types of infertility, and interactions between various types of causes of infertility. It calls for standardisation of record keeping and categorisation practice.
50. Bendvold E, Skjaeraasen J, Moe N, Sjoberg D, Kravdal O. Marital break-up among couples raising families by artificial insemination by donor. Fertility and Sterility. 1989;51(6):980-3.
Norway, family, marriage, couples, DI, psychosocial: Norway, family, marriage, couples, DI, psychosocial.
This study of 227 Norwegian women who had given birth to children DI found that 1.8% of them experienced marriage break-up as compared with rates of 3.0% and 3.7% in closely matched populations. These differences however are not statistically significant.51. Bendvold E, Moe N, Skjaraasen J. Social Condition of Children born after Artificial Insemination. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine. 1990;18:203-6.
DI, families, divorce, secrecy, Norway: DI, families, divorce, secrecy, Norway.
This study of 341 DI children born to 261 women reports that in 43% of these DI children had additional siblings whereas 57% did not. Only 6 of the families split due to result in this period, which is lower than the national average.
52. Benzanson RP. Solomom Would Weep: A Comment on In the Matter of Baby M and the limits of Judicial Authority. Law, Medicine and Health Care. 1988;16(1-2):126-30.
law, USA, surrogacy, parenthood, adoption, technology, social attitudes, ethics: law, USA, surrogacy, parenthood, adoption, technology, social attitudes, ethics.
This paper disagrees with the USA ruling in the Baby 'M' case about who the parents in the situation should be. It presents an alternaive opinion, and addresses the nature of the relationship between society, technology and the law.
53. Berg BJ, Wilson JF. Psychiatric morbidity in the infertile population: a reconceptualisation. Fertility and Sterility. 1990;53(4):654-61.
psychological, stress, coping skills, couples, infertility, methods: psychological, stress, coping skills, couples, infertility, methods.
This article argues that psychological tests used to measure the psychiatric morbidity of the infertile may only be measuring infertility strain reactions. The author cautions against applying stigmatising psychiatric lables where this is unnecessary. This argument is based on a study of 104 infertile couples who were submitted to a psychological test.
54. Berger DM, Eisen A, Shuber J, Doody KF. Psychological Patterns in Donor Insemination Couples. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1986;31(December):818-23.
infertility, DI, couples, psychosocial, psychological, doctors, secrecy, openness, anonymity, attitudes, sexuality, gender, men, women, religion, law, social attitudes, divorce: infertility, DI, couples, psychosocial, psychological, doctors, secrecy, openness, anonymity, attitudes, sexuality, gender, men, women, religion, law, social attitudes, divorce.
This study of couples undergoing DI argues that psychological conflict is occasioned in these couples by both infertility and the DI procedure itself. Outlines case studies to support this idea. Looks also at the attitudes of couples to secrecy and the possible negative impact of this on couples resolution of psychological conflict. Has a psychoanalytic leaning.
55. Berger R. Learning to Survive and Cope with Human Loss. Social Work Today. 1988(28 April):14-17.
process, coping skills, social workers, stress, psychosocial, counselling, religion: process, coping skills, social workers, stress, psychosocial, counselling, religion.
This paper briefly overviews a variety of types of literature which look at coping with loss. It looks at issues of, peoples reactions, crisis intervention, education, counselling and trying to see loss as an opportunity.
56. Bernardin J. Science and the Creation of Life. Origins. 1987;17(2):21, 23-6.
Catholic, ethics, couples, assisted reproduction, IVF, DI, surrogacy, genetic engineering, genetic screening, technology, psychological, psychosocial, family, philosophy, sexuality, parenthood, embryos, commodification: Catholic, ethics, couples, assisted reproduction, IVF, DI, surrogacy, genetic engineering, genetic screening, technology, psychological, psychosocial, family, philosophy, sexuality, parenthood, embryos, commodification.
This paper presents a background to and summary of the 1987 Vatican 'Instruction on Respect for Human Life in Its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation'. It outlines the philosophy and principles upon which this document is based and discusses the relationship between Catholic faith, and scientific endeavour and technological development.
57. Best J. Avoiding throwing the baby out with the bath-water. The Medical Journal ofAustralia. 1988;149(July 18):97.
male infertility, doctors, women, economics, policy, research, IVF, social class, Australia, media: male infertility, doctors, women, economics, policy, research, IVF, social class, Australia, media.
This paper discusses IVF funding priorities and policy in Australia, and looks at to what extent it is provider or consumer driven. It also looks at experimentation by doctors in the course of this treatment and the comparatively little media attention that is paid to male infertility.
58. Bhimji W. Womb for rent: ethical aspects of surrogate motherhood. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1987;137(December 15):1132-5.
ethics, surrogacy, doctors, technology, motivation, couples, mothers, commercialisation, DI, adoption, commodification, law, interests of child, family, Ethiopia, Pacific Islands: ethics, surrogacy, doctors, technology, motivation, couples, mothers, commercialisation, DI, adoption, commodification, law, interests of child, family, Ethiopia, Pacific Islands.
This paper looks at the ethics of surrogacy; looking at the motivations of the participants, the interests of the child, and commercial interests of middle parties. It compares surrogacy to DI and adoption,. It concludes by noting and promoting the more fluid family forms of Ethiopians' and Pacific Islanders'.
59. Bielawska-Batorowicz E. Attitudes to Motherhood of Women in High-risk and Normal Pregnancy. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 1990;8:3-9.
pregnancy, women, motherhood, social attitudes, family, psychological, stress, adoption: pregnancy, women, motherhood, social attitudes, family, psychological, stress, adoption.
This study of pregnant women; some with normal pregnancies, some with heart problems, and some who had previously had miscarriages; looks at their attitudes to pregnancy and motherhood. It found that women with high risk pregnancies were likely to value motherhood less than the other women. However, these women were more likely to report having planned their pregnancies, and to have changed their lifestyle in pregnancy in order to increase the chances of success.
60. Bigner JJ. Parenting Behaviours of Homosexual and Heterosexual Fathers. Journal of Homosexuality. 1989;18:173-86.
gay men, fatherhood, sexuality, interests of child, social attitudes, family: gay men, fatherhood, sexuality, interests of child, social attitudes, family.
This study of parenting styles of gay and non-gay fathers found that, gay fathers were stricter, promoted more cognitive skills in children, went further to be a resource for their children, were less willing to be demonstrative, were more egalitarian, and were more likely to act in a counsellor role. The two types of fathers were similar in relation to involvelment and intimacy with their children.61. Black D. Black looks . . . at when life begins. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1990;24(1 January):8-9.
law, USA, embryos, IVF, religion, Christianity, research, ethics: law, USA, embryos, IVF, religion, Christianity, research, ethics.
This paper argues for research into embryos on the grounds that it alleviates human suffering.
62. Blackwell RE, Carr BR, Chang RJ, et al. Are we exploiting the infertile couple? Fertility and Sterility. 1987;48(5):735-9.
infertility, ethics, couples, doctors, assisted reproduction, standards, screening, advertising, commercialisation: infertility, ethics, couples, doctors, assisted reproduction, standards, screening, advertising, commercialisation.
This paper looks at doctors use of ARTs with couples addressing issues of inappropiate use of credentials, misuse of technologies, truth in advertising and commercialisation.
63. Blank RH. Regulating Reproduction. N.Y.: Columbia University Press; 1990.
regulation, policy, law, ethics, USA, assisted reproduction: regulation, policy, law, ethics, USA, assisted reproduction.
This book provides an overview of recent developments in reproductive technology. It looks at ethical, regulatory and policy issues particularly in a US context and argues for greater public debate and more comprehensive regulatory control of this area.
64. Blaser A, Maloigne-Katz B, Gigon U. Effect of Artificial Insemination with Donor Semen on the Psyche of the Husband. Psychother. Psychosom. 1988;49:17-21.
DI, men, couples, women, psychological, psychosocial, stress, attitudes, sexuality, doctors, pregnancy, selection, semen donors, infertility, process, practice: DI, men, couples, women, psychological, psychosocial, stress, attitudes, sexuality, doctors, pregnancy, selection, semen donors, infertility, process, practice.
This study looks at the effect of infertility, DI and female pregnancy on the male partners psyche. It describes the process by which men come to accept DI, and finds that infertile men do not develop sexual or psychological problems. Describes the fantasies men and women may have about DI and DI offspring and outlines ways of responding to these. Interesting quote on donor motivations.
65. Blyth E. Wanted: A Modern Day Solomon. Community Care. 1987(23 April):22-4.
surrogacy, couples, law, social attitudes, media, Catholic, feminism, UK, prohibition, regulation, interests of child, ethics, policy: surrogacy, couples, law, social attitudes, media, Catholic, feminism, UK, prohibition, regulation, interests of child, ethics, policy.
This paper looks at the recent development of surrogacy in the UK, public and media reaction to this, and legal and policy options which are available for dealing with this.
66. Blyth E. Child of New Times. Social Work Today. 1990:22-3.
counselling, policy, UK, embryos, research, single women, DI, interests of child, law, couples, parenthood, secrecy, openness, health professionals, adoption, social workers: counselling, policy, UK, embryos, research, single women, DI, interests of child, law, couples, parenthood, secrecy, openness, health professionals, adoption, social workers.
This paper discusses the UK HFEA act from a social work perspective. It looks at issues of secrecy, lesbian and single women, and the representativeness of the new HFEA board.
67. Blyth E. Assisted Reproduction - What's in it for Children? Children and Society. 1990;4(2, summer):167-82.
interests of child, policy, assisted reproduction, couples, family: interests of child, policy, assisted reproduction, couples, family.
not seen.
68. Bogdan M. Artificial Insemination in Swedish Law. Comparative Law Year Book. 1986;10:91-106.
Sweden, DI, legislation, paternity, couples, semen donors, IVF, surrogacy, egg donation, technology, law, adoption, telling the child, anonymity, openness, doctors, embryos, research, single women, lesbian, consent, posthumous, motivation, commercialisation, matching, genetic engineering, consanguinity, identity, psychological, reproductive rights, ethics, payment, genetic engineering: Sweden, DI, legislation, paternity, couples, semen donors, IVF, surrogacy, egg donation, technology, law, adoption, telling the child, anonymity, openness, doctors, embryos, research, single women, lesbian, consent, posthumous, motivation, commercialisation, matching, genetic engineering, consanguinity, identity, psychological, reproductive rights, ethics, payment, genetic engineering.
