infertility, parenthood, social attitudes, stress, psychological, couples, gender, psychosocial, sexuality, women, men: infertility, parenthood, social attitudes, stress, psychological, couples, gender, psychosocial, sexuality, women, men.
This study of 174 infertile couples and 74 presumed fertile couples who became parents, looks at the effects of parenthood on their well-being. It finds that infertile women who experience the greatest stress in relationship to infertility also experience the greatest benefits of parenthood (good quote). Infertile couples who became parents experienced less intimacy and sexual involvement with their partners than those who did not. Some infertile couples may have idealised childrearing ignoring its negative aspects.
2. Abbey A, Andrews FM, Halman LJ. Psychosocial Predictors of Life Quality. Journal of Family Issues. 1994;15(2):253-71.
couples, infertility, parenthood, psychosocial, sexuality, counselling, process, gender, sex roles: couples, infertility, parenthood, psychosocial, sexuality, counselling, process, gender, sex roles.
This article outlines the results of a longitudinal study of 174 infertile and 74 fertile couples, both parents and non-parents. The study looks at the effect of infertility and childbearing/rearing on both marital life quality and 'global' (meaning overall) life quality. Parenthood was associated with increased global life quality for infertile women and diminished marital life quality for everyone except fertile men. It notes that parenthood is often idealised by the infertile and advises professionals to be aware of this when counselling couples.
3. Abdalla HI. Ethical aspects of oocyte donation. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gyenacology. 1994;101:567-570.
oocyte, donors, maternal age: oocyte, donors, maternal age.
The author discusses ethical aspects of oocyte donation, considering age of recipients and donors, social impact of maternal age, outcomes, information sharing with the child, donor payment issues, risks to the donor, risks of fetal abnormalities, sources of eggs, including fetal and cadaveric sources, consent for donation. He also suggests counselling for recipient couples.
4. Abell A, Ernst E, Bonde JP. High sperm density among members of organic farmers' association. The Lancet. 1994;343(June 11):1498.
Denmark, sperm quality: Denmark, sperm quality.
This study found that the members of the Danish Organic Farmers' Association had higher sperm density than members of various blue collar trades.
5. Aboulghar MA, Serour GI, Mansour RT. Ethics and Assisted Reproduction in Egypt. In: Mori T, Tominaga T, Aono T, Hiroi M, eds. Perspectives in Assisted Reproduction. Tokyo: Ares-Serono Symposia Publications; 1994.
ethics, law, Egypt, Islam, Christianity, prohibition, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, IVF, research, couples: ethics, law, Egypt, Islam, Christianity, prohibition, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, IVF, research, couples.
This article outlines the Islamic and Coptic Christian position on assisted reproduction in Egypt and explains draft Egyptian Law in this area. The proposed law in agreement with Islamic principles forbids any situation whereby offspring are created otherwise than by a husband sperm and a wife's ova. Surrogacy is also forbidden. Therapeutic research on embryos etc. designed to assist in the treatment of infertility is permitted within the above principle, and with the consent of the husband and wife.
6. Alesi R, Anderson J. The Experience of Infertility: The Issues of Secrecy and Perceived Community Attitudes. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne, Australia; 1995.
couples, infertility, stigma, IVF, egg donation, DI, social attitudes, family, secrecy, telling the child, records, Australia, openness: couples, infertility, stigma, IVF, egg donation, DI, social attitudes, family, secrecy, telling the child, records, Australia, openness.
This study of couples undergoing IVF treatment both with and without donor gametes found that both groups were equally concerned about the stigma associated with their treatment. It found that the main factor influencing whether couples told people about their infertility and treatment was the perceived response of particular individuals. Two thirds of the sample were ready to inform their offspring about their conception and were accepting of the state of recording keeping donor information for offspring access at maturity.
7. Alsalili M, Yuzpe A, Tummon I, et al. Cumulative pregnancy rates and pregnancy outcome after in-vitro fertilization: >5000 cycles at one centre. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(2):470-7.
IVF, pregnancy rates, practice, clinics, ET, medical aspects, infertility: IVF, pregnancy rates, practice, clinics, ET, medical aspects, infertility.
This paper reports on the pregnancy rates of this clinic by various types of infertility.
8. American Fertility Society. Ethical Considerations of the New Reproductive Technologies. Fertility and Sterility. 1994;62(5: November):1991.
standards, IVF, GIFT, assisted reproduction, health professionals, research, medical aspects, practice, embryos, cryopreservation, clinics, ZIFT, ICSI, embryos, research, interests of child, DI, semen donors, egg donors, ET, couples, legislation, law, parenthood, genetic engineering: standards, IVF, GIFT, assisted reproduction, health professionals, research, medical aspects, practice, embryos, cryopreservation, clinics, ZIFT, ICSI, embryos, research, interests of child, DI, semen donors, egg donors, ET, couples, legislation, law, parenthood, genetic engineering.
