Abstracts on Assisted Reproduction 1991-1993

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couples, psychosocial, gender, infertility, counselling, theory, USA: couples, psychosocial, gender, infertility, counselling, theory, USA.

This study investigated the impact that infertility had in terms of depression and marital strain on 185 infertile and 95 presumed fertile couple in the US. Infertile wives in comparision to their husbands felt more stressed, felt more responsible for and in control of their infertility, and engaged in more problem-focused coping. Infertile husbands experienced more stress in their home life than their wives. These differences were not found in the presumed fertile couples. Theoretical and counselling issues are discussed.

2. Abbey A, Andrews FM, Halman LJ. The Importance of Social Relationships for Infertile Couples' Well-Being. In: Stanton AL, Dunkel-Schetter C, eds. Infertility: Perspectives from Stress and Coping Research. New York: Plenum; 1991.

infertility, social support, psychosocial, psychological, couples, treatment, gender, women, men, stress, family, support groups, economics, payment, demographics, methods, social attitudes, stigma, motherhood, sex roles, coping skills, process, sexuality, treatment, media, counselling, insurance,: infertility, social support, psychosocial, psychological, couples, treatment, gender, women, men, stress, family, support groups, economics, payment, demographics, methods, social attitudes, stigma, motherhood, sex roles, coping skills, process, sexuality, treatment, media, counselling, insurance,.

This paper firstly gives a comprehensive overview of theory and research regarding role of social relationships in responding to stress and in particular to infertility. It then presents a study of the way infertile couples percieve that they give and receive support, and the helpfulness of talking to various categories of people about this. Finds that while there are gender differences, and that there are pros on cons associated with talking to ones spouse, friends and family, and other infertile people, that overall couples perceive that they recieve more support than other studies have previously indicated. Discusses the role of counselling in relation to this.

3. Abbey A, Andrews FM, Halman LJ. Infertility and Subjective Well-Being: The Mediating Roles of Self-Esteem, Internal Control and Interpersonal Conflict. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1992;54(May 1992):408-17.

couples, infertility, stress, gender, psychosocial, USA, coping skills, sexuality, parenthood: couples, infertility, stress, gender, psychosocial, USA, coping skills, sexuality, parenthood.

This study of 185 married infertile couples found that infertility had a greater effect on female than male overall life quality. Stress about Infertility was also directly related to levels of self-control, internal control and interpersonal conflict. The article postulates that this difference results from differences in traditional conceptions of motherhood ands fatherhood.

4. Abel S. Women and in vitro fertilisation: personal experiences and social implications: Massey; 1992.

5. Achilles R. Donor Insemination: an Overview: Canadian Royal Commision on New Reproductive Technologies; 1992.

6. Achilles R. Family Ties, Sexuality, and Assisted Reproduction. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexualtiy. 1993;2(3: Fall):167-74.

assisted reproduction, family, social attitudes, single women, lesbian, sexuality, gay men, HIV, DI, doctors, lawyers, IVF, surrogacy, ethics, law, policy, technology, parenthood, couples, infertility, blood bond, offspring, motherhood, fatherhood, anonymity, semen donors, egg donors, media: assisted reproduction, family, social attitudes, single women, lesbian, sexuality, gay men, HIV, DI, doctors, lawyers, IVF, surrogacy, ethics, law, policy, technology, parenthood, couples, infertility, blood bond, offspring, motherhood, fatherhood, anonymity, semen donors, egg donors, media.

This paper looks at alternative family forms made possible by ARTs, and discusses changes in social attitdes, media responses and policy considerations.

7. Achilles R. Protection from What? The Secret Life of Donor Insemination. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):171-2.

secrecy, DI, rights, anonymity, sexuality, male infertility, family, parenthood, North America: secrecy, DI, rights, anonymity, sexuality, male infertility, family, parenthood, North America.

This response to Daniel and Taylors article in the same volume, supports being open with children and their DI origins. Issues of male and female sexuality are raised and support is given for a redefinition of fatherhood that recognises the difference between the genetic and social fathers.

8. Adair V. Experience of Participants in Personal Donor Programmes. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 12th Annual Scientific meeting; The Sydney Hilton Hotel; 1993.

known donors, couples, secrecy, openness, DI: known donors, couples, secrecy, openness, DI.

This study of 15 couples and 18 donors who had been involved in a DI situation where the donor was known to the couple found that the advantages were the lack of secrecy, the knowledge of the participants background and of the situation in which the child would be raised, and genetic connection. The disadvantage was the poosibility of a change in the relationship between donor and recipients. An equal proportion in all groups agreed to the donor being identified to any children born.

9. Al-Shawaf T, Craft I, Travers B. Risks associated with assisted conception. British Medical Journal. 1992;305(4 July 1992).

doctors, IVF, couples, medical aspects, GIFT: doctors, IVF, couples, medical aspects, GIFT.

The first of these letters by Travers relates his wife's negative experiences with IVF and emphasise the medical risks. The second letter by the other author's applauds the proposal to reduce the numbers of eggs implanted in IVF situations. Calls for greater flexibility.

10. Alnot MO. (1992 results of sperm donor procreation. French Federation of CECOS and private cooperative centers) (in French). Contraception, Fertilite, Sexualite. 1993;21(5):371-3.

France, practice, DI, IVF, multiple pregnancy, cryopreservation, embryos sperm banks, parenthood, clinics, semen donors: France, practice, DI, IVF, multiple pregnancy, cryopreservation, embryos sperm banks, parenthood, clinics, semen donors.

This is a analysis of the activities of French ART providers. It discusses the extent of DI and IVF practice, and of embryo and semen storage, the numbers of semen donors coming forward and the outcome of IVF pregnancies. It also discusses issues surrounding the existence of parentless embryos.11. Alpern KD. The Ethics of Reproductive Technology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992.

12. American Fertility Society. Revised guidelines for the use of semen donor insemination. Fertility and Sterility. 1991;56(3):396.

AFS, guidelines, revised ,DI, semen donors, screening, USA.: AFS, guidelines, revised ,DI, semen donors, screening, USA.

.

13. American Fertility Society. Guidelines for in vitro fertilization, gamete intrafallopian transfer, and related procedures. Fertility and Sterility. 1991;56(2):1991.

standards, IVF, GIFT, assisted reproduction, health professionals, research, medical aspects, practice, embryos, cryopreservation, clinics: standards, IVF, GIFT, assisted reproduction, health professionals, research, medical aspects, practice, embryos, cryopreservation, clinics.

This guideline sets out AFS standards on issues of personnel, safety and equipment in ART clinics.

14. American Fertility Society. Course X accreditation of andrology and ART laboratories: understanding the legislation, administration, and implementation. Twenty-sixth annual post-graduate course. Birmingham, Alabama, USA: American Fertility Society; 1993.

15. American Society of Human Genetics Social Issues Committee. American Society of Human Genetics Social Issues Committee Report on Genetics and Adoption: Points to Consider. American Journal of Human Genetics. 1991;48:1009-1010.

adoption, records, USA, law, policy, secrecy, openness, legislation, couples, rights,: adoption, records, USA, law, policy, secrecy, openness, legislation, couples, rights,.

This paper presents the results of the deliberations of its authoring committee on the issue of access to biological information. It asserts the right of everyone to have access to their genetic background, and the rights of privacy of the biologic and social parents to participate in this process by the mutually agreed upon bi-directional sharing of information.

16. Andrews LB. The Emotional and Legal Challenges of Surrogacy. Insights into Infertility. A Newsletter... 1992;Winter 1992:4.

surrogacy, law, social attitudes, media, USA, interests of child: surrogacy, law, social attitudes, media, USA, interests of child.

This article looks at surrogacy in the USA, social and media attitudes and legal responses. It looks at couples responsibilities and emotional reactions to surrogacy and at the interests of the child.

17. Andrews FM, Abbey A, Halman LJ. Is fertility-problem stress different? The dynamics of stress in fertile and infertile couples. Fertility and Sterility. 1992;57(6):1247-53.

infertility, couples, stress, psychosocial, sexuality,: infertility, couples, stress, psychosocial, sexuality,.

This study of 157 infertile and 57 presumed fertile couples found that infertility stress was similar to other stress for males, but was different for females in that it had especially negative effects on their senses of sexual identity and self efficacy. Infertility stress did have a negative effect on marital relations and overall life quality for both males and females.

18. Annas GJ. Crazy Making: Embryos and Gestational Mothers. Hastings Center Report. 1991(January-February 1991):35-7.

embryos, surrogacy, motherhood, IVF, ET, USA, law, ethics, interests of child, pregnancy: embryos, surrogacy, motherhood, IVF, ET, USA, law, ethics, interests of child, pregnancy.

This paper looks at recent US cases which have dealt with the disposition of 'leftover' embryos, and the designation of motherhood.

19. Annas GJ, Wilder BL, Berry M, Field RI, Livingston B. Gestational Versus Genetic Mothers. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1992(July 23, 1992):286-8.

surrogacy, motherhood, family, law, USA: surrogacy, motherhood, family, law, USA.

This is a series of letter in response to an earlier article by Annas, and Annas' response to these letters. Covers issues in keywords.

20. Anonymous. Declining fertility: egg or uterus. The Lancet. 1991;338(August 3, 1991):285-6.

women, female infertility, post menopausal, IVF, GIFT, ethics, medical aspects: women, female infertility, post menopausal, IVF, GIFT, ethics, medical aspects.

This paper looks at the relationship between womens' age and infertility and the various causes of infertility. It notes the ethical and social issues surrounding post menopausal births.21. Anonymous. Doctor Found Guilty in Fertility Case. New York Times. New York, USA; 1992.

22. Anonymous. Fertility treatment and discrimination against unattached women. Bioethics News. 1993;12(2):12.

single women, access, treatment, policy, clinics, doctors, law, legislation, Australia: single women, access, treatment, policy, clinics, doctors, law, legislation, Australia.

This piece reports on a ruling that a South Australian clinic could refuse to unblock a womens' tubes on the grounds that she was unwilling to have her boyfriends fertility tested. Reports reaction to this in relation to South Australian Equal Opportunity Act.

23. Anonymous. French bioethics bill. Bioethics News. 1993;12(2):10.

France, legislation, ethics, surrogacy, organ donation, IVF, telling the child, secrecy, IVF, genetic engineering, research, embryos, commodification, cryopreservation: France, legislation, ethics, surrogacy, organ donation, IVF, telling the child, secrecy, IVF, genetic engineering, research, embryos, commodification, cryopreservation.

This piece outlines the contents of the most recent French bioethics bill which addresses, offspring access to information about donors, commodification, genetic engineering, surrogacy, embryo research, cryopreservation.

24. Aristotle. On the Relationship of Parents and Children. In: Alpern KD, ed. The Ethics of Reproductive Technology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992.

parenthood, offspring, family, couples, infertility, motherhood, fatherhood, motivation: parenthood, offspring, family, couples, infertility, motherhood, fatherhood, motivation.

This series of extracts from the authors' works, addresses issues of the child being part of the parent, why parents love their children more than they love them, and why mothers love children more than fathers, and why couples with children stay together more often than those without.

25. Arneson RJ. Commodification an commercial surrogacy. Philosophy and Public Affairs. 1992;21(2):132-164.

commercial surrogacy, child, surrogate mother.: commercial surrogacy, child, surrogate mother.

The author argues that commercial surrogacy should be legally permissible, suggesting that proposed bans on the market exchange of goods should be evaluated according to the expected consequences of such bans. In his opinion, commercial surrogacy is beneficial to the commissioning couples, to the surrogate mother and to the child. His arguments are to demonstrate that there is no social harm in the practice of commercial surrogacy.

26. Arneson RJ. Commodification and Commercial Surrogacy. Philosophy and Public Affairs. 1992;21(2):132-64.

philosophy, commercialisation, surrogacy, adoption, social attitutudes, interests of child, women, feminism, law, policy: philosophy, commercialisation, surrogacy, adoption, social attitutudes, interests of child, women, feminism, law, policy.

This paper looks at the arguments for and against commercial surrogacy. Argues for allowing those who wish to use ARTs to use them. Addresses issues of race and adoption, interests of child, surrogacy as labour and potential for exploitation. It also looks at legal issues. Generally argues for surrogacy.

27. Attia E, Downey J. The Psychological Consequences of Successful Treatment. Psychosomatics. 1992;33(2):218-221.

psychological, IVF, ET, stress, infertility, pregnancy, embryos, psychosocial, counselling, health professionals: psychological, IVF, ET, stress, infertility, pregnancy, embryos, psychosocial, counselling, health professionals.

This paper outlines a case in which a women had great trauma with regard to the complications of her IVF-ET pregnancy, and to the destination of her spare embryos. It looks at her reactions which while extreme are common, and the help she found in counselling. It also reports on the responses of the clinic staff.

28. Austria. Austrian Act on Procreative Medicine. In: …sterreich BfdR, ed. (275 Beundesgesetz, mit dem Regelungen uber die medizinisch unterstutzte Fortpflanzung getroffen sowie das allgemeinen burgerliche Gesetzbuch, das Ehegesetz und die Jurisdiktionsnorm geandert werden.; 1992.

29. Baird DT. Assisted conception on the NHS? Many infertile couples could be helped. British Medical Journal. 1992;305(6847):204-5.

assisted reproduction, policy, medical aspects, history, economics, IVF, ethics, WHO, couples, infertility: assisted reproduction, policy, medical aspects, history, economics, IVF, ethics, WHO, couples, infertility.

This paper reports on the history of medical developments of IVF in the UK, and its predominantly private sector funding. It looks at the ethics, demand for, and cost of IVF in relation to other operations.