This paper outlines and discusses the implications of the Swedish Law on Artificial Insemination and two committee reports in that country concerning IVF and genetic engineering. It looks at issues of paternity, offspring access to information about the donor, various other aspects of DI and IVF practice, and embryo research. Discusses the reasons given for allowing and prohibiting various practices. Looks at the possible outcomes of this in terms of people leaving Sweden temporarily in order to evade the DI law and its implications.
69. Bonnicksen A. In vitro fertilization and public policy: turning to the consumer. Population Research and Policy Review. 1986;5:197-215.
IVF, recipients, couples, policy,: IVF, recipients, couples, policy,.
not seen. Reference in Strickler, 1992.
70. Bonnicksen AL. Embryo Freezing: Ethical Issues in the Clinical Setting. Hastings Center Report. 1988(December):26-30.
ethics, cryopreservation, embryos, US, clinics, IVF, couples, stress, psychological, economics, policy, doctors, research, medicalisation, law, practice: ethics, cryopreservation, embryos, US, clinics, IVF, couples, stress, psychological, economics, policy, doctors, research, medicalisation, law, practice.
This paper looks at the ethical, practice and policy issues associated with embryo freezing. It looks at whether the practice is beneficial economically and psychologically for the couple, and at issues of the legal and ethical status of the embryo. It remarks on the impact of medicalisation and the differences in perspective of couples and doctors.71. Bonnicksen AL, Blank RH. The government and in vitro fertilization (IVF): views of IVF directors. Fertility and Sterility. 1988;49(3):396-8.
USA, clinics, health professionals, IVF, law, legislation, policy, insurance, embryos, research, records, economics, parenthood, medicalisation, surrogacy, ET, eugenics, cryopreservation: USA, clinics, health professionals, IVF, law, legislation, policy, insurance, embryos, research, records, economics, parenthood, medicalisation, surrogacy, ET, eugenics, cryopreservation.
This study of 88 directors of USA, IVF clinics found that they favoured the provision of such measures as government funding of IVF research, laws regarding insurance for IVF, and laws clarifying paternity issues when donors were utilised. They were divided over controversial issues like gender preselection and were generally opposed to measures which would restrict their activities or make them more publically accountable.
72. Bonnicksen AL. In Vitro Fertilization: Building Policy from Laboratories to Legislatures. New York: Columbia University Press; 1989.
IVF, policy, USA, couples, motivation, assisted reproduction, gfenetic screening, regulation, clinics, doctors, commercialisation: IVF, policy, USA, couples, motivation, assisted reproduction, gfenetic screening, regulation, clinics, doctors, commercialisation.
Includes comment on couples seeking 'perfect' children and lack of regulation of American clinics. See Blank 1995, not seen.
73. Bonnicksen A. A Commentary on Four Papers on Surrogae Motherhood. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1990;8(2):195-98.
surrogacy, contracts, policy, women, technology, assisted reproduction: surrogacy, contracts, policy, women, technology, assisted reproduction.
in library.
74. Bowman G. Babies with a secret past. New Zealand Women's Weekly; 1990.
75. Bozett FW. Gay Fathers: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Homosexuality. 1989;18:137-62.
gay men, fatherhood, lesbian, couples, identity, family, social support, motherhood, child development, psychological, economics, gender, parenthood, social attitudes: gay men, fatherhood, lesbian, couples, identity, family, social support, motherhood, child development, psychological, economics, gender, parenthood, social attitudes.
This review of studies about gay fathers, found that gay men generally thought their sexuality had little impact on their relationship with their child, that they tended to invest a lot in parenting and try to play out both parenting sex-roles. Studies found little difference between gay male, lesbian and heterosexual parenting.
76. Bradley D. Homosexuality and Child Custody in English Law. International Journal of Law and the Family. 1987;1:155-205.
gay men, lesbian, law, interests of child, UK, HIV, lawyers, sexuality, social attitudes, adoption, couples, child development, gender: gay men, lesbian, law, interests of child, UK, HIV, lawyers, sexuality, social attitudes, adoption, couples, child development, gender.
This paper looks at recent UK legal decisions with regard to adoption and access cases involving homosexual parents. It looks also more generally at how homosexuals are viewed in UK law, and at theories which attempt to explain discrimination against homosexuals.
77. Brahams D. Assisted Reproduction and Selective Reduction of Pregnancy. The Lancet. 1987(December 12):1409-10.
law, assisted reproduction, IVF, GIFT, ethics, law, embryos, abortion, licensing, doctors, clinics, pregnancy, women: law, assisted reproduction, IVF, GIFT, ethics, law, embryos, abortion, licensing, doctors, clinics, pregnancy, women.
This paper looks at the situation in which multiple embryos have been implanted in a woman via IVF, GIFT, etc., and are coming to term, and where this increases the risk to the mother, and/ or the chances that some or all of them will perish, and/or whether this number of children are wanted. It looks at the practice of reducing the number of fetuses at this point, and what the legal and ethical situation is. Specifically looking at whether this constitutes an abortion or a miscarriage under UK law.
78. Brahams D. Surrogacy, Adoption, and Custody. The Lancet. 1987(April 4):817.
surrogacy, adoption, law, payment, commercialisation, interests of child, UK: surrogacy, adoption, law, payment, commercialisation, interests of child, UK.
This paper outlines recent cases involving surrogacy in the UK, and the current legal situation. It suggests non-commercial surrogacy agencies could be set up.
79. Brahams D. The Hasty British Ban on Commercial Surrogacy. Hastings Center Report. 1987(February):16-19.
surrogacy, commercialisation, UK, prohibition, advertising, interests of child, motherhood, policy, regulation, legislation, law, social attitudes: surrogacy, commercialisation, UK, prohibition, advertising, interests of child, motherhood, policy, regulation, legislation, law, social attitudes.
This paper looks at the situations leading up to the passing of the 1985 Surrogacy Arrangements Act which banned commercial surrogacy. It argues that theinterests of child may be best served by not having as someone as a surrogate mother, a person who may at some point make a emotional claim on the child for her 'gift' of her womb use. It thus favours a looser approach to commercial surrogacy than is presently in force.
80. Brahams D. Ethics and the law: The law and assisted human conception. British Medical Bulletin. 1990;46(3):850-9.
law, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, commercialisation, race, DI, ET, GIFT, ZIFT, IVF, ethics, abortion, interests of child, embryos, rights, doctors, research, secrecy, legislation, UK: law, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, commercialisation, race, DI, ET, GIFT, ZIFT, IVF, ethics, abortion, interests of child, embryos, rights, doctors, research, secrecy, legislation, UK.
This paper proveds a summary of some legal questions associated with ARTs, including: surrogacy, commercialisation, right to treatment, secrecy/openness issues, embryo research, and reduction of multiple pregnancies.81. Brakel LAM. A Modern "Solution" to the Oedipal Problem: A Fantasy of Surrogate Motherhood. Psychoanalytic Quarterly. 1988;57:87-91.
psychological, surrogacy, motherhood, sexuality, pregnancy, adult development: psychological, surrogacy, motherhood, sexuality, pregnancy, adult development.
Discussion of a case involving a woman who has a surrogate motherhood fantasy. V. Psychoanalytic. Of little use.
82. Brand HJ. Complexity of Motivation for Artificial Insemination by Donor. Psychological Reports. 1987;60:951-5.
motivation, DI, couples, parenthood, women, men, psychosocial, adoption, social attitudes, selection: motivation, DI, couples, parenthood, women, men, psychosocial, adoption, social attitudes, selection.
This paper discusses the various motives that men and women in infertile couples have for attempting DI. Looks at these in terms of doctors having to select couples for this procedure.
83. Brand HJ. The Influence of Sex Differences on the Acceptance of Infertility. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 1989;7:129-31.
gender, infertility, psychosocial, stress, couples, men, women, psychological: gender, infertility, psychosocial, stress, couples, men, women, psychological.
This study of couples undergoing infertility treatment found that women were significantly more likely to discuss infertility, found it easier to talk about the subject and found the intensity of infertility greater than did men.
84. Braude P, Johnson M. Embryo research: yes or no? Warnock legislation begins in the House of Lords. British Medical Journal. 1989;299(2 December):1349-51.
embryos, research, legislation, IVF, cryopreservation, infertility, contraception, prohibition, scientists: embryos, research, legislation, IVF, cryopreservation, infertility, contraception, prohibition, scientists.
This paper argues in favour of embryo research on the grounds that it helps find cure for disease, helps identify genetic causes of disease, and is better for women.
85. Braude P, Johnson MH, Aitken RJ. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill goes to report stage. British Medical Journal. 1990;300(2 June):1410-2.
UK, legislation, secrecy, openness, clinics, DI, semen donors, liscensing, counselling, interests of child, GIFT, medical aspects: UK, legislation, secrecy, openness, clinics, DI, semen donors, liscensing, counselling, interests of child, GIFT, medical aspects.
This paper calls for clarification in the HFE Bill before it comes to pass on issues of donor anonymity in DI (it argues in favour of this) and whether or not GIFT is covered by the Act.
86. Brewaeys A, Olbrechts H, Devroey P, Steirteghem ACV. Counselling and selection of homosexual couples in fertility treatment. Human Reproduction. 1989;4(7, October):850-3.
lesbian, sexuality, psychological, counselling, selection, motherhood, parenthood, social class, DI, child development, gender, family, social attitudes, ethics, reproductive rights, openness, Belgium, psychosocial: lesbian, sexuality, psychological, counselling, selection, motherhood, parenthood, social class, DI, child development, gender, family, social attitudes, ethics, reproductive rights, openness, Belgium, psychosocial.
This study of lesbian couples presenting for DI at a Belgian clinic reports that of 27 couples 21 were accepted, 5 refused and 1 couple did not complete the evaluation. It gives reasons for acceptance and rejection and outlines information about the couples attitudes to parenthood, sexuality, their openness about their sexuality, and the way they perceived others attitudes to their sexuality. Discusses issues generally and notes that in such situations DI can not be kept from offspring.
87. British Association of Social Workers' Warnock Working Party. British Association of Social Workers' Response to Consultation Document 'Legislation on Human Infertility Services and Embryo Research': British Association of Social Workers; 1987.
88. British Infertility Counselling A. British Infertility Counselling Association, Papers given at Northern Study Day on 29th October 1990 at York District Hospital. Presented at the British Infertility Counselling Association, Northern Study Day; York District Hospital, York, UK; 1990.
incomplete: incomplete.