This guideline sets out AFS standards on issues of personnel, safety and equipment in ART clinics, and on the ethics and advisability of various procedures. It also makes recommendations for policy and lobbying: Chapters are headed: : The basis for evaluation of an ethical position; The constitutional aspects of procreative liberty; American law and assisted reproductive technologies; Ethics and the assisted reproductive technologies; The moral right to reproduce and its limitations; Ethical concerns and public information; Ethical considerations of patents in reproductive medicine; The biologic characteristics of the preembryo; The moral and legal status of the preembryo; In vitro fertilization; Gamete intrafallopian transfer, Zygote intrafallopian transfer, Husband insemination; Donor insemination; Donor sperm in assisted reproduction; Donor sperm in in vitro fertilization; Donor oocytes in in vitro fertilization; The donation of preembryos; Additional procedures; The cryopreservation of oocytes; The cryopreservation of preembryos; Micro techniques; Preimplantation genetic diagnosis; Surrogate gestational mothers: women who gestate a genetically unrelated embryo; Surrogate mothers; Formation of policy for emerging reproductive technologies; Summary of points of special interest; Dissent on the use of third parties; Minimal genetic screen for gamete donors; Guidelines for Therapeutic Donor Insemination; Guidelines for Oocyte Donation; Revised Minimum standards for in vitro fertilization gamete intrafallopian transfer, and related procedures; Ethical considerations of the new reproductive technologies (AFS reaction to Catholic document on assisted reproduction issues).
9. American Fertility Society/ Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Assisted reproductive technology in the United States and Canada: 1992 results generated from American Fertility Society / Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Registry. Fertility and Sterility. 1994;62(6):1121-8.
USA, Canada, assisted reproduction, technology, clinics, practice, IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, egg donation, ET, surrogacy, women, embryos, cryopreservation, age: USA, Canada, assisted reproduction, technology, clinics, practice, IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, egg donation, ET, surrogacy, women, embryos, cryopreservation, age.
This summary of ART activity in USA and Canadian clinics in 1992 reports a 15% increase in the number of procedures, with a close to static success rate in comparison to earlier collected results. Younger women with no male factor diagnosis are more likely to be seuccessful in ARTs and there is an increase in the use of egg donation and embryo cryopreservation.
10. Anderson J, Alesi R. Personality Profiles of Semen and Oocyte Donors: A Comparison. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual Scientific Meeting; The Sheraton Hotel, Brisbane, Australia; 1994.
screening, oocyte donors, semen donors, psychological, Australia: screening, oocyte donors, semen donors, psychological, Australia.
This study looks at the psychological characteristics of Australian semen and oocyte donors and makes comparisons between them. The results are not presented in this abstract.11. Anderson J. The Role of Infertiliy Counsellors in Australia and New Zealand. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne, Australia; 1995.
counselling, health professionals, doctors, clinics, practice, couples, screening, selection, medicalisation, infertility: counselling, health professionals, doctors, clinics, practice, couples, screening, selection, medicalisation, infertility.
This study of infertility counsellors looked particularly at whether counselling should be provided prior to treatment and whether counsellors should have a role in assessing donors and couples. It notes counsellors disatisfaction with the their position within the medical team and the way team functioned.
12. Anonymous. A licence to breed. New Scientist; 1994.
13. Anonymous MBR. Eggs for sale? Monash Bioethics Review. 1994;13(4):9-10.
IVF, egg donation, payment, UK, policy, HFEA, recruitment, women, clinics, ethics: IVF, egg donation, payment, UK, policy, HFEA, recruitment, women, clinics, ethics.
This newspiece taken from a piece originally in New Scientist, looks at various ways of paying and reimbursing women for donating eggs and recruiting other women to donate in the UK. It also reports that the HFEA has set up a committee to look into this issue.
14. Anonymous MBR. Sperm mix-up and doctor's threats lead to punitive damages. Monash Bioethics Review. 1994;13(4):6-7.
doctors, DI, law, race, ethics, abortion, Australia, interests of child, Catholic, religion: doctors, DI, law, race, ethics, abortion, Australia, interests of child, Catholic, religion.
This newspiece taken from a report in The Age newspaper reports on a case where a women was awarded $185,000 after being given the wrong spem in a DI program, which would have led to her having a baby ethnically different from herself. The doctor in charge pressured the women into having an unwanted abortion with the threat that if she did not she would be barred from further access to services in Australia.
15. Anonymous. A report of a US court case in which a child conceived by her late father's sperm seeks legal recognition as heir. (Summary of contents from Eubios Journal 5(1) January 1995, p 17. Reproductive Freedom News. 1994(16 December):3.
law, USA, offspring, parenthood, posthumous: law, USA, offspring, parenthood, posthumous.
.
16. Anonymous. France to Ban Embryo Research. Science; 1994.
17. Anonymous. Medical Council backs call for birth technology guidelines. The Press. Christchurch; 1994.
18. Anonymous. Auckland group branches out to repeal Adoption Act. Christchurch Press. Christchurch; 1994.
19. Anonymous BoME. Embryo and fetus protection in Europe. Bulletin of Medical Ethics. 1995;105(February).
Europe, ethics, embryos, research: Europe, ethics, embryos, research.
This newspiece reports on the establishment of a European Commision, Human Embryo and Fetus Protection working group, to advise the Commission, make a report, and provide information about developments in European Community member states.
20. Anonymous. New Victorian IVF Law Changes Pioneering Legislation/ Polish Health Officer Stops IVF at Warsaw Clinic. Monach Bioethics Review. 1995;14(3):6.