30. Baker S. Pressure to conceive can put women in danger. New Zealand Doctor. 1993(18 February):19-20.

infertility, women, drugs, pregnancy rates, stress, divorce, couples, psychosocial, IVF, GIFT, DI, payment, economics, clinics, practice, doctors, NZ, feminism, interests of child, technology, counselling, NZ, infertility societies, treatment: infertility, women, drugs, pregnancy rates, stress, divorce, couples, psychosocial, IVF, GIFT, DI, payment, economics, clinics, practice, doctors, NZ, feminism, interests of child, technology, counselling, NZ, infertility societies, treatment.

This piece discusses the difficulties and dangers of ARTs in NZ. It looks at dangers of drugs and superovulation, pregnancy complications etc. Looks also at the psychosocial stresses on women and marriages, the role of alternative therapies, and the importance of counselling. Includes a list of prices for various treatments in various centres. Includes comment from Dr.s. R. Rowland and R. Fisher, Nurse M. Johns, and T. Leech of the Auckland Infertility Society.31. Baran A, Pannor R. Lethal Secrets. The Psychology of Donor Insemination. Problems and Solutions. New York: Amistad; 1993.

DI, couples, single women, lesbian, gender, psychosocial, secrecy, openness, semen donors, family, male infertility, offspring, interests of child, psychological, stress, doctors, telling the child, guidelines: DI, couples, single women, lesbian, gender, psychosocial, secrecy, openness, semen donors, family, male infertility, offspring, interests of child, psychological, stress, doctors, telling the child, guidelines.

This book presents the results of a series of interviews with a variety of participants in donor insemination. It looks at issues of secrecy and openness, recommending openness. Good quotes. It presents guidelines to all participants looks at the future of reproductive technologies and has a section on how to tell children about their origins.

32. Barratt CLR, Cooke ID. Donor Insemination. Cambridge: C.U.P.; 1993.

33. Barratt CLR. Donor recruitment, selection and screening. In: Barratt CLR, Cooke ID, eds. Donor Insemination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1993.

semen donors, recruitment, selection, screening, UK, USA, regulation: semen donors, recruitment, selection, screening, UK, USA, regulation.

This article discusses how potential semen donors are recruited and screened for various genetic diseases. It compares the American Fertility Society approach with UK approach. It urges that more care be taken in screening. It also argues that regional recruitment centres should be established to conteract decreasing donor numbers in the UK, associated with the move to favouring the recruitment of older men with families.

34. Bartlett JA. Psychiatric Issues in Non-Anonymous Oocyte Donation. Psychosomatics. 1991;32(4, Fall):433-7.

egg donation, oocytes, known donors, psychological, process, motivation, stress, female infertility, recipients, abortion, counselling, IVF: egg donation, oocytes, known donors, psychological, process, motivation, stress, female infertility, recipients, abortion, counselling, IVF.

This study of 14 infertile women and their 16 known egg donors looks at the motivations of recipients and the primary (altruistic) and secondary motivations of the donors. It notes low levels of distress among all participants, and recommends counselling for all participants prior to undertaking this procedure.

35. Basen G, Eichler M, Lippman A. Misconceptions: the social construction of choice and the new reproductive and genetic technologies. Hull, Quebec, Canada: Voyageur Publishing; 1993.

assisted reproduction, genetic engineering, technology, psychosocial, social attitudes: assisted reproduction, genetic engineering, technology, psychosocial, social attitudes.

not seen.

36. Becker G, Nachtigall RD. Ambiguous Responsibility in the Doctor-Patient Relationship: The Case of Infertility. Social Science and Medicine. 1991;32(8):875-85.

infertility, doctors, assisted reproduction, doctor patient relations, couples, social atttitudes, stress, process, gender, psychosocial: infertility, doctors, assisted reproduction, doctor patient relations, couples, social atttitudes, stress, process, gender, psychosocial.

This study of 79 men and women involved in infertility treatments found a set process in the negotiation process between doctors and patients around issues of responsibility for ensuring pregnancy. Ambiguity in the doctor patient relationship and emotional detachment of doctors are seen as barriers in patients coming to take responsibility for their infertility. It is noted that women tended to take the initiative in seeking treatment. Issues of power, and biomedical and psychosocial models are discussed.

37. Beecham L. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act may loosen up. British Medical Journal. 1992;305(11 July):77.

UK, legislation, law, practice, licensing, regulation, clinics, medical aspects, women,: UK, legislation, law, practice, licensing, regulation, clinics, medical aspects, women,.

This piece reports on UK legislation which relaxes the restriction on information being released about infertility patients without their consent. Such information can now be obtained if the patients' health is in danger. Piece also reports on the progress of the HFEA as presented in its annual report.

38. Bennett B. Resourse Allocation and the Beginning of Life. Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy. 1993;9:77-90.

Australia, economics, assisted reproduction, technology, policy, demographics, age, doctors, health professionals, infertility, prevention, women, feminism, genetic screening, rights, disability, counselling, IVF: Australia, economics, assisted reproduction, technology, policy, demographics, age, doctors, health professionals, infertility, prevention, women, feminism, genetic screening, rights, disability, counselling, IVF.

This paper looks at the issues of the economics and funding of infertility treatments, health care in general in light of an aging population, genetic screening, and the rights of women and the disabled in relation to this. Does so in a predominantly Australian context.

39. Berg BJ, Wilson JF. Psychological Functioning Across Stages of Treatment for Infertility. JOurnal of Behavioural Medicine. 1991;14(1):11-26.

psychological, infertility, men, women, gender, psychosocial, infertility societies, couples, sexuality, stress, class, USA, treatment, process, counselling: psychological, infertility, men, women, gender, psychosocial, infertility societies, couples, sexuality, stress, class, USA, treatment, process, counselling.

This study of infertile couples in treatment programmes looked at their levels of emotional strain, marital adjustment and sexual satisfaction at yearly intervals over a 3 year period. Emotional strain was lower in the 2nd year than in the 1st and 3rd, marital adjustment and sexual satisfaction deteriorated in the 3rd year in comparison to the previous 2. Reasons for these patterns are presented.

40. Berg BJ, Wilson JF, Weingartner PJ. Psychological Sequelae of Infertility Treatment: The Role of Gender and Sex-Role Identification. Social Science and Medicine. 1991;33(9):1071-80.

psychological, infertility, men, women, gender, sex roles, psycholsocial, infertility societies, couples, sexuality, stress, class, USA, motivation, parenthood, identity, coping skills: psychological, infertility, men, women, gender, sex roles, psycholsocial, infertility societies, couples, sexuality, stress, class, USA, motivation, parenthood, identity, coping skills.

This study of infertile couples found that sex-role identification had a greater correlation with various measures of distress than did gender. Looks also at the sexuality and marital functioning issues for these couples and the impact of information seeking and other coping styles on distress.41. Bergat A. When Treatment Fails: Letting Go and Moving on. Insights into Infertility. A Newsletter... 1992;Winter 1992:3.

infertility, process, assisted reproduction, stress, social attitudes, USA, couples, psychosocial: infertility, process, assisted reproduction, stress, social attitudes, USA, couples, psychosocial.

This article looks at treatment failure and the point at which patients decide to stop seeking treatment. It looks at US societal attitudes to the will and technology. It discusses resources couples can use to help them through this process.

42. Bernal EW. The Nurse as Patient Advocate. Hastings Centre Report. 1992(July-August):18-23.

nurses, ethics, psychosocial: nurses, ethics, psychosocial.

This extract looks at covenants as a model for nurse patient interactions, rather than advocacy models.

43. Bernat E. Between Rationality and Metaphysics: The Legal Regulation of Assisted Reproduction in Germany, Austria and Switzerland - A Comparative Analysis. International Journal of Medicine and Law. 1993;12(6,7,8):493-505.

law, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, policy, assisted reproduction, prohibition, couples, doctors, offspring, semen donors, legal, regulation, secrecy, egg donors: law, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, policy, assisted reproduction, prohibition, couples, doctors, offspring, semen donors, legal, regulation, secrecy, egg donors.

This artilcle summarises the current law relating to assisted reproduction in these three countries. It notes the legality of various procedures in the various countries, and addresses such issues as the liability of donors in a variety of situations, and the rights of offspring to information about donors. Uses dense legal language.

44. Bertrand-Servais Mea. Psychological considerations of anonymous oocyte donation. Human Reproduction. 1993;8(6):874-879.

anonymity, secrecy, oocyte donation,IVF, psychological aspects,depression, France.: anonymity, secrecy, oocyte donation,IVF, psychological aspects,depression, France.

The study involved 50 patients interviewed by a pscyhologist. The interview followed clinical consultation and IVF sessions. Results are presented in tables, matching the characteristics of the patients and the diagnosis of infertility. Among the findings the authors mention patients who knew about their infertlity since childhood seemed to have better elaborated their infertility mourning and that patients who diagnosis of premature ovarian failure or undewent surgical castration showed a higher level of depressive symptoms. The desire for maintaining secrecy was noticed among patients with diagnosis of premature ovarion failure. It is also mentioned that anonymity of donation is an encouraged practice in France.

45. Bielawska-Batorowicz E. The Possible Impact of Infertilty and Other Reproductive Problems on Parental Attitudes and Child Rearing Practices. Presented at the Tenth International Congress of psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, June 14-7 1992; Stockholm, Sweden; 1992.

psychosocial, infertility, child rearing, DI: psychosocial, infertility, child rearing, DI.

This study of men and women who had undergone DI, childless men and women with no known reproductive problems, and women who had experienced miscarriages found that women considered themselves less helpless and more dominating in thier contacts with children than men, while infertile men were more likely to overprotect children. The differences between what the respondents thought about themselves and whta they thought they should be as parents was greater for infertile men and women who had had miscarriages. Personal and marital motives were considered to be more important reasons for having a child than social ones.

46. Bielawska-Batorowicz E. Maternal perception of an infant during the first month after birth. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 1993;11:235-42.

motherhood, child development, psychological, family, women, couples, gender, UK, Poland, education, pregnancy, social support, men: motherhood, child development, psychological, family, women, couples, gender, UK, Poland, education, pregnancy, social support, men.

This study looks at the way first time British and Polish mothers describe their offspring, noting that there are correlations between types of description, and education, pregnancy factors and the involvement of husbands in child rearing.

47. Bielawska-Batorowicz E. Not Ready for Openess: Donor Insemination in Poland. Politics and Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):173-4.

secrecy, social attitudes, DI, policy, counselling: secrecy, social attitudes, DI, policy, counselling.

This response to Daniel and Taylors earlier article in the same volume favours increasing openess in giving children access to information about donors. The author notes however that in Poland there is much opposition to DI and that a change in social attitudes needs to take place before legislation can be implemented with regard to DI and secrecy. Gives some preliminary results of interviews with couples - their reactions to the idea of openness indicate there is much more work to be done yet.

48. Black RB, Walther VN, Chute D, Greenfeld DA. When In Vitro Fertilization Fails: A Prospective View. Social Work in Health Care. 1992;17(3):1-19.

IVF, women, psychological, social work, stress, egg donation, GIFT, couples, adoption, counselling, doctor patient relations, process: IVF, women, psychological, social work, stress, egg donation, GIFT, couples, adoption, counselling, doctor patient relations, process.

In this study 28 women participated in interviews about their attitudes to IVF etc. treatment before, 1 month after and 6 months after their first cycle. At the 1st interview women were found to be perhaps overly optimistic about success but realistic about expected stress. The 2nd interview found the women still predominantly optimistic, but many having to reinterpret the failure of the first try. The third interview found women pregnant, still trying IVF, trying to adopt, trying other methods to get pregnant, and stopped or uncertain about continuing to try and get pregnant. Many were still unresolved to the idea of not having a biological child. Paper notes differences between feelings and facts, the role of hope, and the influence of doctors on the meanings people give to various outcomes.

49. Blacksell S, Phillips DR. The Nature and provision of infertility counselling in IVF centres in the UK, 1990: Institute of Population Studies, University of Exeter; 1991.

50. Blanchette H, Israel R, Adamson GD, Boyd EF. Obstetric performance of patients after oocyte donation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993;168(6 (1)):1803-9.

egg donors, medical aspects, women, doctors, egg donation, multiple pregnancy, age: egg donors, medical aspects, women, doctors, egg donation, multiple pregnancy, age.

This study of five women undergoing oocyte donation reinforces earlier research that such women have greater liklihood of multiple pregnancies and medical problems. Comment on this about benefits of using oocytes of younger women in older women.51. Blank?? RH. The Changing Context of Human Reproduction (Unpublished Copy). Changing Human Reproduction. Social Science Perspectives. London: Sage Publications; 1992.

assisted reproduction, law, USA, rights, family, psychosocial, motherhood, fatherhood, parenthood, technology, social attitudes, contraception, commercialisation, regulation, medical aspects, cryopreservation: assisted reproduction, law, USA, rights, family, psychosocial, motherhood, fatherhood, parenthood, technology, social attitudes, contraception, commercialisation, regulation, medical aspects, cryopreservation.

.

52. Blood J. Survey of Sperm Donors - Attitudes to the Central Register. Unpublished; 1992.

53. Blyth E. Infertility and Assisted Reproduction: Practice Issues for Counsellors. In: Reproduction BPGoA, ed. Birmingham: British Association of Social Workers; 1991.

54. Blyth E. Birth Secrets. Childright. 1991;77(June):15-8.

interests of child, assisted reproduction, couples, family, secrecy, openness, telling the child: interests of child, assisted reproduction, couples, family, secrecy, openness, telling the child.

not seen.