This collection of addresses contains: a brief recent history of infertility treatments in England and Wales, feminist thoughts on infertilty, consumer viewpoints on infertility, reports on counselling in IVF and DI settings, and on the experiences of a support group in a district hospital.
89. British Medical Association WPoHIs, Professional scientific and International Affairs division. Surrogacy: Ethical Considerations. Report of the Working Party on Human Infertility services, Professional scientific and International Affairs division: British Medical Association; 1990.
90. Brody EB. Reproduction Without Sex - But with the Doctor. Law, Medicine and Health Care. 1987;15(3, Fall):152-5.
doctors, women, assisted reproduction, medicalisation, technology, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, IVF, motherhood, commercialisation, ethics, policy, SET, counselling, couples, social attitudes: doctors, women, assisted reproduction, medicalisation, technology, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, IVF, motherhood, commercialisation, ethics, policy, SET, counselling, couples, social attitudes.
This paper looks at the role of doctors working with infertile women. It looks at assisted reproduction generally as well as surrogacy and SET. Addresses public policy, moral arbitration issues, counselling,and the importance of treating couples not just women.91. Brody E. Culture, reproductive technology and women's rights: an intergovernmental perspective. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988;9:199-205.
culture, women, rights, assisted reproduction, law, legislation,: culture, women, rights, assisted reproduction, law, legislation,.
not seen, See Brody 1993.
92. Brody EB. Human rights aspects of traffic in human fetuses: an international perspective. In: Hall Ev, Everard W, eds. The Free Woman: Women's Health in the 1990s: Parthenon Publishing; 1989.
rights, embryos, policy, psychosocial, social class, technology, regulation, race, Germany, USA, Europe, fetal tissue, abortion, IVF, ethics, research, family, assisted reproduction, scientists, prohibition, commercialisation, UN, genetic engineering, payment, semen donors, doctors, egg donors: rights, embryos, policy, psychosocial, social class, technology, regulation, race, Germany, USA, Europe, fetal tissue, abortion, IVF, ethics, research, family, assisted reproduction, scientists, prohibition, commercialisation, UN, genetic engineering, payment, semen donors, doctors, egg donors.
This paper surveys international political opinion on fetal tissue donation and commercialisation and raises a number of ethical questions in this area around scientific research, differing cultural and economic aproaches, doctors roles etc.
93. Bromham D, Stewart JB, Stratton P, Clement NM, Jackson J. Surrogacy - the Issues. Leeds: University of Leeds Review; 1990.
94. Brotherton J. Artificial Insemination with Fresh Donor Semen. Archives of Andrology. 1990;25:173-9.
semen donors, HIV, DI, STDs, selection, law, ethics psychological, medical aspects, religion, fatherhood, secrecy, adoption, social attitudes, single women, couples, lesbian, consanguinity, payment, doctors: semen donors, HIV, DI, STDs, selection, law, ethics psychological, medical aspects, religion, fatherhood, secrecy, adoption, social attitudes, single women, couples, lesbian, consanguinity, payment, doctors.
This paper looks briefly at legal, ethical, cultural, religious and psychological aspects of DI ; and then describes the technical aspects of the procedure. Also discusses slight bias to male births resulting from DI.
95. Brown H, Dent M, Dyer LM, al. e. Legal rights and issues surrounding conception, pregnancy, and birth. Vanderbilt Law Review. 1986;39:597.
law, USA, rights, pregnancy, embryos, women, assisted reproduction, parenthood, economics, legislation: law, USA, rights, pregnancy, embryos, women, assisted reproduction, parenthood, economics, legislation.
not seen, See Mason, 1990.
96. Bruce N, Mitchell A, Priestley K. Truth and the child: a contribution to the debate on the Warnock Report. Edinburgh: Family Care; 1988.
97. Bruce N. On the importance of genetic knowledge. Children and Society. 1990;4(2):183-96.
openness, offspring, couples, semen donors, egg donors, policy, law, social attitudes: openness, offspring, couples, semen donors, egg donors, policy, law, social attitudes.
not seen.
98. Brumby M, Levine M. Attitudes Towards IVF: A Comparison of the Values of Supporters and Opponents. Australian Journal of Early Childhood. 1986;11(4):24-31.
Australia, IVF, couples, infertility, technology, religion, social attitudes, abortion, ethics, embryos, cryopreservation, ET, family: Australia, IVF, couples, infertility, technology, religion, social attitudes, abortion, ethics, embryos, cryopreservation, ET, family.
This paper presents the results of a survey into Australians attitudes to IVF, embryo, freezing and transfer. Found that those who were disapproving of IVF generally had strong religious beliefs, tended to be conservative, opposed to abortion and questioning of the value of technology.
99. Brumby MN. Education and the new technologies in reproduction. Clinical Reproduction and Fertility. 1986;4:125-31.
education, assisted reproduction, motherhood, technology, contraception, infertility, law, family, IVF, fatherhood, legislation, scientists, Australia, UK: education, assisted reproduction, motherhood, technology, contraception, infertility, law, family, IVF, fatherhood, legislation, scientists, Australia, UK.
This paper looks at how and what young people should be taught at schools about, ART's, different types of motherhood and fatherhood, and the implications of this for the modern family.
100. Brumby M, Kasimba P. When Is Cloning Lawful? Journal of In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer. 1987;4(4):198-204.
legislation, Australia, cloning, embryos, research, IVF, scientists, prohibition: legislation, Australia, cloning, embryos, research, IVF, scientists, prohibition.
This paper looks at the prohibition of cloning in Victorian law, and the problem that there are different levels of cloning, some of which may not have been intended to be included in the law by the legislators when the law was brought into being.101. Buckle S, Dawson K, Singer P. The Syngamy Debate: When Precisely Does a Human Life Begin? Law, Medicine and Health Care. 1989;17(2):174-81.
embryos, ethics, legislation, Australia, prohibition, research, regulation, medical aspects: embryos, ethics, legislation, Australia, prohibition, research, regulation, medical aspects.
This paper looks at the arguments leading up to the Victorian legislation on embryo research regulation. It looks at medical aspects of the argument about when humen life begins exactly.
102. Bulletin CL. Status of Children Amendment Act1987 - New Zealand. Commonwealth Law Bulletin; 1987.
103. Burda D. Arm of surrogate parent legislation reaches hospitals. Hospitals. 1987(July, 5):53-4.
regulation, prohibition, surrogacy, clinics, law, economics, USA, women, couples, commercialisation, economics, legislation, infertility: regulation, prohibition, surrogacy, clinics, law, economics, USA, women, couples, commercialisation, economics, legislation, infertility.
This report on the impact of the USA 'Baby M' case on the development of surrogacy legislation. It notes that certain states are considering regulating, prohibiting or instigating studies into this area. It notes the potential financial benfits for hospitals in terms of providing infertility checks and acting as surrogacy agencies.
104. Burns LH. Infertility as Boundary Ambiguity: One Theoretical Perspective. Family Process. 1987;26:369-72.
infertility, family, couples, coping skills, process, psychosocial, psychological, stress, crisis, parenthood, identity, sexuality, child development, adult development, assisted reproduction, adoption: infertility, family, couples, coping skills, process, psychosocial, psychological, stress, crisis, parenthood, identity, sexuality, child development, adult development, assisted reproduction, adoption.
This paper looks at the impact of infertility on couples in terms of the way it effects their sexuality, identity, their ability to achieve an adult role and a functional marriage, and to break away from their parents. It also looks at the way creating a fantsasy child in place of an actual child can prevent couples from talking to each other and hinder their individual development, the development of their marriage and of any children they may eventually raise.
105. Burns LH. An exploratory study of perceptions of parenting after infertility. Family Systems Medicines. 1990;8(2):177-89.
infertility, parenting, couples, psychosocial, family: infertility, parenting, couples, psychosocial, family.
not seen, See Schaffer and Diamond 1993.
106. Burton B, Chan CLK, Puszko Z, Wood EC. Attitudes Towards Oocyte and Embryo Donation and Disposal. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1986;26:304-8.
egg donors, IVF, couples, family, social attitudes, Australia, embryos, research, cryopreservation: egg donors, IVF, couples, family, social attitudes, Australia, embryos, research, cryopreservation.
This study of infertile people undergoing IVF and of their friends and families looked at various forms of egg and embryos donation and issues of freezing, storage, research and termination and who should decide.
107. Bydgeman M. Swedish law concerning insemination. IPPF Medical Bulletin. 1989;23(5 (5 October)):3-4.
Sweden, law, doctors, DI, semen donors, regulation, offspring, rights, single women, secrecy, recruitment, couples: Sweden, law, doctors, DI, semen donors, regulation, offspring, rights, single women, secrecy, recruitment, couples.
This article outlines the contents of the 1985 Swedish Insemination Act, the doctors opposition to it, and the consequences of it; notably that DI offspring have gained the legal status equivalent to that of adopted children, that more couples are seeking DI abroad, and at the time of writing of this paper the increased difficulty of getting men to donate.
108. Cabau A, Senarclens Md. Psychological aspects of infertility. In: Insler V, Lunenfield B, eds. Infertility Male and Female. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 1986.
psychological, stress, infertility, abortion, couples, doctors, health professionals, family, men , women, pregnancy, process, sexuality, DI, doctor patient relations: psychological, stress, infertility, abortion, couples, doctors, health professionals, family, men , women, pregnancy, process, sexuality, DI, doctor patient relations.
This paper critically reviews psychological literature about infertility: it looks at papers about the psychological cause of infertility, the effect of infertility on couples and individuals, the importance of the doctor patient relationship, the psychological history of infertile couples, and the psychoneurophsyiological causes of infertility. It also presents its own approach, which has a psychoanalytic bias.
109. Cahill LS. The Ethics of Surrogate Motherhood: Biology, Freedom, and Moral Obligation. Law, Medicine and Health Care. 1988;16(1-2, Spring):65-71.
ethics, law, surrogacy, motherhood, infertility, family, technology, adoption, couples, interests of child, blood bond, reproductive rights, rights, feminism, parenthood, USA: ethics, law, surrogacy, motherhood, infertility, family, technology, adoption, couples, interests of child, blood bond, reproductive rights, rights, feminism, parenthood, USA.
This paper looks at legal and ethical issues surrounding surrogacy in relation to arguments about the rights and responsibilities of various participants and the best interests of the child.
110. Callahan S, Shannon TA, Harvey JC. Lovemaking and Babymaking/ What the market will bear/ Diagnosing the Vatican 'Instruction'. Commonweal. 1987(24 April):233-9.