Australia, law, legislation, prohibition, embryos, research, fetal tissue, posthumous, sex selection, cloning, genetic engineering, commercialisation, surrogacy, contracts, records, openness, couples, DI, single women, Poland, IVF, cryopreservation: Australia, law, legislation, prohibition, embryos, research, fetal tissue, posthumous, sex selection, cloning, genetic engineering, commercialisation, surrogacy, contracts, records, openness, couples, DI, single women, Poland, IVF, cryopreservation.
The first piece notes the changes brought about by the Infertility Treatment Act in Victoria Australia in the area of sex selection, genetic engineering, posthumous repoduction, embryo research, surrogacy, access to ARTs, and offspring access to donor information. the second piece notes the banning of IVF in a Poland on the grounds that freezing embryos contravenes a law which states that 'each human being has a right to life from conception'. Another Polish authority disagrees and the matter will be decided in court.21. Anonymous. Donor males not put off by register. The Press. Christchurch; 1995.
22. Anonymous. Chemicals link to male infertility. Safeguard Update. 1995;32(14 August).
female infertility, environmental factors, scientists, policy: female infertility, environmental factors, scientists, policy.
Outline of recent increase in the concern about male infertility in the USA and Europe.
23. Anonymous. Egg donors to be paid? GenEthics. 1995(July/August):12.
egg donors, egg donation, payment, UK, policy, commodification: egg donors, egg donation, payment, UK, policy, commodification.
This piece quotes informed sources as saying that the HFEA in the UK may soon allow payment of egg donors. Discusses some of the ramifications of this.
24. Anonymous. Italian Doctors ban "Granny Mums". Monash Bioethics Review. 1995;14(3):8.
Italy, regulation, doctors, post menopausal, IVF, eugenics, semen donors, lesbian, single women, DI, surrogacy, prohibition: Italy, regulation, doctors, post menopausal, IVF, eugenics, semen donors, lesbian, single women, DI, surrogacy, prohibition.
This piece outlines the new code of ethics adopted by Italian doctors which prohibits, post menopausal pregnancies, eugenic practices in sperm selection, surrogacy and access to DI by lesbian and single women.
25. Anonymous. Why more ova for older women during IVF. The Lancet. 1996;347(April 13):1032.
IVF, older women, embryos: IVF, older women, embryos.
A study by Michael Hull (Fertility & Sterility, 1996; 65: 783-89) is reported, informing that implantation rate s for women aged 40-44 drops to 6.1% in the IVF cycle. The author of the study suggest that UK guidelines for embryo transfer should be more flexible, allowing a higher number than 3 embryos per cycle in older women.
26. Anonymous / International Digest of Health Legislation. Human Reproduction and Population Policies: Denmark, Norway, USA. International Digest of Health Legislation. 1995;46(1):50-54.
legislation, assisted reproduction, Denmark, Norway, USA, embryos, IVF, egg donation, DI, prohibition, licensing, ethics, doctors, couples, single women, lesbian, consent, selection, psychosocial, semen donors, secrecy, anonymity, sex selection, genetic screening, genetic engineering, infertililty, cryopreservation, research, embryos, counselling, parenthood, law, rights, access: legislation, assisted reproduction, Denmark, Norway, USA, embryos, IVF, egg donation, DI, prohibition, licensing, ethics, doctors, couples, single women, lesbian, consent, selection, psychosocial, semen donors, secrecy, anonymity, sex selection, genetic screening, genetic engineering, infertililty, cryopreservation, research, embryos, counselling, parenthood, law, rights, access.
This paper outlines recent legislation in three countries on ARTs. In Denmark there is a new regulation requiring doctors attempting new ARTs to gain ethical approval from the government. In Norway a new law restricts DI to couples, IVF can not use donated gametes, research on embryos, sex selection and genetic screening are prohibited except in rare situations, and complete secrecy between donors and families is enforced. In the USA an Act has been passed to assure freedom of access to reproductive services.
27. Anonymous / International Journal of Bioethics. Re: Portugese advice on the ethics of Assisted Reproductive Technologies. International Journal of Bioethics. 1995;6:76-8.
Portugal, ethics, assisted reproduction: Portugal, ethics, assisted reproduction.
not seen.
28. Anonymous / Soth African Medical Journal. Surrogacy a legal snare. South African Medical Journal. 1995;85(3):29-30.
law, surrogacy, motherhood, doctors, legislation, DI, adoption, parenthood, infertility, payment, contracts, psychological, reproductive rights, erconomics, prohibition, paternity: law, surrogacy, motherhood, doctors, legislation, DI, adoption, parenthood, infertility, payment, contracts, psychological, reproductive rights, erconomics, prohibition, paternity.
This piece outlines the current legal situation in South Africa in relation to surrogacy and the recommendations of that country's Law Commission on Surrogate Motherhood. Also looks at the opinion of doctors groups in this regard. Looks at issues of payment, contracts, and situations in which various combination of gametes can be used.
29. Anonymous / The Daily Telegraph. Re: a couple in the Netherlands who had twins of which one was black and the other white. The Daily Telegraph. London?; 1995.
30. Anonymous / The Dallas Morning News. Re: a ruling that a girl who was conceived after her fathers' death was entitled to her fathers social security benefits. The Dallas Morning News. Dallas; 1995.31. Ansley B. The mating game. The Listener; 1994.