55. Blyth E. Children's Welfare, Surrogacy and Social Work. British Journal of Social Work. 1993;23:259-75.

interests of child, social workers, surrogacy, infertility, couples, assisted reproduction, psychological, secrecy, semen donors, telling the child, social attitudes, ethics, law, parenthood, counselling, adoption, UK: interests of child, social workers, surrogacy, infertility, couples, assisted reproduction, psychological, secrecy, semen donors, telling the child, social attitudes, ethics, law, parenthood, counselling, adoption, UK.

This paper looks at the potential for a greater social work involvement in surrogacy issues through a greater emphasis on the interests of the child. Looks at areas social work can focus on including counselling, paternity and secrecy/openness issues. Also looks at law and policy issues.

56. Blyth E. The Acceptable Face of Surrogacy. The Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law. 1993;4(Section 30):248-60.

ethics, philosophy, surrogacy, UK, family, social attitudes, policy, legislation, interests of child, law, doctors, medicalisation, regulation: ethics, philosophy, surrogacy, UK, family, social attitudes, policy, legislation, interests of child, law, doctors, medicalisation, regulation.

This paper discusses the development of surrogacy practice in the UK and policy responses to it. It concludes that despite official statements, what has developed is the legitimisation of a medicalised model of surrogacy, which reinforces conventional assumptions about UK family life.

57. Bolton V, Golombok S, Bish A, Rust J. A comparative study of attitudes towards donor insemination and egg donation in recipients, potential donors and the public. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991;12:1-12.

social attitudes, DI, egg donation, recipients, semen donors, egg donors, counselling, UK, telling the child, secrecy, screening, motivation, payment, NZ, Australia, USA, records, interests of child, family: social attitudes, DI, egg donation, recipients, semen donors, egg donors, counselling, UK, telling the child, secrecy, screening, motivation, payment, NZ, Australia, USA, records, interests of child, family.

This study of egg donors, recipients of egg and semen donations and members of the general populace found that the recipints were more in favour of gamete donation than donors who were in turn more in favour of it than the general public. There was more support for semen donor than egg donor anonymity, and general uncertainity about telling the child. Counselling was generally approved of.

58. Bonnicksen AL. Human Embryos and Genetic Testing: A Private Policy Model. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1992;11(1):53-63.

embryos, research, ethics, doctors, medical aspects, IVF, policy, regulation, guidelines, social attitiudes, law, practice, rights, USA, interests of child, genetic engineering, assisted reproduction: embryos, research, ethics, doctors, medical aspects, IVF, policy, regulation, guidelines, social attitiudes, law, practice, rights, USA, interests of child, genetic engineering, assisted reproduction.

This article discusses various ways of providing guidelines for the practice of assisted reproductive technologies, and in particular the new embryo related technologies. It considers bioethics and legislation and comes out in favour of a private policy approach. By this it means the development of guidelines by practitioners, by a set process and the codification of these by professional bodies such as the American Fertility Society.

59. Bordson BL, Leonardo VS. The appropriate upper age limit for semen donors: a review of the genetic effects of paternal age. Fertility and Sterility. 1991;56(3):397-401.

semen donors, screening, medical aspects, USA: semen donors, screening, medical aspects, USA.

This paper reviews the research into the effect of older parents on the rate of genetic defects in offspring. It questions the limitation that semen donors be under 35 and approves of moves to raise this to limit to 40.

60. Brahams D. IVF legislation: error causes confidentiality trap. The Lancet. 1991;338(December 7):1449-50.

IVF, law, legislation, UK, research, embryos, policy, regulation, licensing, doctors: IVF, law, legislation, UK, research, embryos, policy, regulation, licensing, doctors.

This paper outlines difficulty with the HFEA Act with regards to doctors being unable to get access to patient information due to the confidentiality requirements of that Act.61. Brahams D. Abortion and assisted parenthood in USA. The Lancet. 1991;337(Jan, 26):228-9.

contraception, abortion, feminism, parenthood, USA, law, legislation, IVF, surrogacy, UK, embryos, cryopreservation, rights,: contraception, abortion, feminism, parenthood, USA, law, legislation, IVF, surrogacy, UK, embryos, cryopreservation, rights,.

This paper discusses a variety of legal issues in relation to contraception, abortion and assisted reproduction issues (including surrogacy and embryo cryopresevation ) in the USA and UK.

62. Brander P. Infertility - a review of the literature on prevalence, causes treatments , and prevention.: Department of Health New Zealand; 1991.

63. Brandt K, Zech H. Results of a Study on Prediction Criteria for IVF after Brief Psychotherapy. (Summary of original in German). Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 1992;52(5, May):297-300.

IVF, ET, Austria, infertility, couples, child free, psychological, psychosocial, clinics: IVF, ET, Austria, infertility, couples, child free, psychological, psychosocial, clinics.

This study of couples undergoing infertility treatment found that a change in the psychological state (as evaluated by self-rating and psychologist assessment) correlated with the ability of couples either to become pregnant or to accept childlessness.

64. Braverman AM, Ovum Donor Task Force of the Psychological Special Interests Group of The American Fertility Society. Survey results on the current practice of ovum donation programs. Fertility and Sterility. 1993;59:1216-20.

egg donation, USA, clinics, psychological, psychosocial, egg donors, couples,: egg donation, USA, clinics, psychological, psychosocial, egg donors, couples,.

not seen, See Braverman, 1995.

65. Brewaeys A, Ponjaert-Kristoffersen I, Steirteghem ACV, Devroey P. Children from anonymous donors: an inquiry into homosexual and heterosexual parents' attitudes. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1993;14(Special Issue):23-5.

DI, lesbian, couples, sexuality, secrecy, openness, policy, records, semen donors, family, social attitudes, identity, telling the child, education, age, male infertility, Belgium: DI, lesbian, couples, sexuality, secrecy, openness, policy, records, semen donors, family, social attitudes, identity, telling the child, education, age, male infertility, Belgium.

This study of lesbian and heterosexual DI couples found that lesbians were statistically significantly more in favour of telling the child about its DI origins, and about disclosing their use of DI to their close friends and to a wider social network than were heterosexual couples. It also looks at the reasons for this difference and respondents attitudes to the donor. Notes that successful DI makes lesbian couples more different and heterosexual couples more normal.

66. British Andrology Society. British Andrology Society guidelines for the screening of semen donors for donor insemination. Human Reproduction. 1993;8(9):1521-3.

screening, UK, DI, semen donors, interests of child, medical aspects, HIV, STDs, practice: screening, UK, DI, semen donors, interests of child, medical aspects, HIV, STDs, practice.

This paper outlines the mandatory and optimal screening procedures which the British Andrology society endorses for the screening of semen donors.

67. Brody E. Infertility and Non-coital Reproduction. In: Brody E, ed. Biomedical Technology and Human Rights. Aldershot, UkCambridge, UK: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization/ Dartmouth Publishing Company/ The International Social Science Council/ The World Federation for Mental Health; 1993.

rights, assisted reproduction, technology, culture, economics, class, policy, ethics, doctors, genetic screening, organ donation, abortion, access, DI, interests of child, practice, medical aspects, surrogates, commercialisation, IVF, surrogacy, couples, consent, treatment, cryopreservation, SET, scientists, doctors, women, gender, egg donation, lesbian, infertility, insurance, parenthood, social attitudes, single women,: rights, assisted reproduction, technology, culture, economics, class, policy, ethics, doctors, genetic screening, organ donation, abortion, access, DI, interests of child, practice, medical aspects, surrogates, commercialisation, IVF, surrogacy, couples, consent, treatment, cryopreservation, SET, scientists, doctors, women, gender, egg donation, lesbian, infertility, insurance, parenthood, social attitudes, single women,.

This piece looks at the extent of ART use particularly in a USA context and provides a description of various procedures. It discusses policy issues in this regard from a human rights standpoint, looking particularly at commercialisation issues.

68. Brody E. Biomedical Technology and Human Rights. Cambridge, UK: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization/ Dartmouth Publishing Company/ The International Social Science Council/ The World Federation for Mental Health; 1993.

rights, assisted reproduction, technology, culture, economics, class, policy, ethics, doctors, genetic screening, organ donation, fetal tissue, abortion, access, age, HIV, DI, interests of child, practice, medical aspects, commercialisation, IVF, surrogacy, consent, contraception, counselling, treatment, cryopreservation, scientists, women, gender, genetic engineering, egg donation, eugenics, lesbian, infertility, insurance, gay men, parenthood, social attitudes, research, STDs, single women,: rights, assisted reproduction, technology, culture, economics, class, policy, ethics, doctors, genetic screening, organ donation, fetal tissue, abortion, access, age, HIV, DI, interests of child, practice, medical aspects, commercialisation, IVF, surrogacy, consent, contraception, counselling, treatment, cryopreservation, scientists, women, gender, genetic engineering, egg donation, eugenics, lesbian, infertility, insurance, gay men, parenthood, social attitudes, research, STDs, single women,.

This book contains chapters on the relationship of human rights to health, science and technology, assisted reproduction, organ donation, the mentally ill and the terminally ill or comatose.

69. Broekhuijsen-Molenaar AML. Contractural Aspects of Surrogate Motherhood in the Netherlands. Medicine and Law. 1991;10(5):501-11.

surrogacy, the Netherlands, law, motherhood, couples, payment, abortion, adoption, policy, ethics, commercialisation, interests of child, semen donors, pregnancy, abortion, legislation, DI: surrogacy, the Netherlands, law, motherhood, couples, payment, abortion, adoption, policy, ethics, commercialisation, interests of child, semen donors, pregnancy, abortion, legislation, DI.

This paper looks at the enforceability of surrogacy contracts under Dutch law. It concludes that some parts of these contracts are enforceable, while others are not.

70. Bromham DR, Lilford RJ. Autonomy and its limitations in artificial reproduction. Bailliere's Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991;5(3):529-50.

rights, doctors, ethics, doctor patient relations, assisted reproduction, law, social attitudes, economics, technology, religion, surrogacy, education, egg donors, psychosocial, psychological, motherhood, couples, semen donors, motivation, commercialisation, counselling, interests of child, prohibition, embryos, known surrogates: rights, doctors, ethics, doctor patient relations, assisted reproduction, law, social attitudes, economics, technology, religion, surrogacy, education, egg donors, psychosocial, psychological, motherhood, couples, semen donors, motivation, commercialisation, counselling, interests of child, prohibition, embryos, known surrogates.

This paper looks at ethical issues in assisted reproduction using the example of surrogacy. It discussess this from the viewpoint of the: commisioning male and female, the surrogate and her partner, the child, the neonate, the fetus, and the pre-implantation embryo, the doctor, and society and its various subcultures. Also presents premilminary results of a forthcoming social attitudes study.71. Bromham DR. Attitudes Toward Embryo Research. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1992;9(2):90-3.

scientists, embryos, research, social attitudes, UK, cryopreservation, abortion, infertility, genetic engineering, IVF, ethics, economics, eugenics: scientists, embryos, research, social attitudes, UK, cryopreservation, abortion, infertility, genetic engineering, IVF, ethics, economics, eugenics.

This paper overviews the debate about embryo research in th UK. It looks at the status of the embryo, where research is leading and whether it can be afforded.

72. Brown VM, Brown AM. Male factor infertility - an exploratory study of occupational factors. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 11th Annual Scientific Meeting; Adelaide, Australia; 1992.

male infertility, screening, social class, Australia: male infertility, screening, social class, Australia.

This study of infertile men presenting to a clinic who did not have a medical cause for their infertility were compared to fertile men and analysed in terms of their occupation. No significant relation was found between this type of infertility and electrical and coal mining occupations. It was found that clinic attenders were of a higher social class. Concerns about the effect of the sampling on the validity of the results are expressed.

73. Burfoot A. DI or DIY (Do It Yourself)? Missing Elements in the Donor Insemination Secrecy/ Openness Debate. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):174-6.

secrecy, gender, reproductive rights, infertility, DI, law, single and lesbian women: secrecy, gender, reproductive rights, infertility, DI, law, single and lesbian women.

This response to Daniels and Taylor's article in the same volume supports increasing openess with regard to offsprings' access to information about donors but raises sociolegal and social value concerns with regard to gender. The reproductive rights of women whether they are married or unmarried are upheld, and the role that DI plays in protecting males from the shame of infertility is brought into question.

74. Bydgeman M. The Swedish Insemination Act. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1991;70(4-5):265-6.

Sweden, legislations, insemination act, semen donors, recruitment, methods, secrecy, records, anonymity, psychosocial, recipients, numbers of semen donors, impact of legislation.: Sweden, legislations, insemination act, semen donors, recruitment, methods, secrecy, records, anonymity, psychosocial, recipients, numbers of semen donors, impact of legislation.

Describes main statutes of the Swedish Insemination Act. Describes regulations of the National Board of Health and Welfare in relation to DI. Mentions psychosocial factors e.g. secrecy, records Outlines pre-1985 donor situation and number of births, couples, then 1988-89 - impact of the legislation. Concludes shortage of donors can be overcome through greater effort on the part of hospitals.

75. Callahan D. Opening the Debate?: A Response to the Wiklers. The Millbank Quarterly. 1991;69(1):41-4.

DI, ethics, doctors, medicalisation, policy, law, social attitudes, parenthood, rights, blood bond, family, sperm banks, commercialisation, semen donors, feminism: DI, ethics, doctors, medicalisation, policy, law, social attitudes, parenthood, rights, blood bond, family, sperm banks, commercialisation, semen donors, feminism.

This paper looks at the debate about donor insemination, and notes that it has slipped into common use without general debate partly because it has been taken over by the medical establishment. Cautions against it being taken over by the commercial establishment instead and notes the diffeiculties in getting people to think creatively about their procreative choices, and in particular the social consequences of these.