Catholic, IVF, egg donors, semen donors, family, society, ethics, couples, surrogacy, hitory, society, ethics, DI, egg donoation, technologu, doctors, aadoption, interests of child, identity, blood bond, divorce, contracts, psychosocial, payment, commodification commercialisation, assisted reproduction,: Catholic, IVF, egg donors, semen donors, family, society, ethics, couples, surrogacy, hitory, society, ethics, DI, egg donoation, technologu, doctors, aadoption, interests of child, identity, blood bond, divorce, contracts, psychosocial, payment, commodification commercialisation, assisted reproduction,.
This paper firstly outlines liberal and conservative approaches to ARTs. It then argues that these are acceptable except when third patry gametes are introduced. It argues this on the grounds of the importance of genetic bonding, the centrality of the family to society, the importance of maintaining traditional cultural norms and the need to avoid commodification and commercialisation of humanity. Two smaller sub-articles discuss respectively the rise of commodification in a capitalistic culture and the role of Catholic doctors in responding to the Vatican teaching on this matter.111. Callan VJ, Hennessey JF. The Experiences of Infertile Couples. Australian Journal of Early Childhood. 1986;11(4):32-6.
infertility, couples, Australia, IVF, adoption, stress, DI, process: infertility, couples, Australia, IVF, adoption, stress, DI, process.
This study of 77 couples who had been involved in an IVF program found that 50% had made arrangements to adopt, 23% had made arrangements for DI, while only a small % were interested in fostering. It found that most women would stop using IVF after 5-6 attempts, most found the 2nd attempt most stressful. It descibes stressful periods in the IVF process. It also looks at repondents experiences of adoption agencies; some agencies being opposed to accepting IVF couples onto waiting lists,.
112. Callan VJ. The Personal and Marital Adjustment of Mothers and of Voluntarily and Involuntarily Childless Wives. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1987;49(November):847-56.
motherhood, childfree, infertility, women, couples, psychological, psychosocial, stigma, IVF, stress, social support: motherhood, childfree, infertility, women, couples, psychological, psychosocial, stigma, IVF, stress, social support.
This study comparing the levels of satisfaction of infertile women on an IVF programme, mothers with young children, and voluntarily childless women in various areas of their lives found that in general all three groups were equally happy. However, the infertile women expressed greater frustration with the lack of fulfillment , purpose and variety in their lives. They also experienced especially close relationships with their husband and family.
113. Callan VJ, Hennessey JF. The psychological adjustment of women experience infertility. Journal of Medical Psychology. 1988;61:137-40.
psychological, motherhood, infertility, IVF, women, psychosocial: psychological, motherhood, infertility, IVF, women, psychosocial.
This study of two groups of women undergoing IVF treatment; those who had no children and those who had had children found that those with children considered life to be more interesting and rewarding, and less lonely. Discusses this in relation to earlier studies.
114. Callan VJ, Hennessey JF. Emotional Aspects and Support in in Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer Programs. Journal of in Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer. 1988;5(5):290-5.
psychosocial, stress, IVF, ET, infertility, couples, social support, psychological, women, counselling, doctors, coping skills, social attitudes, selection: psychosocial, stress, IVF, ET, infertility, couples, social support, psychological, women, counselling, doctors, coping skills, social attitudes, selection.
This study of 77 women who underwent IVF or ET procedures reports on their perceived social support, the aspects of the procedures they most disliked, the reaction of others around them to their infertility, their persistence in continuing with the treatment, and the state of their marrriages.
115. Callan VJ, Kloske B, Kashima Y, Hennessey JF. Towards Understanding Women's Decisions to Continue or Stop in Vitro Fertilization: The Role of Social, Psychological, and Background Factors. Journal of In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer. 1988;5(6):1988.
IVF, women, psychosocial, psychological, ET, couples, stress, social attitudes, social support: IVF, women, psychosocial, psychological, ET, couples, stress, social attitudes, social support.
This study of 254 IVF women found that the women who wished to continue with IVF, as compared to those who were not; were less likely to have children already and tended to have older husbands, they were also more optimistic about achieving pregnancy, and more likely to feel that those around them were in favour of their continuing.
116. Callan V. Infertility: A Guide for Couples. Melbourne, Australia: Pitman; 1988.
parenthood, infertility, in vitro fertilisation, support groups, counselling, psychosocial, couples, doctors, law, medicical aspects: parenthood, infertility, in vitro fertilisation, support groups, counselling, psychosocial, couples, doctors, law, medicical aspects.
This Australian guidebook for the infertile looks at ways of defining, livingwith and coping with infertility. It describes IVF procedures and looks at ways in which pregnancies can go wrong. It also addresses legal issues in relation to parenthood, and discusses the reasons why people want children.
117. Callan VJ, Hennessey JF. Strategies for coping with infertility. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1989;62:343-54.
psychosocial, social support, couples, infertility, process, coping skills, stress: psychosocial, social support, couples, infertility, process, coping skills, stress.
This article outlines a number of cognitive coping models which couples can utilise in responding to infertility. It describes 9 models which it divides into three categories: Appraisal focused coping, Problem focused coping, and Emotion focused coping. The article also raises a number of research questions about social support and the coping process.
118. Callen VJ. The personal and marital adjustment of mothers and of voluntarily and involuntarily childless wives. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1987;49:847-56.
motherhood, child free, women, infertility, couples, family: motherhood, child free, women, infertility, couples, family.
Not seen, See Schaffer and Diamond, 1993.
119. Cameron IT, Rogers PAW, Caro C, Harman J, Healy DL, Leeton JF. Oocyte donation: a review. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1989;96:893-9.
egg donors, medical aspects, IVF, GIFT, egg donation, cryopreservation, embryos: egg donors, medical aspects, IVF, GIFT, egg donation, cryopreservation, embryos.
This paper presents a medical overview of egg donation, recent developments and success rates.
120. Cannell F. concepts of parenthood: the Warnock Report, the Gillick debate, and modern myths. american ethnologist. 1989.
parenthood, surrogacy, contraception, legislation, UK, regulation, family, social attitudes, media, doctors, adolescents, sexuality, prohibition, motherhood, gender: parenthood, surrogacy, contraception, legislation, UK, regulation, family, social attitudes, media, doctors, adolescents, sexuality, prohibition, motherhood, gender.
This paper looks at how both the arguments used in the Warnock report and those used in a battle to get the issuing of contraceptives to under 16 years olds banned, used arguments about how biological blood links defined 'natural 'and 'family'. Surrogacy is also discussed in relation to this.121. Caplan AL. The Ethics of In Vitro Fertilization. Biomedical Ethics. 1986;13(2):241-53.
ethics, embryos, IVF, regulation, psychosocial, interests of child, USA, law, licensing, infertility, DI, surrogacy, commercialisation, policy, clinics, blood bond, family, ET: ethics, embryos, IVF, regulation, psychosocial, interests of child, USA, law, licensing, infertility, DI, surrogacy, commercialisation, policy, clinics, blood bond, family, ET.
This paper uses IVF as a case study of the ethical issues surrounding ARTs. It looks at issues of the status of infertility as a disease, the status of the embryo, and issues of access.
122. Caplan AL. The New Technologies in Reproduction: New Ethical Problems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1988;530:73-82.
ethics, IVF, technology, USA, UK, research, reproductive rights, research, social attitudes: ethics, IVF, technology, USA, UK, research, reproductive rights, research, social attitudes.
This paper looks at the ethics of IVF in the light of a number of ethical principles. It also addresses whether IVF is experimantal or a true therapy, and highlights its (lack of) success rates.
123. Capron AM, Radin MJ. Choosing Family Law over Contract law as a Paradigm for Surrogate Motherhood. Law, Medicine and Health Care. 1988;16(1-2, Spring):35-43.
family, law, surrogacy, motherhood, adoption, commercialisation, prohibition, USA, interests of child, parenthood, payment, social workers, records, regulation, DI, policy, rights, reproductive rights, egg donation: family, law, surrogacy, motherhood, adoption, commercialisation, prohibition, USA, interests of child, parenthood, payment, social workers, records, regulation, DI, policy, rights, reproductive rights, egg donation.
This paper argues that surrogacy law should be similar to adoption in regards to the parentage of the child, rather than contracts law which leans towards commercialisation. Also addresses DI and egg donation on same issue.
124. Carbone. The Limits of Family Contract Law: An Analysis of Family Planning. Logos. 1988;9:147-60.
family, law, couples: family, law, couples.
not seen.
125. Carr EK, Friedman T, Lannon B, Sharp PC. The study of psychological factors in couples receiving artificial insemination by donor: a discussion of methodological dificulties. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1990;15:906-10.
psychological, couples, DI, methods, ethics, nurses, recruitment, stress, secrecy,: psychological, couples, DI, methods, ethics, nurses, recruitment, stress, secrecy,.
This paper looks at issues involved in collecting informating about the stresses of couples undergoing DI. Looks at relevance of such research from a nursing perspective.
126. Carson SA. Sex selection: the ultimate in family planning. Fertility and Sterility. 1988;50(1):16-19.
gender, family, IVF, medical aspects, couples, pregnancy: gender, family, IVF, medical aspects, couples, pregnancy.
This papers outlines ways in which sex selection can be achieved. Some of these methods utilise IVF procedures.
127. Carver CS, Scheier MF, Weintraub JK. Assessing Coping Strategies: A Theoretically Based Approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1989;56(2):267-83.
counselling, coping skills, cognitive, theory, stress, social support, psychosocial, religion: counselling, coping skills, cognitive, theory, stress, social support, psychosocial, religion.
This paper presents the results of three studies into the effectiveness of problem focussed, emotion focussed and other types of coping with stress. Looks at the relationships between these different sets of techniques.
128. Caton H. The Ethics of Human Embryo Experimentation: Testimony of Scientists to the Australian Senate Select Committee on the Harradine Bill. Presented at the 57th annual ANZAAS Congress; Pamerston North, New Zealand; 1987.
embryos, research, scientists, Australia, law, legislation, ethics, regulation, medicalisation, philosophy, eugenics, prohibition, IVF, genetic screening, abortion, DI, surrogacy: embryos, research, scientists, Australia, law, legislation, ethics, regulation, medicalisation, philosophy, eugenics, prohibition, IVF, genetic screening, abortion, DI, surrogacy.
This paper looks at the response of embryo research scientists to an Australian bill which sought to ban all embryo research. Included in this response was a threat to cease all IVF research if the bill was passed. Paper discusses, the philosophies of the various proponents in this debate, and looks at where the debate may go in the future.