32. Applegarth L, Goldberg NC, Cholst I, et al. Families Created through Ovum Donation: A Preliminary Investigation Obstetrical Outcome and Psychosocial Adjustment. Authors resident at the Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Cornell University Medical College, Box 1, 525 East 68th Street, New York, New York, 10021; 1995.
33. Araneta MR, Mascola L, Eller A, et al. HIV Transmission through Donor Artificial Insemination. Journal of the Americal Medical Association. 1995;273(11):854-8.
HIV, DI, doctors, medical aspects, screening, semen donors, women, USA, Canada: HIV, DI, doctors, medical aspects, screening, semen donors, women, USA, Canada.
Investigation of DI clinics practices with regard to screening donors for HIV prior to1985. Concludes this can be a health risk.
34. Arda B. Ethics and the commercial use of genetics. Bulletin of Medical Ethics. 1995(Septemeber):19-22.
ethics, sex selection, genetic screening, Turkey, commercialisation, ethics, disability, insurance, eugenics, commodification, anonymity, openness, couples, abortion, doctors, social attitudes culture, poverty, technology, genetics, genetic engineering: ethics, sex selection, genetic screening, Turkey, commercialisation, ethics, disability, insurance, eugenics, commodification, anonymity, openness, couples, abortion, doctors, social attitudes culture, poverty, technology, genetics, genetic engineering.
This piece gives a general overview of commercial uses for genetics. It then looks in detail at sex selection and applies this particularly to the Turrkish context. Concludes that sex selection is in generally not an ethical practice.
35. Atkin WR. Assisted Reproduction and Privacy. Unpublished; 1994.
36. Atkin WR. Medico-Legal Implications of Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Unpublished; 1994.
37. Atkin B. New Zealand Family Law 1994 - More Promise Than Achievement. The International Survey of Family Law. 1996:365-385.
asisted human reproduction, mother, law, New Zealand, Privacy Act, Children Amendment Act.: asisted human reproduction, mother, law, New Zealand, Privacy Act, Children Amendment Act.
The author discusses the topic Assisted Human Reproduction and its legal position in New Zealand. According to him, there is no licensing system for operators in this area and that the only specific legislation is the Status of Children Amendment Act 1987, which treats the birth mother and her partner as the legal mother of any child born following the use of ART. The Privacy Act 1993 gives the child the right of access to information about donor, however if the donor refuses to consent the release of information, the right may be abrogated.
38. Augers J, Kunstmann JM, Czyglik F, Jouannet P. Decline in Semen Quality Among Fertile Men in Paris During the Past 20 Years. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995;332(5):281-5.
sperm quality, male infertility, France, age, environmental factors, medical aspects, semen donors: sperm quality, male infertility, France, age, environmental factors, medical aspects, semen donors.
This study finds that there has a significant decline in sperm quality in Parisien semen donors over a 20 year period. Discusses causes of this and specific factors which influence sperm quality.
39. Avrech OM, Merlob P, Neri A, Kaplan V, Ovadia J, Fisch B. Poland anomaly after in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility. 1994;62(6):1268-60.
IVF, ET, medical aspects, drugs, interests of child: IVF, ET, medical aspects, drugs, interests of child.
This paper describes an anomaly in one triplet in three born as a result of IVF. Concludes that drugs or treatment are probably not the cause of this.
40. Aziza-Shuster E. A child at all costs: posthumous reproduction and the meaning of parenthood. Human Reproduction. 1994;9(11):2182-5.
law, legislation, posthumous, DI, gender, assisted reproduction, France, USA, UK, Canada, Germany, Sweden, parenthood, social attitudes, doctors, interests of child, family, couples, egg donation, organ doning, regulation, cryopreservation, rights, sperm banks, motivation: law, legislation, posthumous, DI, gender, assisted reproduction, France, USA, UK, Canada, Germany, Sweden, parenthood, social attitudes, doctors, interests of child, family, couples, egg donation, organ doning, regulation, cryopreservation, rights, sperm banks, motivation.
This paper looks at posthumous procreation through the use of frozen semen etc. It discusses French and USA legal cases, the meaning of reproduction and parenthood, and the need for either governmental or professional regulation of the area.41. Baetens P, Ponjaert I, Verte D, Devroey P, Streiteghem ACV. Couples Treated With Donor Oocytes: Coping With Secerecy in Relation to the Use of Known or Anonymous Oocytes. Presented at the Fifty-First Annual Meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Abstracts of the Scientific Oral and Poster Sessions. Program Supplement; Seattle, USA; 1995.
egg donation, couples: egg donation, couples.
This study of obstetricians and gynecologists found that while they approved of egg donation only 50% approved of it when used with women over 45. There opinions on selection requirements for women/couples are presented.
42. Baetens P, Ponjaert-Kristoffersen I, Devroey P, Steirteghem ACV. Artificial insemination by donor: an alternative for single women. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(6):1537-42.
single women, lesbian, infertility, couples, psychosocial, psychological, selection, DI, practice, child development, adult development, sexuality, social support, economcs, class, counselling, family, doctors, Belgium, screening, motivation, IVF, egg donation, age, ethics: single women, lesbian, infertility, couples, psychosocial, psychological, selection, DI, practice, child development, adult development, sexuality, social support, economcs, class, counselling, family, doctors, Belgium, screening, motivation, IVF, egg donation, age, ethics.