76. Callens S. IVF in th USA, Who Pays for It? Medical Law. 1992;11:73-81.

law, USA, IVF, regulation, insurance, policy, economics, doctors, infertility, couples, clinics, guidelines: law, USA, IVF, regulation, insurance, policy, economics, doctors, infertility, couples, clinics, guidelines.

This paper looks at the development of laws in the USA with regard to providing insurance for IVF. In so doing it looks at the definitions of IVF in terms of its 'experimental' or 'unnecessary' nature.

77. Campbell C. Directions Given Under the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990. Giving or receiving money or other benefits in respect of any supply of gametes or embryos. In: Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, ed; 1991.

78. Campbell CS. What Price Parenthood? ethics and assisted reproduction. Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth; 1992.

79. Canada LRCo. Medically assisted procreation: Law Reform Commission of Canada; 1992.

80. Canada NRTRC. Proceed with Care: Canadian Royal Commision on New Reproductive Technologies; 1993.81. Capron AM. Whose Child is This? Hastings Center Report. 1991(November-December):37-8.

infertility, social attitudes, surrogacy, law, parenthood, USA, motherhood, payment, couples: infertility, social attitudes, surrogacy, law, parenthood, USA, motherhood, payment, couples.

This paper looks at the legal side of surrogacy in the USA looking in particular at certain test cases.

82. Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE. Evidence for the decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. British Medical Journal. 1992;305(6854, 12 September):609-13.

sperm quality, male infertility, scientists, methods: sperm quality, male infertility, scientists, methods.

Concludes that there has been a genuine decline in sperm quality in the last 50 years.

83. Carr JE. Artificial Insemination: Problems, Policies, and Proposals. Alabama Law Review. 1993;26:120-62.

DI, law, USA, policy, parenthood, psychological, psychosocial, couples, doctors, adoption, regulation, legislation, secrecy: DI, law, USA, policy, parenthood, psychological, psychosocial, couples, doctors, adoption, regulation, legislation, secrecy.

This paper looks primarily at legal issues of paternity and inheritance in relation to DI, in the USA and particularly in Alabama. Also touches on psychosocial issues and the role of the doctor.

84. Carson P, Froggatt C, Goswamy R. A request for IVF treatment. The Practitioner. 1991;235(October):707-11.

IVF, couples, economics, doctors, infertility, stress, adoption, child free, doctor patient relations, psychological, UK, age: IVF, couples, economics, doctors, infertility, stress, adoption, child free, doctor patient relations, psychological, UK, age.

This paper presents the responses of three doctors to the hypothetical situation of 38 year old women presenting for IVF who can not afford private treatment. Stresses difficulties of age, long waiting lists, and the importance of involving the husband in the situation.

85. CECOS F, Lannou DL, Lansac J. Artificial procreation with frozen donor semen: the French experience of CECOS. In: Barratt CLR, Cooke ID, eds. Donor Insemination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1993.

France, semen donors, frozen semen, regulation, CECOS, recruitment, payment, selection, testing, storage, recipients, demographics, pregnancy rates, outcomes: France, semen donors, frozen semen, regulation, CECOS, recruitment, payment, selection, testing, storage, recipients, demographics, pregnancy rates, outcomes.

A description of the regulations of CECOS and a summary of the collected results.

86. Centola GM. American organization of sperm banks. In: Barratt CLR, Cooke ID, eds. Donor Insemination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1993.

American Fertility Society, standards, guidelines, practice, screening, policies, licensing, OTA, private practice: American Fertility Society, standards, guidelines, practice, screening, policies, licensing, OTA, private practice.

Briefly outlines history of standards, screening, practices. Examine results of 1986/87 OTA survey of sperm banks. Concludes that AFS and AATB guidelines have had little effect on smaller "office-based" sperm banking facilities. But moves towards national guidelines or licensing could lead to closure of these. However, this would lead to better service and would protect practitioners from liability.

87. Chapman SP, Crittenden JA. Optimising A Donor Insemination Program: The Donor Perspective. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 11th Annual Scientific Meeting; Adelaide, Australia; 1992.

semen donors, practice, recruitment, policy, Australia: semen donors, practice, recruitment, policy, Australia.

This study looks at what 86 Australian donors liked and disliked about semen donation. Donors particularly disliked the future possibility of a central donor registry, the hospital 'collection room', limited hours for donating, and the lack of information about progeny resulting from donation. They liked policies such as being informed of initial sperm count, being notified if resulting pregnancies had complications, being paid, and not having to make appointments.

88. Charlesworth M. Begining life. In: Press CU, ed. Bioethics in a liberal society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press; 1993.

birth, family, infertility, women, child, feminism, surrogacy, motherhood, consequentialism, moralism, artificial insemination, IVF, assisted reproduction technologies.: birth, family, infertility, women, child, feminism, surrogacy, motherhood, consequentialism, moralism, artificial insemination, IVF, assisted reproduction technologies.

This chapter discusses the moral and ethical aspects of the constitution of families through assisted reproduction technologies, specially surrogate motherhood. It also discusses feminists points of view on abortion, contraception, compared to assisted reproduction. The author defends the assistance and funding by the state for alternative forms of family formation, in the same way as it funds traditional forms.

89. Charo RA. USA: New York surrogacy law. The Lancet. 1992;340(August, 8):361.

surrogacy, USA, law, legislation, payment, commercialisation, prohibition: surrogacy, USA, law, legislation, payment, commercialisation, prohibition.

This piece describes a new US surrogacy law which makes surrogacy contracts unenforceable and imposes a fine upon payment, without criminalising the decision to make such a payment.

90. Clarke R. The Ethical Aspects of Surrogate Motherhood. unpublished, presented to Professor D. G. Jones as part of course work for Anatomy 455, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, NZ; 1993.91. Clement JL. (Psycho-sociological profile of a series of 850 sperm donors) (in French). Contraception, Fertilite, Sexusalite. 1993;21(6):498-500.

France, sperm semen donors, age, class, advertising: France, sperm semen donors, age, class, advertising.

This study looks at the demographics of 850 sperm donors coming to a Lyon clinic, in order to determine what is the best way to advertise in order to attract these sorts of men.

92. Collins JA, Miller RA, Rowe TC. The Effect of Treatment on Pregnancy Among Couples with Unexplained Infertility. International Journal of Fertility. 1991;36(3):140-52.

infertility, medical aspects, pregnancy, assisted reproduction, age, class, couples: infertility, medical aspects, pregnancy, assisted reproduction, age, class, couples.

This study of couples with unexplained infertility questions the use of ART's when these are not specifically called for by the diagnosis.

93. Collins A, Freeman EW, Boxer AS, Tureck R. Perceptions of Infertility and Treatment Stress in Females as Compared to Males Entering In Vitro Fertilization Treatment. Fertility and Sterility. 1992;57(2):350-6.

Infertility, Stress, Gender, IVF: Infertility, Stress, Gender, IVF.

This study investigates gender differences with regard to perceptions of infertility, and stress resulting from IVF treatment. It was undertaken on 200 couples applying for acceptance into an IVF programme. It found that women anticipated more stress in IVF programmes but related that they received a greater degree of social support. It notes that certain factors are associated with IVF being stressful for a couple, the major one being a couples' strong desire to have a child.

94. Collins JA. New treatments, preliminary results, and clinical practice. Fertility and Sterility. 1993;60(3, September):403-5.

assisted reproduction, ZIFT, media, scientists, research, doctors, recipients, medical aspects, practice: assisted reproduction, ZIFT, media, scientists, research, doctors, recipients, medical aspects, practice.

This paper warns docotors against the use of ART treatments which have not been properly tested.

95. Colpi GM, Pozza D. Diagnosing Male Infertility, New Possibilities and Limits. New York: Karger; 1992.

male infertility, medical aspects, doctors: male infertility, medical aspects, doctors.

not seen.

96. Condon M. An Analysis of cases self-presenting to counselling. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 10th Annual Scientific Meeting; Lorne, Australia; 1991.

counselling, infertility, couples, coping skills, social support: counselling, infertility, couples, coping skills, social support.

This study reviews the work of the counselling service at the Queensland Fertility Group where counselling is available but optional for patients. It notes the types of issues raised by people ringing up and notes the advisability of this model which can give couples greater control over their infertility.

97. Connolly KJ, Edelmann RJ, Cooke ID, Robson J. The impact of infertility on psychological functioning. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1992;36(5):459-468.

couples, psychological, infertility, social support, gender, relationship, male infertility, DI, counselling, screening: couples, psychological, infertility, social support, gender, relationship, male infertility, DI, counselling, screening.

This study of 116 couples presenting with primary infertility found that those who fared worse emotionally were the dispositionally neurotic or anxious and men whose marriages were less well adjusted and who were the source of the infertility. It is argued that the former could be screened out or targetted for counselling. It is also argued that DI may circumvent rather than treat infertility and may lead to imbalances in relationships between mother, father and child. It argues that people should wait a time between discovering infertility and undertaking DI.

98. Cook R. The relationship between sex role and emotional functioning in patients undergoing assisted conception. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1993;14(1):31-40.

sex roles, infertility, sexuality, couples, psychosocial: sex roles, infertility, sexuality, couples, psychosocial.

This study investigated the differences between women and men involved in assisted conception procedures in terms of whether they held to traditional or non-differentiated sex roles. It found that men who held to non-differentiated sex-roles were more likely to be anxious and depressed about infertility and assisted conception procedures, while women who held to traditional sex-roles were more likely to be anxious and depressed about these subjects.

99. Cooke S. Counselling in donor insemination. In: Barratt CLR, Cooke ID, eds. Donor Insemination. Cambridge: C.U.P.; 1993.

counselling, infertility, adoption, DI, couples, semen donors.: counselling, infertility, adoption, DI, couples, semen donors.

This article addresses counselling issues in relation to both male and female partners, and in relation to the donor. For the couples it looks at counselling for infertility separately from counselling for DI and addresses medical options, and non-DI options such as adoption, fostering, and acceptance of childlessness. It advocates greater openess about DI with children and greater emphasis on the role of the donor.

100. Cooke ID. Secrecy, Openess, and DI in the UK. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):176-7.

education, social attitudes, DI, secrecy, policy, regulation, legislation, counselling,: education, social attitudes, DI, secrecy, policy, regulation, legislation, counselling,.

This response to Daniels and Taylor's earlier article in the same volume outlines the legal position, and current regulatory practices regarding DI in the UK. It is noted that public attitudes to DI are changing and greater openess about this process is being encouraged. The author is however currently opposed to legislation which would allow DI children to have access to the identity of their donor on maturity, because he believes that such legislation would result in a decline in donations being made.101. Cooke ID. Concluding remarks. In: Barratt CLR, Cooke ID, eds. Donor Insemination. Cambridge: C.U.P.; 1993.

semen donors, recruitment, selection, screening, demographics, France, UK, USA, sperm quality, recipients, counselling,: semen donors, recruitment, selection, screening, demographics, France, UK, USA, sperm quality, recipients, counselling,.

This chapter notes the differences between French, and UK and US selection and screening procedures for donors, and comments favourably on the French emphasis on not screening on genetic grounds but only recruiting from married men. It notes the importance of female fertility in the success of DI. It encourages better statistical analysis in DI research. It also notes that since UK law requires that couples having DI must have counselling, that training of infertility counsellors and procedures for such counselling need to be developed.

102. Cooke ID. Developments in donor insemination and the law in the UK. In: Barratt CLR, Cooke ID, eds. Donor Insemination. Cambridge: C.U.P.; 1993.

regulation, DI, standards, records, screening, law, HFEA,: regulation, DI, standards, records, screening, law, HFEA,.

This article outlines the recent changes in the law with regard to DI (and other ART procedures) in the UK resulting from the HFEA Act and describes the Code of Practice of this new authority. It comments that while these changes may result in higher standards and better in service provision, they may also close many clinics who can not meet the new requirements. The author considers that if the changes reduce the accessibility of DI for the average person then they will have been counter-productive.

103. Cooper D, Herman D. Getting "The Family Right": Legislating Heterosexuality in Britain 1986-91. Canadian Journal of Family Law. 1991;10:41-78.

law, lesbian, single women, social attitudes, UK, gay men, feminism, men women, legislation, regulation, DI, family, child development, couples, fatherhood, motherhood, parenthood, doctors, technology, interests of child, rights, sexuality, class: law, lesbian, single women, social attitudes, UK, gay men, feminism, men women, legislation, regulation, DI, family, child development, couples, fatherhood, motherhood, parenthood, doctors, technology, interests of child, rights, sexuality, class.

This paper looks at recent legislation in the UK which relates to lesbians in general and lesbian and single women in regard to ARTs. It looks at how both conservative and liberal attitudes both marginalise homosexuality.

104. Cornwall J. Meeting a Challenge on Bioethics. The New York Times; 1992.

105. Cox LW. The Development of Infertility Treatment in Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991;31(3):254-9.

history, infertility, assisted reproduction, Australia, sperm banks, IVF, ICSI, scientists, doctors: history, infertility, assisted reproduction, Australia, sperm banks, IVF, ICSI, scientists, doctors.

This paper presents an overview of the developments of ART in Australia from a doctor/scientist viewpoint.

106. Cox J. Male infertility: artificial insemination by donor. Health visitor. 1993;66(2):54-5.

male infertility, DI, couples, social attitudes, psychological: male infertility, DI, couples, social attitudes, psychological.

This paper provedes an overview of (male) infertility, its psychological affects and DI.

107. Crabb V, Cook R. Unsuccessful Infertility Treatment: Factors Relating to Coping Styles and Psychological Health. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual Scientific Meeting; The Sydney Hilton Hotel, Australia; 1993.

coping skills, social support, psychological, infertility, stress, psychosocial, practice: coping skills, social support, psychological, infertility, stress, psychosocial, practice.