129. Chalmers DRC. No Primrose Path. Surrogacy and the Role of the Criminal Law. Medicine and Law. 1989;7:595-606.
surrogacy, law, UK, legislation, regulation, family, payment, commercialisation, psychological, psychosocial, child development, class, policy, motherhood, couples, interests of child, prohibition, Australia: surrogacy, law, UK, legislation, regulation, family, payment, commercialisation, psychological, psychosocial, child development, class, policy, motherhood, couples, interests of child, prohibition, Australia.
This paper looks at recent UK legislation and various government committee reports, in relation to surrogacy. It argues against criminalisation in regard to surrogacy, and against the applicability of contract law in this situation.
130. Chambers A. Conception and Infertility (Chapter 6). Reproduction in Nanumea (Tuvalu): An Ethnography of Fertility and Birth. Working Papers in Anthropology, Archaeology, Linguistics, Maori Studies. No.72. Auckland, NZ: University of Auckland Department of Anthropology; 1986.
infertility, pregnancy, women, gender, adoption, couples, contraception, Tuvalu, social attitudes, post menopausal: infertility, pregnancy, women, gender, adoption, couples, contraception, Tuvalu, social attitudes, post menopausal.
This chapter of a study of fertility and birth in Nanumea (Tuvalu), looks specifically at womens' attitudes to infertility, conception and menopause. It describes views about how and when women become fertile, treatments for infertility, and rituals for ensuring the birth of a child of a particular sex. Women are generally seen to be the cause of infertility and treatment for this includes, massage, heat treatment, herbal drinks and prayer.131. Chapman C, Dorner P, Silber D, Winterberg TS. Meeting the Needs of the Adoption Triangle through Open Adoption: The Adoptee. Child and Adolescent Social Work. 1987;4(2, Summer):78-91.
adoption, child development, known, identity, offspring, stress, infertility, telling the child, health professionals: adoption, child development, known, identity, offspring, stress, infertility, telling the child, health professionals.
This paper discusses the issues involved in open adoption for the child and the adoption professional. It is generally in favour of this arrangement and focusses on developmental issues.
132. Charo RA. Legislative Approaches to Surrogate Motherhood. Law, Medicine and Health Care. 1988;16(1-2, Spring):96-112.
surrogacy, motherhood, legislation, law, couples, class, education, payment, USA, adoption, commercialisation, parenthood, doctors, abortion, rights, blood bond, policy, family, social atitudes, regulation, prohibition, economics: surrogacy, motherhood, legislation, law, couples, class, education, payment, USA, adoption, commercialisation, parenthood, doctors, abortion, rights, blood bond, policy, family, social atitudes, regulation, prohibition, economics.
This paper looks at the types of people who become involved in surrogacy arrangements, and the current legal approaches to surrogacy particularly in the USA. It recommends that the federal government, should act to reduce the need for surrogacy, harmonize state laws, prohibit enforcement of surrogacy contracts, clarify issues in regard to transnational disputes, ban commercialsation, and legally define 'mother'.
133. Chatterton RT. The Role of Stress in Female Reproduction: Animal and Human Considerations. International Journal of Fertility. 1990;38:8-13.
stress, medical aspects, psychosocial, psychological, infertility: stress, medical aspects, psychosocial, psychological, infertility.
This paper draws on animal research to look at the relationship between stress and reproduction.
134. Chauhan M, Barratt CLR, Cooke S, Cooke ID. A protocol for recruitment and screening of semen donors for an artificial insemination by donor programme. Human Reproduction. 1988;3(7):873-876.
semen donors, STDs, screening, selection, DI, recruitment, payment, UK: semen donors, STDs, screening, selection, DI, recruitment, payment, UK.
This study outlines a structured protocol for the recruitment and screening of semen donors for a DI programme. 191 potential donors were assessed. A step-wise analysis of these men is presented, reasons for and rates of rejections at each stage are documented and explained. A simple, structured approach to the assessment of potential semen donors is proposed. Recruited donors by advertising in the student press, posters at tertiary institutions and in local papers. Also existing donors and staff encouraged to recruit. Most potential donors were students and main motivation for donating was financial. Admitted that recruiting mature married men would likely mean less incidence of STDs but this was difficult.
135. Chinn PL. Book Reviews: 1) Man-made Women: How New Reproductive Technologies Affect Women: 2) Reproductive Rights and Wrongs: The Global Politics of Population Control and Contraceptive Choice: 3) Reproductive Technologies: Gender, Motherhood and Medicine. Signs. 1990(Winter):400-5.
feminism, reproductive rights, technology, assisted reproduction, medicalisation, rights, women, law, parenthood, economics, family, nurses, HIV, gender: feminism, reproductive rights, technology, assisted reproduction, medicalisation, rights, women, law, parenthood, economics, family, nurses, HIV, gender.
This review of these books comments on issues of power, the male dominated nuclear family, reproductive and other rights, and the value of nursing.
136. Christiaens M. Artificial insemination by donor and the view of man. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 1988;28:347-52.
DI, philosophy, ethics, male infertility, interests of child, couples, parenthood, blood bond, psychological, stress, psychosocial, adoption, child free, secrecy, telling the child, semen donors: DI, philosophy, ethics, male infertility, interests of child, couples, parenthood, blood bond, psychological, stress, psychosocial, adoption, child free, secrecy, telling the child, semen donors.
This paper looks philosophically at why people have children, and whether DI can be used to meet the desire for children in the same way that biological children can. Also looks at issues of human image and how DI affects the child and the donor.
137. Christianson C. Support Groups for Infertile Patients. Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Neonatal Nursing. 1986;July/August 1985:293-6.
Nurses, support groups, social support, infertility: Nurses, support groups, social support, infertility.
This article is a guide for nurses interested in setting up infertility support groups. It defines support groups, looks at myths about them, discusses the organisation of such groups and the nurses role in this, and lists US infertility support organisations.
138. Christie GL, Pawson ME. Barren womenhood - psychological aspects of infertility. In: Ashurst P, Hall Z, eds. Understanding women in distress. London: Tavistock/Routledge; 1989.
psychological, women , female infertility, doctors: psychological, women , female infertility, doctors.
Psychoanalytical.
139. Cirasole DM, Seager J. Women and Reproducitve Technologies: A Partially Annotated Bibliography. In: Baruch EH, Jr. AFDA, Seager J, eds. Embryos, Ethics, and Women's Rights. Exploring the New Reproductive Technologies. New York: Harrington Park Press; 1988.
embryos, women, rights, law, feminism, assisted reproduction, medical aspects, economics, IVF, pregnancy rates, post menopausal, ethics, cryopreservation, GIFT, technology, ethics, commodification, counselling, disability, gender, lesbian, psychological, Catholic, policy, single women, reproductive rights, family, abortion, commercialisation, surrogacy, motherhood, genetic screening, eugenics, sex selection, disability, contraception, sterilisation,: embryos, women, rights, law, feminism, assisted reproduction, medical aspects, economics, IVF, pregnancy rates, post menopausal, ethics, cryopreservation, GIFT, technology, ethics, commodification, counselling, disability, gender, lesbian, psychological, Catholic, policy, single women, reproductive rights, family, abortion, commercialisation, surrogacy, motherhood, genetic screening, eugenics, sex selection, disability, contraception, sterilisation,.
This bibliography has four Parts :General Information, Law and Policy considerations, Individual Technologies, and Further References. Comes from a feminist perspective.
140. Clamar A. Psychological Implications of the Anonymous Pregnancy. In: Offerman-Zuckerberg J, ed. Gender in Transition: A New Frontier. New York: Plenum; 1989.
couples, psychosocial, donor, secrecy, women, grief process, male infertility: couples, psychosocial, donor, secrecy, women, grief process, male infertility.
This chapter focuses on the effect of DI on married couples. It asserts that DI women recipients are characterised by traits of conformity, while donors are characteried by traits of intelligence and risk-taking. It mentions the benefits of a period of waiting between discovery of male infertility and DI. It also discusses secrecy, and comes out in opposition to it and notes the tendency of the couple to downplay the role of the donor.141. Clarke AE. Controversy and the Development of Reproductive Sciences. Social Problems. 1990;37(1):18-37.
assisted reproduction, technology, scientists, doctors, policy, sexuality, social attitudes, history, contraception, eugenics, abortion, research, genetic engineering, economics, media, infertility, family: assisted reproduction, technology, scientists, doctors, policy, sexuality, social attitudes, history, contraception, eugenics, abortion, research, genetic engineering, economics, media, infertility, family.
This paper looks at groups involved in the historical development of reproductive technologies and how they come into conflict with other groups who oppose these developments at a number of points. It looks at how scientists have managed the controversy surrounding this technology.
142. Coffey A. AID Issues. Adoption and Birth Technology: New Names, Old Issues. Mental Health News. 1987(July):6-8.
adoption, assisted reproduction, DI, blood bond, parenthood, infertility, interests of child, law, family, identity, secrecy, stress, offspring, motivation, couples: adoption, assisted reproduction, DI, blood bond, parenthood, infertility, interests of child, law, family, identity, secrecy, stress, offspring, motivation, couples.
This paper looks at the the feelings of adoptive couples and conpares them to those of couples who utilise DI. Dispproves of secrecy and emphasises the interests of the child.
143. Cohen B, Friend TL. Legal and Ethical Implications of Surrogate Motherhood Contracts. Clinics in Perinatology. 1987;14(2, June):281-92.
USA, law, motherhood, assisted reproduction, ethics, couples, infertility, doctors, policy, legislation, payment, health professionals, prohibition, parenthood, adoption, counselling, psychological, practice, stress: USA, law, motherhood, assisted reproduction, ethics, couples, infertility, doctors, policy, legislation, payment, health professionals, prohibition, parenthood, adoption, counselling, psychological, practice, stress.
This article looks at ethical and legal issues in surrogacy in th USA. It also considers psychological concerns for participants, and statements of American medical bodies about doctor involvement in surrogacy.
144. Cohen S, Taub N. Reproductive Laws for the 1990s. Contemporary Issues in Biomedicine, Ethics and Society. Clifton, New Jersey, USA: Humana Press; 1989.
145. Commonwealth DoCSaHA. Commonwealth perspectives on IVF funding - A discussion paper. Australian Clinical Review. 1988;8(29, June):45-51.
IVF, Australia, assisted reproduction, technology, economics, medical aspects, GIFT, policy, research: IVF, Australia, assisted reproduction, technology, economics, medical aspects, GIFT, policy, research.