This study of single women applying for DI at a Belgian clinic looks at their reasons for applying for DI, their demographics and their social situation. It compares the women who were accepted with those who were refused, giving reasons for the refusals. It compares the motivation and situation of these respondents with a similar study of lesbian couples applying for DI. It notes the unknown impact of DI conception on the offspring and urges counselling for the women in these situations.
43. Baird P. New reproductive technologies: the need to ensure that uses in Canada are safe, effective and in the public interest. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1994;151(10):1439-42.
assisted reproduction, Canada, technology, social attitudes, society, regulation, economics, clinics, commercialisation,
commodification, IVF, ethics, law, women, interests of child, records, single women, screening, surrogacy, sex selction, egg donation, post menopausal, selection, couples, family: assisted reproduction, Canada, technology, social attitudes, society, regulation, economics, clinics, commercialisation,
commodification, IVF, ethics, law, women, interests of child, records, single women, screening, surrogacy, sex selction, egg donation, post menopausal, selection, couples, family.
This is a response by the chairperson of the Canadian Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies to criticisms of its report (printed in this issue which we have) by the Canadian Fertility and Andrology Society and D. Rieger. It outlines the reasoning behind many of the commissions decisions.
44. Baker S. Be mindful of lasting effects of adoption. New Zealand Doctor. 1994(29 September):19.
adoption, stress, family, offspring, couples, parenthood, psychological, psychosocial, infertility, doctors, child development, grief: adoption, stress, family, offspring, couples, parenthood, psychological, psychosocial, infertility, doctors, child development, grief.
This paper outlines the long term effects of adoption on all participants which include senses of loss, grief and abandonment. Notes disproportionate no.s of adopted offspring with developmental problems, and incidence of secondary infertility among birth mothers after adopting out.
45. Baker DJ, Paterson MA. Distributive Justice and the Regulation of Fertility Centers: An Analysis of the Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 1994(3):383-90.
couples, infertility, regulation, legislation, USA, payment, access, treatment, pregnancy rates, clinics, licensing, doctors, assisted reproduction, policy, ethics, practice, standards, technology, insurance, prevention: couples, infertility, regulation, legislation, USA, payment, access, treatment, pregnancy rates, clinics, licensing, doctors, assisted reproduction, policy, ethics, practice, standards, technology, insurance, prevention.
This paper looks at the abovementioned Act which comes into force October 1995. It argues that it will not necessarily produce beeter information about live birth rates, and will possibly decrease the range of and increase the cost of services available. Looks at the power of doctors in decision making and licensing procedures. Argues for a greater focus infertility as such rather than the technical aspects of its treatment.
46. Baker S. Push for wider access to infertility services. New Zealand Doctor; 1994.
47. Baker S. Sperm and egg donors have role as parents. New Zealand Doctor; 1994.
48. Baker DJ, Paterson MA. Marketed sperm: use and regulation in the United States. Fertility and Sterility. 1995;63(5):947-52.
DI, USA, doctors, payment, semen donors, sperm banks, guidelines, interests of child, policy, records, psychological, psychosocial, counselling, regulation, screening, attitudes, law, rights, cryopreservation, couples: DI, USA, doctors, payment, semen donors, sperm banks, guidelines, interests of child, policy, records, psychological, psychosocial, counselling, regulation, screening, attitudes, law, rights, cryopreservation, couples.
This general overview of DI practice in the USA looks at legal, medical and social issues. It looks at screening, donor attitudes, and recommends that records be kept of donor information. Draws heavily on 1988 Office of Technology Assessment study.
49. Baker S. Temporary reprieve for CHE infertility service. New Zealand Doctor; 1995.
50. Balmaceda JC. Age-Related Decline in Fecundity - Cause? (Letter). Fertility and Sterility. 1994;61(4: April 1994):792-3.
oocyte, IVF, postmenopausal, female fertility, medical aspects: oocyte, IVF, postmenopausal, female fertility, medical aspects.
This letter in response to an article by Yaron et al uses a medical and statistical argument to say, contrary to Yaron's conclusions, that the differences in pregnancy rate observed by Yaron are due to the status of ovarian function rather than endometrial age.51. Bayertz K. The Concept of Moral Consensus. The Case of Technological Interventions into Human Reproduction. In: Engelhardt Jr. HT, Spicker SF, Wildes KW, et al., eds. Philosophy and Medicine. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1994.
52. Beaurepaire J, Jones M, Thiering P, Saunders D, Tennant C. Psychosocial Adjustment to Infertility and Its Treatment: Male and Female Reponses at Different Stages of IVF/ET Treatment. Journal of Pychosomatic Research. 1994;38(3):229-40.
IVF, ET, couples, psychosocial, gender, stress, coping skills, process, infertility: IVF, ET, couples, psychosocial, gender, stress, coping skills, process, infertility.
This study of 330 couples undergoing IVF/ET treatment, some for the first time, and some for subsequent cycles, found that women reported higher rates of depression, and lack of a sense of control than their husbands. Repeat cycle women were more depressed. Respondents were compared to a control. It is also noted that men and women respond differently to IVF stress and that adaptions that may be positive for one partner may be detrimental to the relationship.