This study of 60 women attending an infertility clinic found that personality factors predicted coping strategies, and that perceived social support predicted satisfaction with life and acceptance of infertility. The results are discussed in relation to coping theory and clinc practice.

108. Craft I, Fincham E, Al-Shawaf T. Six pregnancies following donation of both oocytes and sperm. The Lancet. 1992;339(February 1):307.

egg donation, semen donation, IVF, embryos, cryopreservation, ethics, known donors, research: egg donation, semen donation, IVF, embryos, cryopreservation, ethics, known donors, research.

This letter reports on the development of embryo donation in a London clinic.

109. Crawshaw M. Results of Questionnaire sent to all BICA members working in a counselling capacity in a licensed clinic. British Infertility Counselling Association Newsletter. 1993;9:2-4.

infertility, counselling, clinics, UK: infertility, counselling, clinics, UK.

not seen.

110. Dahlem M. Surrogate motherhood and the morality of care. Women and criminal justice. 1991;3(1):101-126.

morality of care,child, mother, surrogacy, paarenting: morality of care,child, mother, surrogacy, paarenting.

The paper examines the judicial and legislative responses and the public policy implications of surrogate parenting contracts from a perspective of morality of care. This perspective elevates the bond between mother and child over the rights conferred by contract. Several arguments are present against the granting of specific performance of surrogate parenting contracts.111. Daly KJ, Sobol MP. Highlights from Adoption as an Alternative for Infertile Couples: Prospects and Trends: Canadian Royal Commision on New Reproductive Technologies; 1992.

112. Daniels K, Taylor K. Surrogacy: The Private Troubles and Public Issues. Community Mental Health in New Zealand. 1991;6(2):28-50.

surrogacy, couples, motherhood, interests child, social attitudes, NZ, social workers, psychosocial, infertility, media: surrogacy, couples, motherhood, interests child, social attitudes, NZ, social workers, psychosocial, infertility, media.

This article outlines the private experience and public issues involved in surrogacy. It argues that surrogacy is not just a private arrangement between consenting adults; because children are involved it becomes a societal issue with a public dimension. It argues that social workers have a role in assisting both those directly involved in surrogacy arrangements, and those concerned with policy development in this area.

113. Daniels K. Relationships between Semen Donors and their Networks. Australian Social Work. 1991;44(1):29-35.

semen donors attitudes, doctors, networks, social support, Australia, donor experience, single women, lesbians, social attitudes: semen donors attitudes, doctors, networks, social support, Australia, donor experience, single women, lesbians, social attitudes.

This article outlines the relationship between donors and their networks by presenting theresults of a survey of Australian donors. It shows that these donors valued interactive relationships in their networks, and were generally positive about the service they received from medical practitioners. It notes the extent to which donors told others about their involvement and the relatively low level of enbthusiasm for their involvement from their wives and partners. It looks at donor attitudes to who they believed should be have access to their gametes, and on the number of offspring that should be permitted from any one donor.

114. Daniels K. The UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority - One Year On. Newsletter of The Fertility Society of Australia. 1992;25:4-5.

UK, assisted reproduction, legislation, regulation, records, counselling, liscensing, ethics, rights of children: UK, assisted reproduction, legislation, regulation, records, counselling, liscensing, ethics, rights of children.

This article reports outlines the activities of the HFEA in the UK in designing a regulatory system for ART practice. It looks at the Authorities approach to record keeping, liscensing, fee setting, counselling, treatment and its concerns with social and ethical issues and with the welfare of children. It notes that the council is generally approved of.

115. Daniels KR. Management of the psychosocial aspects of infertility. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1992;32(1):57-63.

infertility, psychosocial, counselling, social workers, doctors, health professionals, counselling, stress, couples, social support, semen donors, interests of the child, assisted reproduction, psychological, clinics, practice: infertility, psychosocial, counselling, social workers, doctors, health professionals, counselling, stress, couples, social support, semen donors, interests of the child, assisted reproduction, psychological, clinics, practice.

This paper looks at some of the psychosocial issues involved in infertility. It presents a systems perspective, and considers the role played by the couple, donor, and offspring. It looks at teamwork in the treatment of infertility by groups of professionals and outlines particular issues of importance for individuals, relationships and treatment staff.

116. Daniels K, Caldwell J. Assisted Reproduction and the Law: Implications for Policy. In: Henaghan M, Atkin B, eds. Family Law Policy in New Zealand. Auckland: Oxford University Press; 1992.

law, legislation, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, NZ, parenthood, childrens rights, ethics, embryos: law, legislation, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, NZ, parenthood, childrens rights, ethics, embryos.

This chapter outlines the legal issues relating to ART's in New Zealand. It looks at NZ legislation in relation to that of other countries on such issues as surrogacy, protection of the embryo, regulation of parenthood and state funding of assisted reproduction.

117. Daniels KR. The Psychosocial Needs of Semen Donors. In: Wijma K, Schoultz BV, eds. Reproductive Life: Advances in Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Carnforth: Parthenon; 1992.

semen donors, psychosocial, payment, DI, motivation, Australia, NZ, secrecy, openness, offspring: semen donors, psychosocial, payment, DI, motivation, Australia, NZ, secrecy, openness, offspring.

This paper reports the results of earlier studies in Australia and NZ about donors psychosoical needs, who they have and have not told about their donation, and what they would like to know about their offspring.

118. Daniels K. Telling the Child of its DI Conception - The Views of Husbands and Wives. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 11th Annual Scientific Meeting; Adelaide, Australia; 1992.

couples, DI, secrecy, offspring: couples, DI, secrecy, offspring.

This study found that in 58 couples women tended to be more willing than men to inform the child about its DI origins.

119. Daniels K, Taylor K. Formulating Selection Policies for Assisted Reproduction. Social Science and Medicine. 1993;37(12):1473-1480.

selection, assessment, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, doctors: selection, assessment, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, doctors.

This paper addresses one of the most important problems in the area of assisted reproduction, namely the selection policies used by the providers of the services. Some of the difficulties involved in formulating policies in this area are outlined. The paper concludes that public involvement in decision making in this area is vital, and that to facilitate this the issues must be opened up to public scrutiny and debate. Such debate would be a significant first step towards the implementation of policies which reflect the opinion of the entire comminity rather than just the professionals who provide the service, or sectional groups who manage to influecce the professionals.

120. Daniels KR. Moving towards Openness in Donor Insemination: Variations on a Theme. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):200-4.

DI, secrecy, family, social attitudes, physicians, legislation: DI, secrecy, family, social attitudes, physicians, legislation.

This article is a summary of a series of articles which were responding to an earlier 'thinkpiece' co-authored by this author; 'Secrecy and Openess in Donor Insemination'. This article outlines the contributions made under four main headings: attitudes to the family, social attitudes, dominance of the medical profession and secrecy as a legislative issue.121. Daniels KR. Infertility Counselling: The Need for a Psychosocial Perspective. British Journal of Social Work. 1993;23(5):501-15.

counselling, infertility, support groups, professions, psychosocial, social attitudes, stress, social support, policy, ethics, social workers: counselling, infertility, support groups, professions, psychosocial, social attitudes, stress, social support, policy, ethics, social workers.

This paper argues for a psychosocial perspective on infertility counselling in which the social issues are given greater emphasis than they are being given currently. A case study is used to explore a variety of psychosocial issues realating to infertility and to make suggestions with regard to responses that can be made to these issues.

122. Daniels KR, Stjerna I. Infertility: The Social Work Contribution. Socionomen. 1993;6(2 (Research suppl no 3)):41-46.

infertility, social work, psychosocial, multidisciplinary teams, crisis, relationship model, adoption, policy, family-centred: infertility, social work, psychosocial, multidisciplinary teams, crisis, relationship model, adoption, policy, family-centred.

Overview article which is concerned with stimulating debate about the psychosocial aspects of infertility and also aims to highlight the contribution that social workers can make to this field.

123. Daniels KR, Taylor K. Secrecy and openness in donor insemination. Politics & the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):155-170.

secrecy, openness, semen donors, recipients, offspring, families, practice, policy, doctors, adoption, regulation, rights, anonymity,: secrecy, openness, semen donors, recipients, offspring, families, practice, policy, doctors, adoption, regulation, rights, anonymity,.

Explores the issues surrounding the notions of secrecy and openness in DI. Secrecy in DI is placed in its historical context, with an outline of some of the main reasons it has been advocated. Openness is then introduced and some of the arguments for a more open approach presented. Outlines responses of various governments and social policy implications. It is concluded that more openness would be advantageous to all of those involved. Couples, professionals, and policymakers are therefore urged to re-examine their views about the need for maintaining secrecy in this area.

124. Dearlove JC. Who should pay for in vitro fertilisation? British Medical Journal. 1993;307(31 July):324.

IVF, economics, Catholic, clinics, feminism, women, infertility: IVF, economics, Catholic, clinics, feminism, women, infertility.

This letter reports on the policies of pro-life groups to providing finance to poorer infertile women wishing to undertake IVF. They won't. Individual clinics or feminist reproductive rights groups might.

125. Dell SJ. Community Attitudes - to the Use of Donor Semen for HIV Couples. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 10th Annual Scientific Meeting; Lorne, Australia; 1991.

HIV, social attitudes, DI, interests of child, semen donors, infertility, couples, ethics: HIV, social attitudes, DI, interests of child, semen donors, infertility, couples, ethics.

This study of community attitudes to HIV couples having access to DI discusses various ethical and practical issues. The results of this study were not presented in the abstract in the conference proceedings.

126. Demyttenaere K, Nijs P, Evers-Kiebooms G, Koninckx PR. Coping, Ineffectiveness of Coping and The Psychoendocrinological Stress Responses During In-Vitro Fertilization. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1991;35(2-3):231-43.

coping skills, psychological, stress, medical aspects, women, IVF, ET: coping skills, psychological, stress, medical aspects, women, IVF, ET.

This study looks at the relationship between coping skills, psychology, drug usage and infertility in women undergoing IVF and ET.

127. Demyttenaere K, Nijs P, Evers-Kiebooms G, Koninckx PR. Coping and the Ineffectiveness of Coing Influence the Outcome of In-Vitro Fertilization Through Stress Responses. Psychosoneuroendocrinology. 1992;17(6):655-65.

coping skills, psychological, stress, medical aspects, women, IVF: coping skills, psychological, stress, medical aspects, women, IVF.

This study looks at the relationship between coping skills, psychology, drug usage and infertility in women undergoing IVF and ET.

128. Denny E. The experience of in vitro fertilization and gamete intra-fallopian transfer. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1993;18:511-7.

IVF, GIFT, women, stress, feminism, technology, infertility, drugs, process: IVF, GIFT, women, stress, feminism, technology, infertility, drugs, process.

This qualitative study of women undergoing IVF and GIFT, reports on their feelings at various points in the process. Seeks to do practical feminist research.

129. Dewarle BK. Open Adoption. The Canadian Nurse. 1992;88(3):14-16.

adoption, law, openness, parenthood, interests of child, identity, infertility, couples, nurses, Canada: adoption, law, openness, parenthood, interests of child, identity, infertility, couples, nurses, Canada.

This paper discusses the pro's and con's of open adoption in Canada.

130. Dickey RP, Olar TT, Lee S, Mascarenhas L. Hormone treatment for infertility: Restriction won't prevent multiple pregnancies: A chance for those who won't pay for IVF. British Medical Journal. 1993;307(13 November):1281-2.

IVF, doctors, drugs, medical aspects, pregnancy, USA, economics, Denmark, UK, regulation, policy: IVF, doctors, drugs, medical aspects, pregnancy, USA, economics, Denmark, UK, regulation, policy.

These two letters discuss the economics and effectiveness of the use of certain drugs to prevent multiple pregnancies.131. Diedrich K. The embryo protection law after the unification of Germany. Focus on Reproduction. 1991;1:7.

Germany, embryos, prohibition, law: Germany, embryos, prohibition, law.

not seen, source of reference, Shenfield, 1994.

132. Dietrich H. Social Control of Surrogacy in Australia: A Feminist Perspective. In: Holmes HB, ed. Issues in Reproductive Technology 1: An Anthology. New York: Garland; 1992.

Australia, feminism, ethics, law, assisted reproduction, women, surrogacy, prohibition, commercialisation, policy, technology, family, abortion, adoption, medicalisation, gender: Australia, feminism, ethics, law, assisted reproduction, women, surrogacy, prohibition, commercialisation, policy, technology, family, abortion, adoption, medicalisation, gender.

This chapter presents the arguments of a dissenting member of the Australian NBCC committee for the prohibition of surrogacy.

133. Dolley M. Controls urged for Denmark's private infertility clinics. British Medical Journal. 1993;307(11 September):643-4.

Denmark, licensing, doctors, infertility, IVF, drugs, DI, egg donation, legislation: Denmark, licensing, doctors, infertility, IVF, drugs, DI, egg donation, legislation.

This piece looks at recent cases in Denmark in which doctors performed procedures in contravention of laws. In particular one law in which women are forbidden from bearing children to which they are not biologically related.

134. Domar AD, Zuttermeister PC, Seibel M, Benson H. Psychological improvement in infertile women after behavioural treatment: a replication. Fertility and Sterility. 1992;58(1):144-7.

psychological, support groups, women, infertility, coping skills,: psychological, support groups, women, infertility, coping skills,.

This study of 52 women undergoing infertility treatments found a significant psychological improvement in them associated with their attendence at a behavioural treatment programme. This programme involved the teaching of relaxation techniques and reduced the womens' depression, anxiety and anger.