This paper discusses the reasoning behind the funding of IVF in Australia, and presents options for funding in the future.
146. Connolly KJ, Edelmann RJ, Cooke ID. Distress and Marital Problems Associated with Infertility. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 1987;5:49-57.
male infertility, female infertility, stress, couples, gender, process, psychological, UK: male infertility, female infertility, stress, couples, gender, process, psychological, UK.
This study of 843 couples attending an infertility clinic in the UK, found that infertility did cause stress and that male infertility caused greater marital problems than female infertility,.
147. Cook EP. Characteristics of the Biopsychosocial Crisis of Infertility. Journal of Counselling and Development. 1987;65:465-70.
infertility, couples, counselling, psychosocial, social attitudes, social support, support groups, process, psychological, sexuality, stress, medicalisation, doctors,: infertility, couples, counselling, psychosocial, social attitudes, social support, support groups, process, psychological, sexuality, stress, medicalisation, doctors,.
This paper describes and provides advice about the crisis of infertility for counsellors. It looks at issues of medicalisation and social attitudes, self esteem and couple interaction.
148. Cook R, Parsons J, Mason B, Golombok S. Emotional, Marital and Sexual Functioning in Patients Embarking upon IVF and AID Treatment for Infertility. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 1989;7:87-93.
sexuality, psychological, couples, stress, IVF, DI, coping skills, infertility, gender: sexuality, psychological, couples, stress, IVF, DI, coping skills, infertility, gender.
This study of 59 women and 34 of their partners attending infertility clinics for IVF and DI treatment found that a similar percentage of both men and women felt that infertility had had a positive and negative effect on their marital relationship. There was also a relationship between high levels of anxiety and depression and avoidance coping mechanisms.
149. Cooper GS. An Analysis of the Costs of Infertility Treatment. Aumerican Journal of Public Health. 1986;76(8):1018-9.
economics, adoption, surrogacy, infertility, USA, assisted reproduction, DI, IVF, drugs, DI, pregnancy, Canada: economics, adoption, surrogacy, infertility, USA, assisted reproduction, DI, IVF, drugs, DI, pregnancy, Canada.
Using data from USA and Canadian clinics , this study estimates average infertility treatment costs as follows: adoption, $3-10,000: tubal infertility treatment (IVF etc.), $31,000: DI, $9,000: drug treatment $5,000: surrogacy, $20,000. All figures rounded.
150. Corcoran A. Open adoption: the child's right. Adoption and Fostering. 1988;12(3):39-41.
adoption, openness, NZ, social workers, psychological: adoption, openness, NZ, social workers, psychological.
This paper argues for open adoption and looks at a study which reports on the feelings of birth and adoptive parents, and on the positive reactions that all participants generally have to meeting each other.151. Corea G. What the King Can Not See. Women's Health. 1988;13(1-2):77-93.
IVF, doctors, scientists, assisted reproduction, infertility, motherhood, social attitudes, sexuality, medicalisation, contraception, sterilisation, economics, psychological, stress, technology, egg donation, surrogacy, pregnancy, USA, clinics: IVF, doctors, scientists, assisted reproduction, infertility, motherhood, social attitudes, sexuality, medicalisation, contraception, sterilisation, economics, psychological, stress, technology, egg donation, surrogacy, pregnancy, USA, clinics.
This paper looks at the ways social forces impell women to want children, and the ways doctors/scientists see the situation differently from women. It emphasises women's experience of the economic cost, psychological stress and physical pain of treatment, and the ways in which IVF clinics manipulate statisitics to make themselves look sucessful.
152. Corson SL, Batzer FR, Gocial B, , Bernstein J. Letter and Reply about 'surrogacy'. Journal of in Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer. 1988;5(6):1988.
surrogacy, motherhood, IVF, blood bond, doctors: surrogacy, motherhood, IVF, blood bond, doctors.
This dialogue involves a query over the use of the word 'surrogate'.
153. Corson SA, English MA. What's in a Name? Journal of in Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer. 1990;7(5):294-5.
IVF, doctors, GIFT, ZIFT, law, technology, legislation, assisted reproduction, surrogacy: IVF, doctors, GIFT, ZIFT, law, technology, legislation, assisted reproduction, surrogacy.
This letter is a call for standardised medical terminology so that confusion of meanings can be avoided particularly in legal and legislative situations.
154. Council of Europe PA. Joint Hearing of the Legal Affairs Committee, the Sub-commitee on Bio-Ethics of the Committee on Social and Health Questions, and the Committee on Science and Technology. Human Reproduction. 1986;1(7):463-91.
Europe, embryos, ethics, social attitudes, law, doctors, women, scientists, technology,: Europe, embryos, ethics, social attitudes, law, doctors, women, scientists, technology,.
This is a report of a discussion between various medical, ethical, scientific and legal experts on the status of embryos in various situations.
155. Coutts MC. Ethical Issues in In Vitro Fertilization. In: Literature NRCfB, ed. Scope Note 10. Washington, D. C., USA: Kennedy Institute of Ethics; 1988.
156. Crabbe J. Licensed to Live? Nursing Times. 1987;83(41: October 14):20-1.
IVF, UK, doctors, embryos, egg donors, anonymity, psychological: IVF, UK, doctors, embryos, egg donors, anonymity, psychological.
This paper looks at the work of the woman heading the VLA in the UK and its licensing role especially in relation to egg donors.
157. Craft I. Assisted Conception. Medico Legal Journal. 1989;58(1):7-17.
assisted reproduction, embryos, research, doctors, scientists, technology, known donors, semen donors, surrogacy, egg donation, pregnancy, legislation, UK, counselling, social attitudes: assisted reproduction, embryos, research, doctors, scientists, technology, known donors, semen donors, surrogacy, egg donation, pregnancy, legislation, UK, counselling, social attitudes.
This study of public attitudes to various ART issues, presents this information and discusses it in relation to legislation etc.
158. Cullen D. newspoints. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill. Adoption and Fostering. 1990;14(3):4.
surrogacy, legislation, UK, adoption, couples: surrogacy, legislation, UK, adoption, couples.
This newspiece reports on an adoption like requirement in relation to the HFE Act, associated with surrogacy.
159. Cushner IM. Reproductive Technologies: New Choices, New Hopes, Dilemmas. Family Planning Perspectives. 1986;18(3):129-32.
ethics, assisted reproduction: ethics, assisted reproduction.
not seen.
160. Dalgety D, Pryor M. Law and the biological revolution: Changes in attitude, behaviour, medical standards and technology. New Zealand Law Journal. 1986(January):25-8.
law, assisted reproduction, abortion, social attitudes, IVF, genetic engineering, rights, technology, history, scientists, USA, UK, Canada, France, NZ, embryos: law, assisted reproduction, abortion, social attitudes, IVF, genetic engineering, rights, technology, history, scientists, USA, UK, Canada, France, NZ, embryos.
This paper notes the effect of developments in assisted reproduction, on attitudes to abortion and loosening of laws in relation to this. Makes analogy between pro-life and slavery emancipation movements.161. Daly K. Reshaped Parenthood Identity. The Transition to Adoptive Parenthood. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. 1988;17(1):40-66.
adoption, parenthood, infertility, process, couples, identity, stress, social attitudes, assisted reproduction, doctors: adoption, parenthood, infertility, process, couples, identity, stress, social attitudes, assisted reproduction, doctors.
This study of 74 infertile childless couples found that the process of taking on the infertile identity and the role of an adoptive parent was complex. It found that disagreements between couples at various points interfered with this process.
162. Daniels KR. Psychosocial issues associated with being a semen donor. Clinical Reproduction and Fertility. 1986;4(5):341-51.
semen donors, psychosocial, informed consent, relationship model, network, Committees: semen donors, psychosocial, informed consent, relationship model, network, Committees.
An extensive range of psychosocial issues is discussed. These are presented via a 'relationship model' which has been developed to illustrate how the donor, through his act of donating, is involved in a series of relationships. Some of these are interactive, in that they are two way relationships, while others are non-reactive, being a one-way relationship only. These relationships and their impact need to be considered by, and discussed with, prospective donors. Only then will the donor and no merely his donation be responded to. Discussion of all the issues is essential if the principle of informed consent is to have any meaning. The reports of the Committees of Inquiry that have been set up in various parts of the world (as they related to the psychosocial aspects of semen donation) are reviewed. They, along with this paper, suggests that a comprehensive service needs to be provided for semen donors and this must include consideration of the psychosocial issues. Suggestions regarding such a service are made.
163. Daniels K. "Surrogacy": Issues and implications for Society. Presented at the New Zealand Law Conference 1987 1987.
law, surrogacy, ethics, family, records, interests of child, social attitudes, rights, NZ: law, surrogacy, ethics, family, records, interests of child, social attitudes, rights, NZ.
A discussion of the legal issues surrounding surrogacy as a public rather than private issue. It addresses issues of conflict resolution, childrens rights, commercialisation, the potential for exploitation, access issues and the integrity of public records.
164. Daniels K. Guest Editorial. Mental Health News. 1987(July):3-4.
IVF, DI, media, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, NZ, law, social attitudes, religion, doctors, women, feminism, infertility, couples, legislation, regulation, stress, psychosocial, counselling, family, policy, rights, secrecy, ethics: IVF, DI, media, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, NZ, law, social attitudes, religion, doctors, women, feminism, infertility, couples, legislation, regulation, stress, psychosocial, counselling, family, policy, rights, secrecy, ethics.
This paper presents an overview of recent developments in the discussion about infertility and ART's in NZ. It looks at recent government legislation, and the development of infertility societies.
165. Daniels K. Demand for and attitudes towards in vitro fertilisation: a study of obstetricians and gynaecologists. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1987;100(819):145-8.
IVF, doctors, legislation, screening, policy, ethics, social attitudes: IVF, doctors, legislation, screening, policy, ethics, social attitudes.
This study of 70 NZ obstetricians and gynaecologists into IVF practice in New Zealand addresses how many patients they referred, and there opinion of various aspect of IVF treatment in NZ: who should have access, what moral and religious issues there were, secrecy issues, funding procedures, appropriateness of legislation, reaction to the media coverage.
166. Daniels KR. Semen donors in New Zealand: their characteristics and attitudes. Clinical Reproduction and Fertility. 1987;5(4):177-90.
NZ, semen donors, attitudes, characteristics, altruism, payment, infertility, anonymity, telling the child, guidelines, policy, psychosocial,: NZ, semen donors, attitudes, characteristics, altruism, payment, infertility, anonymity, telling the child, guidelines, policy, psychosocial,.