53. Becker G, Nachtigall RD. 'Born to Be a Mother': The Cultural Construction of Risk in Infertility Treatment in the U.S. Social Science and Medicine. 1994;39(4):507-18.
infertility, medical aspects, social attitudes, doctors, couples, USA, gender, risk, rights, technology: infertility, medical aspects, social attitudes, doctors, couples, USA, gender, risk, rights, technology.
This study of 275 infertile persons (132 couples and 11 women) looked at how people conceptualised and responded to the risks of infertility. It found that women perceived more risks than men, were more willing to take risks and made the final decision about whether risks should be taken. It also found that people became more aware of risks as treeatment cycles proceeded and that they became increasingly aware of emotional as opposed to just medical issues. The study also looks at risk taking in the context of American culture and in light of the respondents own biographies.
54. Becker G. Metaphors in Disrupted Lives: Infertility and Cultural Constructions of Continuity. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 1994;8(4):383-410.
infertility, women, men, gender, couples, social attitudes, stress, psychosocial, psychological, USA, identity, medicalisation, post menopausal, assisted reproduction, egg donation, methods: infertility, women, men, gender, couples, social attitudes, stress, psychosocial, psychological, USA, identity, medicalisation, post menopausal, assisted reproduction, egg donation, methods.
This study of 236 men and women who had undergone ARTs looks at the metaphors they use to reconstruct a sense of their identity and of continuity in their life after the trauma of infertility undermines their unexamined cultural assumptions about how the world works. Includes comments from women who received sisters egg to conceive after menopause.
55. Benagiano GPJR. Assisted reproduction: a not so bright future? Human Reproduction. 1995;10:1324-1326.
Ethics, assisted reproduction, ISCI, embryo, cryopreservation, eugenics, ovarian stimulation: Ethics, assisted reproduction, ISCI, embryo, cryopreservation, eugenics, ovarian stimulation.
The author discusses the potential hazards of assisted human reproduction, considering the use of cryopreserved embryos, ICSI techniques, ovarian stimulation, suggesting that the lack of basic research in the area could lead to less than ideal results.
56. Berg BJ. A researcher's guide to investigating the psychological sequelae of infertility: methodological considerations. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994;15:147-56.
infertility, psychological, methods, gender, couples, medical aspects, process, coping skills, women, social class, stress, psychosocial, social attitudes, single women, lesbian, assisted reproduction: infertility, psychological, methods, gender, couples, medical aspects, process, coping skills, women, social class, stress, psychosocial, social attitudes, single women, lesbian, assisted reproduction.
This paper looks at methodological issues in investigating the reactions of the infertile to their infertility. It looks at issues of measurement of psycholgical state, sampling, different responses of male and female partners, doing studies over time (prospective studies), gender differences, and difficulties in getting appropriate comparison groups. It recommends the use of more prospective and qualitative studies.
57. Bernat E. Austria: Legislating for Assisted Reproduction and Interpreting the Ban on Corporal Punishment. University of Louisville Journal of Family Law. 1994;32(2: Spring):247-53.
law, austria, assisted reproduction, couples, semen donors, offspring, secrecy, surrogacy, records, egg donors: law, austria, assisted reproduction, couples, semen donors, offspring, secrecy, surrogacy, records, egg donors.
This article outlines the recent changes in Austrian law with regard to assited reproduction. Notes grounds under which assisted reproduction will be used, the ban on surrogacy, the keeping of extensive donor records to prevent donors inseminating people they are related to, and the lowering of the age at which offspring can gain access to identifying information about donors.
58. Bernstein AC. When the Doctor "Mostly Does Help". Flight of the Stork. What Children Think (and When) about Sex and Family Building. Indianapolis, USA: Perspectives Press; 1994.
telling the child, child development, psychological, couples, sexuality, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, family, openness, fatherhood, motherhood, parenthood, gender, surrogates, paternity, family, DI, medical aspects, adoption, IVF, psychological, secrecy, stigma, surrogacy, blood bond, single women, lesbian, identity, psychosocial, pregnancy, ethics, semen donors, egg donors, egg donation, motivation, commodification, payment, rights: telling the child, child development, psychological, couples, sexuality, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, family, openness, fatherhood, motherhood, parenthood, gender, surrogates, paternity, family, DI, medical aspects, adoption, IVF, psychological, secrecy, stigma, surrogacy, blood bond, single women, lesbian, identity, psychosocial, pregnancy, ethics, semen donors, egg donors, egg donation, motivation, commodification, payment, rights.
This chapter outlines the specific issues involved in telling children conceived by various ARTs how they were conceived, and about how to answer their questions about the other people who contributed to their conception/birth, the motivations of these people etc. Looks at the questions that offspring are likely to ask at various stages and the best way to respond to these questions at these points.
59. Bernstein AC. Flight of the Stork. What Children Think (and When) about Sex and Family Building. Indianapolis, USA: Perspectives Press; 1994.
telling the child, child development, psychological, couples, sexuality, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, family, openness, fatherhood, motherhood, parenthood, gender, surrogates, paternity, family, DI, medical aspects, adoption, IVF, psychological, secrecy, stigma, surrogacy, blood bond, single women, lesbian, identity, psychosocial, pregnancy, ethics, semen donors, egg donors, egg donation, motivation, commodification, payment, rights: telling the child, child development, psychological, couples, sexuality, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, family, openness, fatherhood, motherhood, parenthood, gender, surrogates, paternity, family, DI, medical aspects, adoption, IVF, psychological, secrecy, stigma, surrogacy, blood bond, single women, lesbian, identity, psychosocial, pregnancy, ethics, semen donors, egg donors, egg donation, motivation, commodification, payment, rights.