135. Domar AD, Zuttermeister PC, Friedman R. The psychological impact of infertility: a comparison with patients with other medical conditions. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993;14(Special Issue):45-52.

women, stress, psychological, USA, divorce, psychosocial, infertility, medical aspects, doctors: women, stress, psychological, USA, divorce, psychosocial, infertility, medical aspects, doctors.

This paper compares the psychological syptoms of infertile women with those suffering from other medical conditions. It finds that they are similar to some other conditions but less intense than others. Recommends that standard medical psychosocial interventions be applied in the case of infertility. It is noted that the distress associated with infertility is greater than generally perceived by doctors.

136. Douglas G. Access to assisted reproduction: legal and other criteria for eligibility: Cardiff Law School/Nuffield Foundation; 1992.

137. Douglas G, Young C. Findings from a Survey of ISSUE members. In: Wales Uo, ed. University of Wales: Unpublished; 1992.

138. Douglas G, Lowe NV. Becoming a Parent in English Law. The Law Quarterly Review. 1992;108:414-32.

parenthood, UK, law, history, couples, legislation, blood bond, motherhood, fatherhood, posthumous, sperm semen donors, adoption, assisted reproduction, interests of child, single women, lesbian, licensing, regulation, anonymity, doctors, surrogacy, egg donors: parenthood, UK, law, history, couples, legislation, blood bond, motherhood, fatherhood, posthumous, sperm semen donors, adoption, assisted reproduction, interests of child, single women, lesbian, licensing, regulation, anonymity, doctors, surrogacy, egg donors.

This is an overview of English law in relation to parenthood, ART's and adoption. It makes suggestions for reform.

139. Dublin S, Blatner WA, White GC, Goedert JJ. Procreation and HIV. The Lancet. 1993;342(November 13):1241-2.

HIV, social attitudes, adoption, DI, couples: HIV, social attitudes, adoption, DI, couples.

This letter notes the problem of people with HIV who which to procreate, and the social pressure to do so.

140. Duke RC, Speidel JJ. Women's Reproductive Health. A Chronic Crisis. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1991;266(13: October 2):1846-7.

women, family, abortion, STD's, pregnancy: women, family, abortion, STD's, pregnancy.

Outlines reproductive health issues for women.141. Dunkel-Schetter C, Lobel M. Psychological Reactions to Infertility. In: Stanton AL, Dunkel-Schetter C, eds. Perspectives from Stress and Coping Research. New York: Plenum; 1991.

psychological, psychosocial, infertility, stress, couples, methods, assisted reproduction, process, grief, anxiety, family, social attitudes, sexuality, parenthood, identity, gender, men, women, counselling, IVF, coping skills: psychological, psychosocial, infertility, stress, couples, methods, assisted reproduction, process, grief, anxiety, family, social attitudes, sexuality, parenthood, identity, gender, men, women, counselling, IVF, coping skills.

This comprehensive review of articles on the psychological effects of infertility on couples looks at both anecdotal and empirical research articles. The anecdotal articles emphasise the stress of infertility, while the empirical articles find overall that there is no difference between infertile and control groups in stress levels. Reasons are suggested for this discrepancy. It is suggested that generalisations about reactionx to infertility are difficult to make. Grieving processes, sexuality, gender differences, changes in social relationships, worldview, and self identity are also discussed.

142. Dunnington RM, Estok PJ. Potential Pychological Attachments Formed by Donors Involved in Fertility Technology - Another Side to Infertility. Nurse Practitioner. 1991(November 1991):41-8.

semen donors, egg donors, surrogacy, parenthood, DI, IVF, ET, adoption, psychological, stress, counselling, doctors, infertility, blood bond, law, secrecy, openness, offspring: semen donors, egg donors, surrogacy, parenthood, DI, IVF, ET, adoption, psychological, stress, counselling, doctors, infertility, blood bond, law, secrecy, openness, offspring.

This paper discusses the potential psychological experiences of donors and other reliquishing participants in the ART process. It notes that such involvement involves a decision to faciltate genetic or gestational functions and to relinquish social parenthood. It looks at egg, sperm and embryo donors, and surrogate mothers separately, comparing the latter situation to adoption. It concludes by emphasising the importance of counselling and the role of doctors in insuring donors etc. are not exploited.

143. Durna E, Bebe J, Leader L, Garrett D, Hutchings F, Steigrad S. Do Parents of Donor Insemination Children Inform them of their Origin? Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 10th Annual Scientific Meeting; Lorne, Australia; 1991.

offspring, secrecy, family, couples, DI, Australia: offspring, secrecy, family, couples, DI, Australia.

This study of approximately 300 couples who had had children through DI found that 10% of couples had told their children at a mean age of 5.7 years. In contrast 67% had told their friends or family. Of those who had told 73% had worries about the situation. It was also found that if children are not told early they are more likely not to be told at all. The abstract in the conference handbook does not present all the relevant results.

144. Edelmann RJ, Connolly RJ, Cooke ID, Robson J. Psychogenic infertility: some findings. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991;12:163-8.

male infertility, female infertility, psychological, gender, stress: male infertility, female infertility, psychological, gender, stress.

This study of couples who had undergone infertility treatment and controls concludes that infertility causes psychological stress rather than being caused by it.

145. Editorial. Sound embryo ruling. Nature. 1992;357(11 June):425-6.

law, embryos, USA, ethics, IVF, regulation,: law, embryos, USA, ethics, IVF, regulation,.

This paper discusses a USA legal case in which frozen embryos were declared not to have full human rights and could therefore be discarded.

146. Editorial. Rationing infertility services. The Lancet. 1993;342(8866):251-2.

doctors, infertility, couples, policy, technology, USA, UK, assisted reproduction, IVF, GIFT, DI: doctors, infertility, couples, policy, technology, USA, UK, assisted reproduction, IVF, GIFT, DI.

This editorial looks at the issues of public policy in relation to funding ART programmes in the USA and UK. It compares IVF and DI in relation to this.

147. Edwards J, Franklin S, Hirsch E, Price F, Strathern M. Technologies of Procreation. Kinship in the Age of Assisted Conception. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1993.

assisted reproduction, technology, family, UK, social attitudes, regulation, legislation, HFEA, post menopausal, couples, infertility, practice, policy, doctors: assisted reproduction, technology, family, UK, social attitudes, regulation, legislation, HFEA, post menopausal, couples, infertility, practice, policy, doctors.

This is an anthroplogicallly based book looking at kin relations in the UK in relation to new reproductive technologies. It includes two qualitative studies of kin groups, a discussion of clinical practice, an analysis of the HFEA debate in the UK parliament and a discussion of regulatory issues.

148. Engelhardt Jr HT, Wildes KW. The artificial donation of human gametes. Ballieres Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991;5(3):637-58.

DI, ethics, semen donors, family, social attuitudes, religion, consent, Christianity, Judaism, Islam, egg donation, philosophy, sexuality, Catholic, rights, interests of child, telling the child, screening, matching, sex selection, anonymity, consanguinity, doctors, guidelines, practice, health professionals: DI, ethics, semen donors, family, social attuitudes, religion, consent, Christianity, Judaism, Islam, egg donation, philosophy, sexuality, Catholic, rights, interests of child, telling the child, screening, matching, sex selection, anonymity, consanguinity, doctors, guidelines, practice, health professionals.

This paper looks at ethical, religious and philosophical issues in relation to DI, egg donation etc. It it notes that ouside of religious moral frameworks the secular approaches to these issue emphasise the consent of various prties involved and the rights of various individuals. Presents guidelines for health professionals and other participants working in this area.

149. Erin CA, Harris J. Surrogacy. Bailliere's Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991;5(3 (Septmeber)):611-35.

surrogacy, ethics, technology, assisted reproduction, DI, IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, SET, post menopausal, family, motherhood, scientists, semen, donors, egg donors, law, UK, legislation, embryos, rights, commercialisation, payment, parenthood, scientists, genetic engineering: surrogacy, ethics, technology, assisted reproduction, DI, IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, SET, post menopausal, family, motherhood, scientists, semen, donors, egg donors, law, UK, legislation, embryos, rights, commercialisation, payment, parenthood, scientists, genetic engineering.

This paper looks at ethical aspects of various types of surrogacy. It discusses, relational issues, advances in technology, commercialisation, and fitness of parents issues.

150. Ewing CobotNWsCC. Manufacturing Babies. What Reproductive Technologies Mean to Women. Canberra: National Women's Consultative Council; 1992.

infertility, women, assisted reproduction, ICSI, medical aspects, couples, IVF, pregnancy rates, economics, counselling, psychosocial, stress, adoption, legislation, Australia, culture, social attitudes, ethics, media, prevention, embryos, disability, eugenics, drugs, disability, research, genetic screening: infertility, women, assisted reproduction, ICSI, medical aspects, couples, IVF, pregnancy rates, economics, counselling, psychosocial, stress, adoption, legislation, Australia, culture, social attitudes, ethics, media, prevention, embryos, disability, eugenics, drugs, disability, research, genetic screening.

This book introduces ARTs and the issues surrounding them. Focusses particulalry on IVF. Looks at psychosocial, cultural, ethical and legislative issues and social attitudes to infertility and ARTs. Contains a good list of contact organisations about ARTs and infertility issues in Australia, and a reading list.151. Federal Medical Council of Brazil. Federal Medical Council of Brazil adopts resolutions on criteria for death and on medically assisted procreation. International Digest of Health Legislation. 1992;45(1: 1994):100-102.

assisted reproduction, research, embryos, surrogacy, records, secrecy, regulation, Brazil, practice, law, legislation, DI: assisted reproduction, research, embryos, surrogacy, records, secrecy, regulation, Brazil, practice, law, legislation, DI.

This legislation outlines the Brazilian legal and regulatory position on assisted reproduction. Confidentiality of donor and recipient identity is mainained. It is illegal for clinic staff to donate semen. It is illegal to conduct therapeutic or other interventions on embryos after 14 days. Special permission must be gained for non-family surrogacies to be allowed, and no commercialisation of surrogacy. Any women with or without partner may have access to ARTs. Informed consent must be given by all parties in assisted reproduction.

152. Feinman M, Sher G, Massaranni G, et al. High fecundity rates in donor oocyte recipients and in-vitro fertilization surrogates using parenteral oestradiol valerate. Human Reproduction. 1993;8(1):1145-47.

medical aspects, IVF, surrogacy, egg donation: medical aspects, IVF, surrogacy, egg donation.

A report on the success of a particular hormonal treatment in improving the number of pregnancies occuring in IVF surrogacy cycles.

153. Fergusson-Smith ME. Ethical and Legal Implications in IVF and Prenatal Diagnosis in the UK. Prenatal Diagnosis. 1991;11:661-70.

ethics, law, UK, IVF, pregnancy, women, doctors, embryos, research, scientists, regulation, prohibition, parenthood, payment, semen donors, genetic engineering, doctors, religion, philosophy, social attitudes: ethics, law, UK, IVF, pregnancy, women, doctors, embryos, research, scientists, regulation, prohibition, parenthood, payment, semen donors, genetic engineering, doctors, religion, philosophy, social attitudes.

This paper summarises the contemporary regulation of IVF, embryo research, and abortion and discusses ethical issues in relation to this.

154. Fertility Society of Australia (The) RTAC. Code of Practice for Units using In Vitro Fertilisation and Related Reproductive Technologies. Australia: Fertility Society of Australia (The), Reproductive Technology Accreditation Committee; 1992.

155. Fischer S, Gillman I. Surrogate Motherhood: Attachment, Attitudes and Social Support. Psychiatry. 1991;54(February):13-20.

surrogacy, social attitudes, social support, motherhood, pregnancy, payment, motivation, women, abortion, family, psychological, blood bond, couples: surrogacy, social attitudes, social support, motherhood, pregnancy, payment, motivation, women, abortion, family, psychological, blood bond, couples.

This study of surrogate and non-surrogate mothers experience of pregnancy found that surrogates had mixed motives in offering to be a surrogate, became less attached to the child, and received less social and familial support.

156. Fisher R. Hamilton Talk. Hamilton, NZ: Speech given at.; 1993.

157. Fox RC, Swazey JP. Spare Parts: Organ Replacement in American Society. N.Y.: Oxford University Press; 1992.

organ donation, gift, commercialism, altruism: organ donation, gift, commercialism, altruism.

Has chapters on organ transplantation as gift exchange; and the theme of the "gift". Mauss' work is examined, past and current practice and policy in the procurement and provision of organs, they gift dynamics for the individuals involved and the societal implications. The authors had written an earlier book entitled "The Courage to Fail. A Social View of Organ Transplants and Dialysis". They believe that the giving and receiving of a gift of enormous value is the most significant meaning of human organ transplantation.

158. Franklin S. Surrogacy on three continents. Bulletin of Medical Ethics. 1991(February):13-18.

surrogacy, rights, anthropolgy, Australia, USA, UK, doctors, ethics, law, motherhood, commercialisation, interests of child, policy, guidelines, family, prohibition, age, infertility, women, couples, parenthood, medical aspects, medicalisation, IVF, selection, culture, social attitudes: surrogacy, rights, anthropolgy, Australia, USA, UK, doctors, ethics, law, motherhood, commercialisation, interests of child, policy, guidelines, family, prohibition, age, infertility, women, couples, parenthood, medical aspects, medicalisation, IVF, selection, culture, social attitudes.

This paper compares three committee reports from Australia, USA and UK in regard to their attitudes to surrogacy. Looks at medicalisation, interests of child, commercialisation etc.