37 donors in 6 NZ programmes surveyed. Major reason for donoating was altruism but financial considerations were a factor for almost a quarter. Attitudes of donors differs from those of professionals re payment. Personal knowledge of infertile couples a factor for one quarter. Wide variation re number of times donors asked to donate - guidelines of RNZCOG. Donors almost equally divided on child's right to know nature of conception. Almost quarter would still donate if could be identifiable in future. 39% expressed interest in knowing outcomes. Policy implications are that the psychosocial needs of donors should be taken into account in policy and practice.
167. Daniels KR. Artificial insemination using donor semen and the issue of secrecy: the views of donors and recipient couples. Social Science and Medicine. 1988;27(4):377-83.
DI, secrecy, law, psychosocial, children, rights: DI, secrecy, law, psychosocial, children, rights.
A report on two studies which gathered donors and recipient couples opinions on issues of secrecy as regard to whether DI children should know about their conception or have access to identifying or non-identifying information about their genetic fathers. This information is compared to a similar Australian survey and psychosocial, legal and moral implications associated with this issue are discussed.
168. Daniels K. New Birth Technologies. A Social Work Approach to Researching the Psychosocial Factors. Social Work and Society. 1988;11(4):49-60.
psychosocial, research, methodology, assisted reproduction, social work: psychosocial, research, methodology, assisted reproduction, social work.
This article presents a systems approach to understanding the various aspects of and actors involved in assisted reproduction. It outlines the authors research emphasising the importance of social work's psychosocial approach in coming to an understanding of this area. It addresses a number of the methodological issues involved in this sort of research.
169. Daniels KR. Semen Donors: Their Motivations and Attitudes to their Offspring. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 1989;7(2):121-127.
Australia, semen donors, couples, motivation, secrecy, offspring, DI: Australia, semen donors, couples, motivation, secrecy, offspring, DI.
This study of 22 current semen donors found that donors were motivated mainly by a desire to help couples and only secondarily by money. Most of the donors were interested in the outcome of their donation and most would be willing to meet their offspring at a later date.
170. Daniels K, Lloyd M. Transcription of an Interview Between Ken Daniels and Mike Lloyd; 1990.171. Daniels KR. Psychosocial Factors in Couples Awaiting In Vitro Fertilisation. Social Work and Society. 1990;14(2):81-98.
.
This paper reviews the literature on the psychological and psychosocial aspects of in vitro fertilisation, and of consumer attitudes towards IVF. A study of the psychosocial factors reported by 61 couples who were awaiting IVF treatment in Auckland, New Zealand is presented. Results cover demograpgic characteristics, couples responses to infertility, dicision making regarding IVF, the impact of infertility on self and relationships, availability and use of counselling, expected problems associated with IVF treatment and attitudes trowards policy and ethical issues. Discussion of the results includes some implications for social work services.
172. Daniels K. Attitudes to donor insemination and in vitro fertilisation - a community perspective. Social Work and Society. 1990(6 June - 25 July, 1990):4-10.
social attitudes, DI, IVF, psychosocial, law, ethics, policy, NZ, Australia: social attitudes, DI, IVF, psychosocial, law, ethics, policy, NZ, Australia.
This paper reports the results of a magazine questionnaire which resulted in 1400 replies. The results show a high degree of support for couples being allowed to use DI and IVF and indicate a degree of concern for psychosocial, legal, policy, ethical and medical isssues. Most respondents believed there was some need for legislation or rules to control this area. The results of this survey are compared with an Australian one.
173. Daniels KR. Counselling - the private and public components. British Infertility Counselling Newsletter. 1990;3:9-11.
infertility counselling, psychosocial: infertility counselling, psychosocial.
.
174. Daniluk JC. Infertility: intrapersonal and interpersonal impact. Fertility and Sterility. 1988;49(6):982-90.
couples, psychosocial, psychological, infertility, sexuality, stress,: couples, psychosocial, psychological, infertility, sexuality, stress,.
This longitudinal study of 43 infertile couples looked at their relationship and their psychological state over a period of time. It found that while there was considerable stress at the time of initial diagnosis, the quality of couples relationships did not appear to deteriorate over time.
175. Davey DA. The Right to Be Born. Medicine and Law. 1989;7:475-82.
IVF, rights, abortion, couples, family, reproductive rights, ethics, embryos: IVF, rights, abortion, couples, family, reproductive rights, ethics, embryos.
This paper looks at issues of the rights of couples to have children or as many couples as they want, and the rights of embryos once created to actually be born.
176. Davies P. Failing the infertile. The Health Service Journal. 1986;96(5011: 7 August):1042.
UK, infertility, policy, assisted reproduction, records, economics, DI, IVF: UK, infertility, policy, assisted reproduction, records, economics, DI, IVF.
This report highlights the lack of money spent on ART treatment in the UK. It looks at the provision of services in various parts of the country, and the costs of these services.
177. Dawson K. In vitro fertilisation: legislation and problems of research. British Medical Journal. 1987;295(2: 7 November):1184-6.
IVF, Australia, legislation, embryos, research, cryopreservation, scientists, ICSI, UK: IVF, Australia, legislation, embryos, research, cryopreservation, scientists, ICSI, UK.
This paper looks at some of the problems which may arise if the Warnock commisions' recommendations pass into law.
178. Dawson K, Singer P. Should fertile people have access to in vitro fertilisation? British Medical Journal. 1990;300(20 January):167-70.
IVF, UK, Australia, couples, embryos, cryopreservation, genetic screening, surrogacy, Catholic, sex selection: IVF, UK, Australia, couples, embryos, cryopreservation, genetic screening, surrogacy, Catholic, sex selection.
This paper outlines a number of situations in which people may wish to store genetic material or use IVF for reasons other then overcoming infertility. Notes that current legislation restricts usage to infertile couples.
179. de Zoeten MJ. The waiting-list for IVF. The motivations and expectations of women waiting for IVF treatment. Human Reproduction. 1987;2(7):623-6.
IVF, women, motivation, The Netherlands, infertility, technology: IVF, women, motivation, The Netherlands, infertility, technology.
This study reports the motivations and (high) expectations women have in under taking IVF in the Netherlands.
180. Deane N. Perspectives on Surrogacy: Risks, Rewards and Personal Choices. Nova Law Review. 1989;13(2):487-90.
surrogacy: surrogacy.
not seen.181. Delaisi De Parseval G, Fagot-Largeault A. The Status of Artificially Procreated Children: International Disparities. Bioethics. 1988;2(2):136-50.
secrecy, parenthood, DI, history, France, interests of child, semen donors, law, Canada, Germany, Switerland, anonymity, single women, lesbian, UK, Australia, Sweden, IVF, blood bond, openness, egg donors, doctors, couples, family, ethics, policy,: secrecy, parenthood, DI, history, France, interests of child, semen donors, law, Canada, Germany, Switerland, anonymity, single women, lesbian, UK, Australia, Sweden, IVF, blood bond, openness, egg donors, doctors, couples, family, ethics, policy,.
This comparison of the laws of various countries in relation to DI, but also to IVF and surrogacy; looks at the ways the interests of various parties involved in DI are protected in various countries. It looks at issues of openness and secrecy and compares DI to egg donation and IVF.
182. Demyttanaere K. Psychoendocrinological Aspects of Reproduction in Women: Catholic University of Leuven; 1990.
183. Demyttenaere K, Nijs P, Evers-Kiebooms G, Koninckx PR. The effect of a specific emotional stressor on prolactin, cortisol, and testosterone concentrations in women varies whith their trait anxiety. Fertility and Sterility. 1989;52(6):942-8.
psychological, women, infertility, drugs, stress, medical aspects: psychological, women, infertility, drugs, stress, medical aspects.
This study looks at the relationship between infertile women's moods and their responses to infertility drugs.
184. Demyttenaere K, Ram W, Nijs P. Sexual dysfunctions in IVF women: a perinatal risk for the psychosexual development of the coming child. International Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Studies. 1989:187-93.
IVF, sexuality, psychological, couples, women, infertility, stress, parenthood, child development: IVF, sexuality, psychological, couples, women, infertility, stress, parenthood, child development.
This paper looks at the relationship between the psychology of women and their sexual problems in IVF, and the effect of this on any resultant children.
185. Department of Health and Social Security U. Legislation on Human Infertility Services and Embryo Research. A Consultation Paper. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office; 1986.
186. Department of Social Welfare NZ. The Submission of the Department of Social Welfare of New Zealand, on the National Bioethics Consultative Committee Report on Surrogacy: Department of Social Welfare of New Zealand; 1989.
187. Dewar J. Fathers in Law? The Case of AID. In: Lee R, Morgan D, eds. BIrthrights: Law and Ethics at the Beginnings of Life; 1989.
secrecy, UK, DI, fatherhood, regulation, male infertility, lesbian, single women, law, social attitudes, family, parenthood, policy: secrecy, UK, DI, fatherhood, regulation, male infertility, lesbian, single women, law, social attitudes, family, parenthood, policy.
This paper looks at the legal issues associated with DI in the UK. It looks at the change in attitudes over time to DI and the role of the family, and particularly at issues of determining paternity. It notes that the current qualified acceptance of DI is predicated on its continued maintainence of the traditional family. This is being threatened by DI's use by lesbians and single women.
188. Dixon KM, Kelly RB, Moritz B, Bailey M. A Case of Surrogate Pregnancy. The Journal of Family Practice. 1990;30(1):19-26.
surrogacy, couples, pregnancy, ethics, psychosocial, screening, infertility, reproductive rights, commercialisation, women, payment, gender, family, class, doctors, counselling: surrogacy, couples, pregnancy, ethics, psychosocial, screening, infertility, reproductive rights, commercialisation, women, payment, gender, family, class, doctors, counselling.
This is an open dicussion about the ethics of a particular surrogacy case. It looks at reproductive rights, class and gender issues, and screening.
189. Domar AD, Seibel MM, Benson H. The Mind/Body Program for Infertility: a new behavioral treatment approach for women with infertility. Fertility and Sterility. 1990;53(2):246.
infertility, women, doctors, stress, psychological, education, coping skills: infertility, women, doctors, stress, psychological, education, coping skills.
This study of infertile women found that relaxation courses increased their sense of wellbeing, and possibly increased their pregnancy rate.