This book outlines childhood developmental stages and relates these to what children want to know about sexuality and reproduction issues at these various stages. From this basis it gives advice to parents regarding what they should tell their children at various stages. Includes separate chapters on step-families, adoption and families which have utilised various ARTs.
60. Bewley B, Ward RH. Ethics in Obstetric and Gynaecology. London: Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Press; 1996.
doctors, ethics, medical aspects, practice, clinics, doctor patient relations, psychological, psychosocial: doctors, ethics, medical aspects, practice, clinics, doctor patient relations, psychological, psychosocial.
Not seen.61. BIRTH A. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by artificial insemination. BIRTH. 1994;21(3):177.
DI, law, Canada, doctors, HIV, screening, semen donors: DI, law, Canada, doctors, HIV, screening, semen donors.
This piece report on a Canadian case in which a doctor was found negligent when a woman he inseminated contracted HIV through the semen.
62. Blair L. Assisted insemination. Are you ready? Canadian Family Physician. 1994;40(October):1861-3.
Canada, law, policy, infertility, DI, lesbian, single women, practice, screening, selection, interests of child, family, anonymity, telling the child, parenthood, semen donors, psychosocial, fatherhood, parenthood, religion, doctors, clinics, social attitudes: Canada, law, policy, infertility, DI, lesbian, single women, practice, screening, selection, interests of child, family, anonymity, telling the child, parenthood, semen donors, psychosocial, fatherhood, parenthood, religion, doctors, clinics, social attitudes.
This paper looks at the recommendations of the Canadian Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies, and on the attitudes of doctors, ethicicsts and researchers about DI. Looks at issues of screening, anonymity, donor attitudes, efficacy of DI, access of services to lesbian and single women etc.
63. Blank RH. Biomedical Policy. Chicago: Nelson-Hall; 1995.
assisted reproduction, biomedicine, birth, clinics, cloning, commercialisation
commodification, consanguinity, cryopreservation, disability, discrimination, economics, embryos, ethics, eugenics, family, fetal tissue, genetic engineering, genetic screening, genetics, health professionals, hospitals, insurance, IVF, law, legislation, medical aspects, medicalisation, multilple pregnancy, parenthood, philosophy, policy, practice, pregnancy, prohibition, regulation, research, reproductive rights, rights, scientists, sex selection, standards, STDs, technology, USA, women, HIV, organ doning: assisted reproduction, biomedicine, birth, clinics, cloning, commercialisation
commodification, consanguinity, cryopreservation, disability, discrimination, economics, embryos, ethics, eugenics, family, fetal tissue, genetic engineering, genetic screening, genetics, health professionals, hospitals, insurance, IVF, law, legislation, medical aspects, medicalisation, multilple pregnancy, parenthood, philosophy, policy, practice, pregnancy, prohibition, regulation, research, reproductive rights, rights, scientists, sex selection, standards, STDs, technology, USA, women, HIV, organ doning.
This book looks at biomedical policy in a USA context, including looking at ARTs, genetic screening, embryo research, euthanasia, intervention in the brain , prenatal intervention, organ doning and AIDS.
64. Blank RH. Biomedical Policy: The Policy Context of Biomedicine: Human Genetic and Reproductive Intervention. In: Blank RH, ed. Biomedical Policy. Chicago: Nelson Hall; 1995.
assisted reproduction, biomedicine, clinics, commercialisation
commodification, cryopreservation, disability, discrimination, economics, embryos, ethics, eugenics, family, fetal tissue, genetic engineering, genetic screening, genetics, health professionals, hospitals, insurance, IVF, law, legislation, medical aspects, medicalisation, multilple pregnancy, parenthood, philosophy, policy, practice, pregnancy, prohibition, regulation, research, reproductive rights, rights, scientists, sex selection, STDs, technology, USA, women, HIV: assisted reproduction, biomedicine, clinics, commercialisation
commodification, cryopreservation, disability, discrimination, economics, embryos, ethics, eugenics, family, fetal tissue, genetic engineering, genetic screening, genetics, health professionals, hospitals, insurance, IVF, law, legislation, medical aspects, medicalisation, multilple pregnancy, parenthood, philosophy, policy, practice, pregnancy, prohibition, regulation, research, reproductive rights, rights, scientists, sex selection, STDs, technology, USA, women, HIV.
These chapters respectively present an overview of issues in biomedical policy, a discussion of policy development and implementation particularly in a USA context, and a discussions of issues/ policy associated with ART and genetics.
65. Blank R, Merrick JC. Changing Reproductive Rights: Technology and Policy. In: Blank R, Merrick JC, eds. Human Reproduction, Emerging Technologies, and Conflicting Rights. Washington D. C.: CQ Press; 1995.
assisted reproduction, reproductive rights, rights, USA, commercialisation, policy, economics, infertility, DI, IVF, law, consent, technology, family, women, disability, consent, society, social attitudes, embryos, regulation, religion, prohibition, genetic screening, prevention, economics, class: assisted reproduction, reproductive rights, rights, USA, commercialisation, policy, economics, infertility, DI, IVF, law, consent, technology, family, women, disability, consent, society, social attitudes, embryos, regulation, religion, prohibition, genetic screening, prevention, economics, class.