159. Freeman EW. Lecture on Surrogacy by Professor Freeman; 1991.

160. Freeman MDA. The Unscrambling of Egg Donation. In: McLean S, ed. Law Reform and Human Reproduction; 1992.

egg donors, medical aspects, IVF, known donors, UK, law, payment, abortion, USA, ethics, legislation, policy, blood bond, parenthood, records, adoption, openness, telling the child, egg banks, Australia, identity, adoption, doctors: egg donors, medical aspects, IVF, known donors, UK, law, payment, abortion, USA, ethics, legislation, policy, blood bond, parenthood, records, adoption, openness, telling the child, egg banks, Australia, identity, adoption, doctors.

This paper looks predominantly at legal issues in relation to egg donation, but also issues of blood bond the possibility of egg banks and issue surrounding known donors.161. Garbarino J. Reinventing Fatherhood. Families in Society: the Journal of Contemporary Human Services. 1993(January):51-4.

fatherhood, social attitudes, culture, motherhood, parenthood, technology, women, history, family, men, interests of child, social change, child development: fatherhood, social attitudes, culture, motherhood, parenthood, technology, women, history, family, men, interests of child, social change, child development.

This paper looks at the negative effects of distant fatherhood and suggests ways of overcoming this.

162. Gardner S. New Jersey Q & A: Paul W. Armstrong; A Search for Standards in Bioethics Law. The New York Times. New York; 1992.

163. Garner C. Principles of Infertility Nursing: CRC Press; 1991.

psychosocial, nursing, infertility, assisted reproduction,: psychosocial, nursing, infertility, assisted reproduction,.

not seen, see IVF coordinators ... 1992.

164. Gennaro S, Klein A, Miranda L. Health Policy Dilemmas Related to High Technology Infertility Services. IMAGE: Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 1992;24(3):191-4.

infertility, assisted reproduction, couples, economics, USA, technology, ethics, IVF, GIFT, ET, insurance, pregnancy rates, medical spects, practice, abortion, family, multiple pregnancy, policy: infertility, assisted reproduction, couples, economics, USA, technology, ethics, IVF, GIFT, ET, insurance, pregnancy rates, medical spects, practice, abortion, family, multiple pregnancy, policy.

This paper looks at the costs of various ARTs and also the indirect costs associated with higher rates of ectopic pregnancies, low birth rate babies etc. It looks at the USA health care and health insurance system. It comments that these technologies may be particularly susceptible to cost containment policies.

165. Genuis SJ, Chang W, Genuis SK. Public attitudes in Edmonton toward assisted reproductive technology. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1993;149(2):153-61.

Canada, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, egg donation, DI, multiple pregnancy, embryos, cryopreservation, research, surrogacy, sex selection, regulation, doctors, technology, religion, education, economics, gender, age, infertility, couples, openness, telling the child, anonymity: Canada, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, egg donation, DI, multiple pregnancy, embryos, cryopreservation, research, surrogacy, sex selection, regulation, doctors, technology, religion, education, economics, gender, age, infertility, couples, openness, telling the child, anonymity.

This study of 455 Canadians found that a majority supported embryos freezing and surrogacy, and that there was mixed support for actually donating sperm or eggs themselves. Majority thought ARTs should be regulated. Infertile respondents also favoured offspring being able to find out about biological parents. Religion strongly effected response.

166. Gillett WR, Martin WL, Romans SE. Reversal of female sterilisation: outcome of 210 referrals. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1993;106:173-5.

sterilisation, women, medical aspects, class, psychosocial, ethics, policy, economics: sterilisation, women, medical aspects, class, psychosocial, ethics, policy, economics.

This paper looks at the demographics of women who seek sterilisation, those who later change their minds, and those who do get sterilised and then regret this decision. Looks at this in relation to cost containment.

167. Glazer ES. New Conceptions, New Dilemmas. Insights into Infertility. A Newsletter... 1992;Winter 1992:5.

assisted reproduction, social attitudes, medical aspects, psychosocial, stress, couples: assisted reproduction, social attitudes, medical aspects, psychosocial, stress, couples.

This article looks at the issues for couples raised by increasing number of reproductive options that ART's have made available. The issues it lists are: The question of how aggressive to be; Questions related to age; The decision to refuse treatment; Decisions around the sequence of treatments; The Dilemma of when to end treatment.

168. Godley E. AIDS court case could lead to higher costs, CMA spokesman warns. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1992;146( 2: January 15):227,229, 231.

DI, HIVC, doctors, law, Canada, cryopreservation, screening, semen donors, clinics: DI, HIVC, doctors, law, Canada, cryopreservation, screening, semen donors, clinics.

This paper reports on a Canadian case where a doctor was successfully sued for not screening his donors for AIDS with the result that a DI patient contracted this disease.

169. Golombok S. Psychological functioning in infertility patients. Human Reproduction. 1992;7(2):208-212.

infertility, psychosocial, IVF, DI, anxiety, depression, assisted reproduction, stress, counselling, lesbian, single women, secrecy, interests of child: infertility, psychosocial, IVF, DI, anxiety, depression, assisted reproduction, stress, counselling, lesbian, single women, secrecy, interests of child.

This review notes that their has been little research into the efficacy of various types of counselling from the consumers' points of view, or of the effect of anxiety on the success of ARTs. It notes that depression and anger are common among couples who have experienced unsuccessful IVF treatments. It also addresses issues of what the effect of telling or not telling ART children about their origins has on them. It then looks at the issue of ART treatments for lesbian and single women.

170. Golombok S, Cook R, Bish A, Murray C. Quality of parenting in families created by the new reproductive technologies: a brief report of preliminary findings. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1993;14(Special Issue):17-22.

assisted reproduction, family, adoption, DI, IVF, parenthood, psychosocial, psychological, stress, motherhood, fatherhood, blood bond, child development: assisted reproduction, family, adoption, DI, IVF, parenthood, psychosocial, psychological, stress, motherhood, fatherhood, blood bond, child development.

This study of families conceived naturally , through DI and IVF and families created through adoption, found that the quality of parenting in the families created using assisted reproduction was greater than in the natural families. Paper concludes that quality of parenting has more to do with a strong desire to have children than genetic linkage.171. Golombok S. Editorial. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1993;14(Special Issue):1-3.

family, child development, IVF, assisted reproduction, parenthood, DI, egg donation, telling the child, doctors, adoption, lesbian, couples, social attitudes, stress, women, psychological, policy: family, child development, IVF, assisted reproduction, parenthood, DI, egg donation, telling the child, doctors, adoption, lesbian, couples, social attitudes, stress, women, psychological, policy.

This is a summary of the contents of this issue of the Journal on assisted reproduction and associated issues. This includes access issues, especially for lesbians, child development issues, and secrecy and telling the child concerns.

172. Goode CJH, Sandra J. Oocyte donation and IVF: the nurses role with ethical and legal issues. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 1992;22(2):107-111.

IVF, oocyte donation, donors, ethics, nurse: IVF, oocyte donation, donors, ethics, nurse.

The paper describes the nurse's role in the IVF and oocyte donation programmes, considering the procedures, the legal and ethical issues, such as anonymity secrecy, autonomy, compensation for donation, rearing rights, and consent. She concludes that the IVF nurse has a key role in assuring excellence to the programme, adhering to high standards of performance.

173. Gottlieb C, Kvist U. Donor insemination in Sweden. Workshop on sperm donation, ethical and medical questions,. Presented at the organised by CECOS and Commission of the European Communities; Paris, France; 1993.

ethics, medical aspects, Sweden, DI, semen donors, policy, practice: ethics, medical aspects, Sweden, DI, semen donors, policy, practice.

not seen.

174. Gray C. Controversial "reprotech " royal commission faces growing criticism. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1991;145(10: November 15):1371--3.

Canada, assisted reproduction, women, family, infertility, religion, doctors, health professionals, research, embryos, IVF, ethics, surrogacy, DI, social attitudes: Canada, assisted reproduction, women, family, infertility, religion, doctors, health professionals, research, embryos, IVF, ethics, surrogacy, DI, social attitudes.

This is a report on the proceedings of the Royal Canadian Commission on New Reproductive Technologies. It looks at criticism of the report and its potential recommendations.

175. Grazi RV, Wolowelsky JB. Multifetal pregnancy reduction and disposal of untransplanted embryos in contemporary Jewish law and ethics. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991;165(5 (1)):1268-71.

religion, ethics, Judaism, Catholic, multiple pregnancy, abortion, embryos, law, sex selection, genetic screening, prohibition: religion, ethics, Judaism, Catholic, multiple pregnancy, abortion, embryos, law, sex selection, genetic screening, prohibition.

This paper present recent Jewish rulings on embryo and ART related issues. It finds them to be less prohibitive than the recent Catholic pronouncements.

176. Grazi RV, Wolowelsky J. Homologous Artificial Insemination (AIH) and Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) in Roman Catholicism and Halakhic Judaism. International Journal of Fertility. 1993;38(2):75-8.

religion, Judaism, Catholic, GIFT, AIH, ethics, assisted reproduction, health professionals, technology, couples, family: religion, Judaism, Catholic, GIFT, AIH, ethics, assisted reproduction, health professionals, technology, couples, family.

This paper looks at the responses of Catholicism and Judaism to AIH and GIFT, and the impact of ARTs on families and procreation.

177. Greenfeld DA. Infertility and reproductive medicine clinics of North America: psychological issues in infertility. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.; 1993.

infertility, assisted reproduction, clinics, psychological, psychosocial, couples, doctors, semen donors, egg donors, USA, Canada, practice: infertility, assisted reproduction, clinics, psychological, psychosocial, couples, doctors, semen donors, egg donors, USA, Canada, practice.

not seen.

178. Greenwald M. The ter Neuzen case: impossible standards. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1992;146(10):1696.

HIV, doctors, Canada, law, screening: HIV, doctors, Canada, law, screening.

This letter discusses the case of a doctor who unintentionally inseminated a women with HIV contaminated semen.

179. Greil AL. Not Yet Pregnant. Infertile Couples in Contemporary America. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press; 1991.

DI, IVF, assisted reproduction, psychosocial, psychological, social attitudes, couples, doctors, health professionals, USA, infertility, stress, counselling, gender, policy, methods, feminism, social class, ethics, blood bond, eugenics, genetic engineering, family, parenthood, regulation, law, legislation, rights, medicalisation, technology, identity: DI, IVF, assisted reproduction, psychosocial, psychological, social attitudes, couples, doctors, health professionals, USA, infertility, stress, counselling, gender, policy, methods, feminism, social class, ethics, blood bond, eugenics, genetic engineering, family, parenthood, regulation, law, legislation, rights, medicalisation, technology, identity.

This book contains a study of infertile couples, and their experience of infertility and ART's. It concentrates on the US social context within which infertility is occuring, responds to various arguments about the positive and negative aspects of ART's and makes policy recommendations.

180. Haimes E. Gamete donation and the management of genetic origins. In: Stacey M, ed. Changing Human Reproduction. London: Sage; 1992.

motherhood, surrogacy, fatherhood, DI, embryos, egg donation, secrecy, anonymity, policy, psychosocial, telling the child, UK, law, semen donors, egg donors, Sweden, Australia, adoption, parenthood, family, blood bond, identity, rights, psychological, interests of child, couples: motherhood, surrogacy, fatherhood, DI, embryos, egg donation, secrecy, anonymity, policy, psychosocial, telling the child, UK, law, semen donors, egg donors, Sweden, Australia, adoption, parenthood, family, blood bond, identity, rights, psychological, interests of child, couples.

This paper looks at the different sorts of family arrangements that are possible through ARTs, and the implications of their being several mothers and fathers for some offspring. It looks particularly at the arguments of proponents on both sides of the anonymity issue, and the similarities in their concern for 'the family'. It suggests ways of resolving this conflict.181. Haimes E. Theory and methodology in the analysis of the policy process: a case study of the Warnock Committee on Human Fertilisation and Embryology. In: Hill M, ed. New Agendas in the Study of the Policy Process. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf; 1993.

policy, methods, UK, assisted reproduction, offspring, family, psychosocial, blood bond, identity, telling the child, openness, anonymity, infertility, ET, surrogacy, psychological, history, secrecy, feminist: policy, methods, UK, assisted reproduction, offspring, family, psychosocial, blood bond, identity, telling the child, openness, anonymity, infertility, ET, surrogacy, psychological, history, secrecy, feminist.

This paper discusses the methodology of, and the results obtained from, the authors' 1990 thesis on the deliberations of the Warnock committee, in which she interviewed the committee members about their ideas of policy, family, ARTS, infertility, secrecy and openness etc.

182. Haimes E. Secrecy and Openess in Donor Insemination: A Sociological Comment on Daniels and Taylor. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):178-9.

secrecy, DI, family, gender, social attitudes, history: secrecy, DI, family, gender, social attitudes, history.

This response to Daniels and Taylor's article in the same volume supports their argument for greater openess in regards to DI. The author however problematises the dominance of the'normal' heterosexual family viewpoint, and questions; whether non-DI families do operate on the basis of trust and openess, and if they do, whether this is entirely a 'good' thing. She calls for a greater examination of such concepts as anonymity, confidentiality, privacy, and of the context in which they are used.

183. Haimes E. Issues of gender in gamete donation. Social Science and Medicine. 1993;36(1):85-93.

gender, egg donation, DI, policy, semen, oocytes, Committees, UK, Warnock, motivation, altruism, sexuality, gender, social attitdes: gender, egg donation, DI, policy, semen, oocytes, Committees, UK, Warnock, motivation, altruism, sexuality, gender, social attitdes.

This article presents the results of an analysis of the Warnock report and interviews of members of the commission that produced this report. It looks at how understandings of gender and gender relations have led to the process of egg donation being perceived as being altruistic, clinical and asexual, whereas, semen donation and the motivations of male donors have been seen as being more questionable.