190. Donchin A. The Growing Feminist Debate over the New Reproductive Technologies. Hypatia. 1989;4(3):136-49.
feminism, infertility, assisted reproduction, technology, women, men, gender, couples, motherhood, medicalisation, doctors, embryos, commodification, commercialisation, surrogacy, rights, philosophy, sex selction, lesbian, single women, pregnancy, abortion, genetic engineering, DI, race, social attitudes, counselling, prevention, sexuality, family, parenthood, blood bond: feminism, infertility, assisted reproduction, technology, women, men, gender, couples, motherhood, medicalisation, doctors, embryos, commodification, commercialisation, surrogacy, rights, philosophy, sex selction, lesbian, single women, pregnancy, abortion, genetic engineering, DI, race, social attitudes, counselling, prevention, sexuality, family, parenthood, blood bond.
This paper discusses various feminist approaches to ARTs, infertility, abortion, sex selection, surrogacy etc. by outlining and critiquing four books in the area: In Search of Parenthood, by J. Lasker and S. Borg; Ethics and Human Reproduction by C. Overall; Made to Order by P. Spallone and D. Steinberg; and Reprodcutive Technologies: Gender Motherhood and Medicine by M. Stanworth.191. Donovan P. New Reproductive Technologies: Some Legal Dilemmas. Family Planning Perspectives. 1986;18(2: March/April):57-60.
assisted reproduction, parenthood, DI, law, USA, couples, records, anonymity, payment, semen donors, legislation, doctors, surrogacy, UK, egg donation, ET, IVF: assisted reproduction, parenthood, DI, law, USA, couples, records, anonymity, payment, semen donors, legislation, doctors, surrogacy, UK, egg donation, ET, IVF.
Summary of legal issues and possible developments with regard to ART's in the USA.
192. Downey J, Yingling S, McKinney M, Husami N, Jewelewicz R, Maidman J. Mood disorders, psychiatric symptoms, and distress in women presenting for infertility evaluation. Fertility and Sterility. 1989;52(3):425-32.
stress, psychological, sexuality, infertility, couples, process, women: stress, psychological, sexuality, infertility, couples, process, women.
This study of 59 women undergoing infertility treatments and a control group of 35 women, found that there were no significant differences between patients and controls in terms of partner relationhip satisfaction, sexual functioning, self esteem, recent psychiatric symptoms, or experience of major depressive episodes. Infertility patients did , however, report negative changes in themselves and their partners since having learnt about their infertility situation. The paper postulates that if unsucessful in achieving conception the infertility patients will experience more depression and stress over time.
193. Downey J, McKinney M. Psychiatric Research and the New Reproductive Technologies. In: Stotland NL, ed. Psychiatric Aspects of Reproductive Technology. Washington, USA: American Psychiatric Press; 1990.
psychological, assisted reproduction, couples, technology, stress, gender, process, ethics, methods: psychological, assisted reproduction, couples, technology, stress, gender, process, ethics, methods.
This paper looks at the psychological impact of infertility and ART's. It looks at the scope and stresses of infertility and whether the psychological difficulties cause or are caused by infertility. It looks at the experience of infertility as a process. It looks at ethical and legal issues. It addresses areas for further research stressing longitudinal approaches and questions of who and what should be studied.
194. Downie S. Baby Making: The Technology and Ethics (excerpt from). In: Downie S, ed. Baby Making: The Technology and Ethics. London: The Bodley Head; 1988.
infertility, male infertility, stress, process, sexuality, gender, couples, adoption, psychosocial: infertility, male infertility, stress, process, sexuality, gender, couples, adoption, psychosocial.
This extract describes the effect of male infertility and the process that men and women go through in coming to terms with this. Lists responses to infertility.
195. Downie S. The Moral Question - For Whom? In: Downie S, ed. Baby Making: The Technology and Ethics. London: The Bodley Head; 1988.
ethics, selection, doctors, psychological, women, clinics, eugenics, DI, Sweden, reproductive rights, genetic engineering, interests of child, single women, assisted reproduction, economics, payment, prevention, STDs, HIV, practice, UK, IVF, infertility, drugs, religion, Judaism, Catholic, Islam, embryos, research, surrogacy, psychosocial, medicalisation: ethics, selection, doctors, psychological, women, clinics, eugenics, DI, Sweden, reproductive rights, genetic engineering, interests of child, single women, assisted reproduction, economics, payment, prevention, STDs, HIV, practice, UK, IVF, infertility, drugs, religion, Judaism, Catholic, Islam, embryos, research, surrogacy, psychosocial, medicalisation.
This paper looks at ethical and religious issues in relation to ART's. Covers, eugenics, medical power, reproductive rights, embryo research, etc.
196. Downie S. DI: The social, legal and religious issues. Baby making: The technology and ethics. London: Bodley Head; 1988.
donor, insemination, couples, children, parents, secrecy, openness, single woman, lesbians, ethics.: donor, insemination, couples, children, parents, secrecy, openness, single woman, lesbians, ethics.
The author defends limited openness about donors, openness about the child's origins, the rights of singles women and lesbians to artificial insemination; and suggests reviews of some laws regulating donor insemination.
197. Downie S. Babymaking: The technology and ethics. In: Bodley Head L, ed. Baby makin: the technology and ethics; 1988.
.
.
198. Doyle LW. In-Vitro Fertilization: A Neonatal Paediatrician's Perspective. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1990;30(1):67-70.
IVF, Australia, multiple pregnancy, GIFT, ZIFT, PROST, family, pregnancy, psychological, psychosocial, stress, infertility, health professionals, doctors, nurses, economics, child development, medical aspects,: IVF, Australia, multiple pregnancy, GIFT, ZIFT, PROST, family, pregnancy, psychological, psychosocial, stress, infertility, health professionals, doctors, nurses, economics, child development, medical aspects,.
This paper questions the provision of ART services in Australia in light of the amount of neo-natal work required in delivering premature multiple pregnancies from ART treatments.
199. Drahos P. Regulating Reproductive Technology: The Role of Ethics Committees. Australian Health Review. 1988;11(2):79-97.
ethics, assisted reproduction, technology, regulation, embryos, research, IVF, Australia, religion, law, economics, legislation, UK, USA, rights, doctors, media, education, cloning, scientists,: ethics, assisted reproduction, technology, regulation, embryos, research, IVF, Australia, religion, law, economics, legislation, UK, USA, rights, doctors, media, education, cloning, scientists,.
This paper overviews the effectiveness of ethics committees particularly in Australia, and compares them to self regulatory and other systems of managing ART and scientific research.
200. Draye MA, Woods NF, Mitchell E. Coping with Infertility in Couples: Gender Differences. Health Care for Women International. 1988;9:163-75.
infertility, couples, women, men, gender, psychosocial, economics, treatment, doctors, coping skills, psychological, stress, parenthood, adult development, social attitudes, social support, class, counselling, nurses: infertility, couples, women, men, gender, psychosocial, economics, treatment, doctors, coping skills, psychological, stress, parenthood, adult development, social attitudes, social support, class, counselling, nurses.
This study of the ways men and women respond to the stress of infertility and infertility treatments found that both the effects on women were greater than those on men in a number of areas. Women also used a different range of coping skills. Discusses this in relation to developmental stages and pronatalist attitudes.201. Drummond P. Moral dilemmas on medical judgements. The Health Service Journal. 1987;97(5048: 30 April):804-5.
ethics, doctors, USA, counselling, nurses, doctor patient realtaions, education, law, UK: ethics, doctors, USA, counselling, nurses, doctor patient realtaions, education, law, UK.
This paper overviews the development of ethics commitees in the USA and the UK and the opposition to these by doctors and nurses.
202. Dunn P, Ryan I, O'Brien K. College students' acceptance of adoption and five alternative fertilization techniques. Journal of Sexual Research. 1988;24:282-7.
social attitudes, assisted reproduction, adoption, DI, IVF, surrogacy: social attitudes, assisted reproduction, adoption, DI, IVF, surrogacy.
not seen.
203. Dunstan GR. In Vitro Fertilisation. The Ethical Debate. In: Fishel S, Symonds EM, eds. IVF, Past, present future. Oxford: IRL Press; 1986.
ethics, IVF, research, scientists, Catholic, doctors, Christianity, UK, history, philosophy, Islam, Judaism, embryos: ethics, IVF, research, scientists, Catholic, doctors, Christianity, UK, history, philosophy, Islam, Judaism, embryos.
This paper outlines the debate about the ethics of IVF and looks at the traditions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam in relation to this. It comments also on the power of doctors and scientists.
204. Dunstan GR. In-vitro fertilization: the ethics. Human Reproduction. 1986;1(1):41-4.
doctors, IVF, ethics, infertility, Anglican, religion, Christianity, embryos, research, law, scientists, abortion, history, Catholic, UK, medicalisation: doctors, IVF, ethics, infertility, Anglican, religion, Christianity, embryos, research, law, scientists, abortion, history, Catholic, UK, medicalisation.
This paper addressed to doctors defends the use of IVF and argues that the embryo has no intrinsic right to life.
205. Dunstan GR. New Techniques in Human Procreation - the Ethics: A British Church Conspectus. Presented at the Ethical Problems Raised by the New Techniques in Human Procreation; Adadir, Morocco; 1986.
ethics, embryos, assisted reproduction, IVF, research, infertility, religion, Protestant, Catholic, law, history, Islam, Anglican, philosophy, surrogacy, UK, doctors, scientists: ethics, embryos, assisted reproduction, IVF, research, infertility, religion, Protestant, Catholic, law, history, Islam, Anglican, philosophy, surrogacy, UK, doctors, scientists.
This paper looks at the ethical status of the embryo, and various philosophical and religious traditions which have a bearing on this. Also touches on surrogacy.
206. Edelmann RJ, Connolly KJ. Psychological aspects of infertility. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1986;59:209-19.
psychological, infertility, coping skills, counselling, couples, stress, adoption, process, assisted reproduction: psychological, infertility, coping skills, counselling, couples, stress, adoption, process, assisted reproduction.
This paper looks at the relationship between psychological factors and infertility. It also looks at the benefits of counselling in assisting infertile couples. It notes that it can not be stated whether infertility is caused by psychological factors or is causative of it. It also notes that adopting children does not increase chances of pregnancy. It notes that stress may increase with infertility and that counselling may help.
207. Edelmann RJ, Connolly KJ. The Counselling Needs of Infertile Couples. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 1987;5:63-70.
counselling, couples, infertility: counselling, couples, infertility.
This study of 843 infertile couples by postal questionnaire found out that a third of couples felt they needed more psychological support and guidance, and that there weren't any correlations between this perceived need and medical factors. Th