184. Haimes EV. Do clinicians benefit from gamete donor anonymity? Human Reproduction. 1993;8(9):1518-20.

doctors, anonymity, telling the child, openness, couples, semen donors, offspring, family, law, psychosocial, history, egg donation, egg donors, DI: doctors, anonymity, telling the child, openness, couples, semen donors, offspring, family, law, psychosocial, history, egg donation, egg donors, DI.

This paper addresses its title issue, and looks at the history of and recent changes in donor insemination which may make doctors change their attitudes more to wards favouring openness in egg donation and DI.

185. Hallebone EL. Non-Genetic Mothers and Their 'Own' children: Infertility and IVF Donor Birth. Australian Journal of Social Issues. 1991;26(2, May):122-36.

Australia, IVF, egg donation, economics, ethics, philosophy, known donors, parenthood, social attitudes, openness, secrecy, identity, family, law, feminism, infertility, medicalisation, pregnancy, psychosocial, stress, Christianity, Catholic, blood bond, egg donors, telling the child, social support, technology: Australia, IVF, egg donation, economics, ethics, philosophy, known donors, parenthood, social attitudes, openness, secrecy, identity, family, law, feminism, infertility, medicalisation, pregnancy, psychosocial, stress, Christianity, Catholic, blood bond, egg donors, telling the child, social support, technology.

This study of 12 women who had successfully undergone IVF with egg donation, looks at the impact of the ideology of motherhood, of infertility on personal identity, at secrecy issues, social isolation etc.

186. Hallebone E. Reproductive Technology, Repressive Culture, and Nongenetic Mothers. Issues in Reproductive and Genetic Engineering. 1992;5(3):231-6.

IVF, motherhood, social attitudes, infertility, parenthood, egg donation, feminism, ethics, psychosocial, secrecy, motherhood, stress, economics, couples, family, technology: IVF, motherhood, social attitudes, infertility, parenthood, egg donation, feminism, ethics, psychosocial, secrecy, motherhood, stress, economics, couples, family, technology.

This study found that of 12 women giving birth to children with IVF and donor ova, the majority had not had a succint diagnosis of infertility, did not have adequate medical information, did not intend to tell their children about conception, and were in financial difficulties resulting from the cost of their treatment. Women in general had not experienced the possibilities of non-mothering roles, and felt the pressures brought about by secrecy.

187. Hallman LJ, Abbey A, Andrews FM. Why are couples satisfied with infertility treatment? Fertility and Sterility. 1993;59(5):1046-54.

infertility, couples, coping skills, gender, doctors, psychosocial, economics, men women, practice, assisted reproduction: infertility, couples, coping skills, gender, doctors, psychosocial, economics, men women, practice, assisted reproduction.

This study of infertile couples satisfaction with infertility treatment found that while there was general satisfaction with treatment, men who used escape as a coping skill were more likely to be dissatisfied, and women who felt they had less control over treatment and who went through more treatments were more likely to be dissatisfied.

188. Hanson MJ. A Pig in a Poke. Hastings Centre Report. 1992;Nov-Dec:2.

organ doning, ethics: organ doning, ethics.

This editorial describes various organ doning and animal organ transplant developments, and a variety of ethically dubious practices worldwide. It contrasts utilitarian concerns about prolonging life with understandings of human mortality.

189. Harbison J. Issues and challenges in human fertilization and embryology. The Psychologist. 1993(May):205-6.

licensing, regulation, UK, technology, counselling, couples, psychological, media, psychosocial, sociala ttitudes, sex selection, post menopausal, abortion, organ doning, embryos, research, ethics, assisted reproduction, law, IVF, known donors, family: licensing, regulation, UK, technology, counselling, couples, psychological, media, psychosocial, sociala ttitudes, sex selection, post menopausal, abortion, organ doning, embryos, research, ethics, assisted reproduction, law, IVF, known donors, family.

This paper outlines the situation in the UK with regards ARTs and embryo research, and looks at the psychological, ethical and technological issues currently being considered by the HFEA.

190. Harper J. From Secrecy to Surrogacy: Attitudes Towards Adoption in Australian Womens Journals 1947-1987. Australian Journal of Social Issues. 1992;27(1):3-16.

social attitudes, adoption, secrecy, records, anonymity, openness, couples, family, single women, infertility, media, women, feminism, telling the child, religion, Christainity, motherhood, policy, law, race, rights, IVF, assisted reproduction, identity, poverty, surrogacy, payment, Australia, DI: social attitudes, adoption, secrecy, records, anonymity, openness, couples, family, single women, infertility, media, women, feminism, telling the child, religion, Christainity, motherhood, policy, law, race, rights, IVF, assisted reproduction, identity, poverty, surrogacy, payment, Australia, DI.

This study of womens' magazines over a 40 year period reports on changes in attitudes; to secrecy with regards adoption, to single mothers and the keeping of children, to the role of women generally. Also looks at the impact of ARTs.191. Harris J. Wonderwoman and Superman. The Ethics of Human Biotechnology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1992.

ethics, research, embryos, commercialisation, genetic engineering, assisted reproduction, screening, insurance: ethics, research, embryos, commercialisation, genetic engineering, assisted reproduction, screening, insurance.

This book has the following chapter headings: The Art of the Possible; Research on Embryos; Origins and Terminuses; The Wrong of Wrongful Life; Commercial Exploitation; Changing the World; the New Breed; Screening and Discriminating; Record Breaking.

192. Harrison RF. Aims and Objectives in the Infertility Clinic: The Practical Issues. International Journal of Fertility. 1991;36(4):204-11.

clinics, infertility, practice, couples, pregnancy, assisted reproduction, coping skills, stress, motivation, psychological, parenthood, counselling, pergnancy rates, child free, support groups, health professionals: clinics, infertility, practice, couples, pregnancy, assisted reproduction, coping skills, stress, motivation, psychological, parenthood, counselling, pergnancy rates, child free, support groups, health professionals.

This paper looks at the motivations of couples presenting for infertility treatment and notes the importance of dealing empathically with patients and noting the effect of treatment failure on staff.

193. Henaghan M. Law Reform and Human Reproduction in New Zealand. In: McLean S, ed. Law Reform and Human Reproduction; 1992.

law, assisted reproduction, NZ, regulation, women, surrogacy, legislation, doctors, lawyers, parenthood, technology, couples, infertility, policy, interests of child, offspring, surrogacy, fatherhood, motherhood, single women, anonymity, telling the child, semen donors, Maori, recruitment, DI, ethics, reproductive rights, social attitudes, family, medicalisation: law, assisted reproduction, NZ, regulation, women, surrogacy, legislation, doctors, lawyers, parenthood, technology, couples, infertility, policy, interests of child, offspring, surrogacy, fatherhood, motherhood, single women, anonymity, telling the child, semen donors, Maori, recruitment, DI, ethics, reproductive rights, social attitudes, family, medicalisation.

This paper looks at legislation and policy relating to assisted reproduction in New Zealand. It discusses the Status of Children Amendment Act, the strength of the medical profession, surrogacy and DI, secrecy and openness.

194. Henry VL. A Tale of Three Women: A Survey of the Rights and Responsibilities of Unmarried Women Who Conceive by Alternative Insemination and a Model for Legislative Reform. American Journal of Law and Medicine. 1993;19(3):285-311.

law, legal, semen donors, DI, USA, couples, marriage, lesbians, single women, rights, media, social attitudes: law, legal, semen donors, DI, USA, couples, marriage, lesbians, single women, rights, media, social attitudes.

This article surveys the US legal situation with regard to the rights of women who have used DI in paternity cases. It contends that married women win paternity cases against donors. It notes that unmarried women (in all but one case), have not won paternity cases, and that non-biological parents of DI offspring have no rights in paternity cases except in cases where the biological parent is in agreement with them in paternity cases brought by donors, and in cases where they are being required to provide maintenance. It establishes principles upon which to base a more equitable system, and outlines a model for legislative reform.

195. HFEA HFaEA. Giving and receiving money or other benefits in respect of any supply of gametes or embryos; 1991.

196. HFEA. Code of Practice. London: Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority; 1993.

197. HFEA. Second Annual Report: Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority; 1993.

198. Holmes HB. Issues in Reproductive Technology 1. An Anthology. In: Inc. GP, ed. Garland Reference Library of the Social Sciences. New York: Garland Publishing Inc.; 1992.

199. Holmes HB. Reproductive Technologies. In: Becker LC, Becker CB, eds. The Encyclopedia of Ethics. New York: Garland Publishing Inc.; 1992.

assisted reproduction, feminism., technology, ethics, IVF, ET, DI, egg donation, genetic engineering, sex selection, genetic screening, embryos, Catholic, prohibition, research, couples, disability, eugenics, scientists, doctors, insurance, rights, regulation, reproductive rights, infertility, commodification, surrogacy, psychological, multiple pregnancy, family, stigma, consent, telling the child, secrecy, commercialisation, social attitudes: assisted reproduction, feminism., technology, ethics, IVF, ET, DI, egg donation, genetic engineering, sex selection, genetic screening, embryos, Catholic, prohibition, research, couples, disability, eugenics, scientists, doctors, insurance, rights, regulation, reproductive rights, infertility, commodification, surrogacy, psychological, multiple pregnancy, family, stigma, consent, telling the child, secrecy, commercialisation, social attitudes.

This encyclopedia entry categorises ARTs and looks at a variety of types of arguments for and against there use including; Naturalness; the Status of the Embryo; the Slippery Slope; Privacy, Autonomy and Government Regulation; the Right to Reproduce, the Purpose of Medicine; Safety; Efficacy; Consent; Human Experimentation; Commodification of Children; Confidentiality, Resource and Justice issues; the Compromising of Science; and Eugenics . Outlines a feminist analysis of the situation and looks at the types of information provided by government commissions and polls of social attitudes.

200. Holmes HB. Openness, Fatherhood, and Responsibility: A Feminist Analysis. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):180-2.

DI, secrecy, family, discrimination, social attitudes, male infertility, policy, ethics, prohibition: DI, secrecy, family, discrimination, social attitudes, male infertility, policy, ethics, prohibition.

This response to Daniels and Taylor's article in the same volume raises feminist concerns with the dualism of secrecy and openess associated with DI, and with the way in which DI can be used to reinforce aspects of patriachy. The author raises the possibility that descrimination may occur if too much is known about someones genetic background. She then concludes that since such a large number of ethical problems are associated with DI ( whether openess is practised or not), that DI should be stopped.201. Horne G, Hughes SM, Matson PL, Buck P, Lieberman BA. The recruitment of oocyte donors. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1993;100:877-8.

egg donors, recruitment, doctors, clinics, advertising, sterilisation, egg donation, IVF: egg donors, recruitment, doctors, clinics, advertising, sterilisation, egg donation, IVF.

This study of egg donors finds that of women who initially show interest in donating eggs, women who are recruited by docotors at sterilisation clinics are more likely to go ahead with donation than women who express an interests as a result of hearing about it in the media or from talking to friends.

202. Howe D. Assessing Adoptions in Difficulty. British Journal of Social Work. 1992;22:1-15.

adoption, family, psychosocial, counselling, child development, psychological, UK, infertility, identity: adoption, family, psychosocial, counselling, child development, psychological, UK, infertility, identity.

This paper provides a description of counselling work done with families with adopted children which are having psychosocial problems.

203. Howell RC. Kenyan Juridsprudence: The answer to western regulation of 'IVF'. In: Dickens BM, ed. Medicine and Law. The International Library of Essays in Law and Legal Theory. areas 20. Dartmouth, Aldershot, UK: B M Dickens; 1993.

IVF, marriage between females,law, tribal customs, surrogate parenting.: IVF, marriage between females,law, tribal customs, surrogate parenting.

This chapter explains the acknowledgement of surrogate parenting through a woman to woman marriage contract, which is not related to lesbianism, like in the Western countries. The author suggests that Western Jurisprudence can learn from Kenya's customary experiences and accept surrogate parenting for hire as just another contract, thus allowing freedom of choice.

204. Hughes EG, YoungLai EV, Ward SM. Cigarette smoking and outcomes of in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: a prospective cohort study. Human Reproduction. 1992;7(3):358-61.

IVF, couples, men, sperm quality, drugs, medical aspects, women, embryos, pregnancy rates, smoking: IVF, couples, men, sperm quality, drugs, medical aspects, women, embryos, pregnancy rates, smoking.

This study of smokers and non-smokers undergoing IVF treatment found that while female smoking did have a detrimental effect on the success of IVF treatment, and male smoking did have a detrimental effect on sperm quality it was found that low socio-econmic status had a possibly greater impact in relation to these factors.

205. Hull MGR. Infertility treatment: relative effectiveness of conventional and assisted conception methods. Human Reproduction. 1992;7(6):785-96.

infertility, male infertility, female infertility, treatment, drugs, DI, IVF, GIFT, age, sperm quality, medical aspects: infertility, male infertility, female infertility, treatment, drugs, DI, IVF, GIFT, age, sperm quality, medical aspects.

This paper looks at the effectiveness of various surgical, drug, and assisted conception (IVF, GIFT, DI etc.) approaches to resolving infertility in various situations, comparing them to rates of conception without treatment. Finds that DI is an effective treatment for male infertility but draws attention to the difficulty of deducing male infertility from sperm counts or sperm morphology.

206. Hull M, Setchell M, Howell R, Chapman MG. Assisted conception on NHS. British Medical Journal. 1992;305(26 September):771-2.

assisted reproduction, UK, economics, IVF, pregnancy rates, doctors, couples, infertility, clinics: assisted reproduction, UK, economics, IVF, pregnancy rates, doctors, couples, infertility, clinics.

This series of letters discus