This concluding chapter looks at the public policy issues associated with changing ARTs and at the conflicts between various groups in society in regard to this, at the conflicts which occur between the participants in the ART procedures, and at resource and access issues. It promotes a regulatory approach to these matters and calls for a forward looking commission to look at the impacts of public policy in the USA and to increase public debate about these issues.
66. Blank R, Merrick JC. Surrogate Motherhood: Redefining the Family. In: Blank R, Merrick JC, eds. Human Reproduction, Emerging Technologies, and Conflicting Rights. Washington D. C.: CQ Press; 1995.
rights, USA, commercialisation, policy, surrogacy, economics, infertility, DI, cryopreservation, IVF, law, paternity, consent, technology, feminism, parenthood, family, women, consent, history, couples, contracts, social attitudes, technology, embryos, doctors, commodification, regulation, ethics, clinics, lawyers, payment, motivation, pregnancy, psychological, abortion, legislation, USA, adoption, surrogates, surrogates partners, motherhood, fatherhood, screening, selection, disability, interests of child, class, genetic screening,: rights, USA, commercialisation, policy, surrogacy, economics, infertility, DI, cryopreservation, IVF, law, paternity, consent, technology, feminism, parenthood, family, women, consent, history, couples, contracts, social attitudes, technology, embryos, doctors, commodification, regulation, ethics, clinics, lawyers, payment, motivation, pregnancy, psychological, abortion, legislation, USA, adoption, surrogates, surrogates partners, motherhood, fatherhood, screening, selection, disability, interests of child, class, genetic screening,.
This chapter looks at the issues surrounding surrogacy in a USA context. It looks at the motivation of couples and surrogates to undertake surrogacy and at the nature of, implications of and legality of surrogacy contracts. It discusses the legislation in various USA states and looks at commercialisation and commodification issues. It looks indetail at the 'Baby M' and 'Anna J' cases.
67. Blank P, Boling P. Expecting Trouble: Surrogacy, Fetal Abuse and New Reproductive Technologies. American Political Science Review. 1995;89(4):1020-1.
surrogacy, embryos, rights, assisted reproduction, technology, ethics, women, pregnancy, disability, law, policy, feminism, commodification, medicalisation, interests of child: surrogacy, embryos, rights, assisted reproduction, technology, ethics, women, pregnancy, disability, law, policy, feminism, commodification, medicalisation, interests of child.
This review of the book in the title edited by P. Boling discusses the conflicting rights of women, offspring, and society from the prerspective of public policy and feminist theory. It looks at issues of commodification, the role of men in reproductive issues and the relationship between moral duty and legal censure.
68. Blank R, Merrick JC. Human Reproduction, Emerging Technologies, and Conflicting Rights. Washington D. C.: CQ Press; 1995.
assisted reproduction, medical aspects, technology, rights, ethics, policy, USA, reproductive rights, abortion, law, social attitudes, surrogates, legislation, sterilisation, contraception, regulation, offspring, family, women, access, DI, genetic engineering, infertility, insurance, men women, motherhood, doctors, health professionals, parenthood, surrogacy, couples, genetic screening, pregnancy, embryos, research, counselling, HIV, history, Catholic, interests of child, disability: assisted reproduction, medical aspects, technology, rights, ethics, policy, USA, reproductive rights, abortion, law, social attitudes, surrogates, legislation, sterilisation, contraception, regulation, offspring, family, women, access, DI, genetic engineering, infertility, insurance, men women, motherhood, doctors, health professionals, parenthood, surrogacy, couples, genetic screening, pregnancy, embryos, research, counselling, HIV, history, Catholic, interests of child, disability.
This book looks at a variety of issues in regard to human reproduction in a USA context. It looks at reproductive rights, abortion, sterilisation, contraception, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, genetic screening, conflict in the maternal-fetal relations, embryo research and neonatal care. It looks at ethical and legal issues in these areas and has a particular emphasis on the policy process.
69. Blank R, Merrick JC. Reproductive Rights: Ethical and Policy Context. In: Blank R, Merrick JC, eds. Human Reproduction, Emerging Technologies, and Conflicting Rights. Washington D. C.: CQ Press; 1995.
assisted reproduction, reproductive rights, rights, USA, commercialisation, policy, economics, egg donors, semen donors, infertility, DI, cryopreservation, IVF, law, lesbian, paternity, consent, technology, feminism, parenthood, family, women, disability, eugenics, consent, society, social attitudes, technology, embryos, doctors, commodification, regulation: assisted reproduction, reproductive rights, rights, USA, commercialisation, policy, economics, egg donors, semen donors, infertility, DI, cryopreservation, IVF, law, lesbian, paternity, consent, technology, feminism, parenthood, family, women, disability, eugenics, consent, society, social attitudes, technology, embryos, doctors, commodification, regulation.
This chapter looks at the impact of a rightrs perspective onethical and policy issues in assisted reproduction. It looks at the conflict between various parties and at the balance necssary between individual control over procreation and public good concerns. It looks at the role of the government and the courts in this area in a USA context.
70. Blank R, Merrick JC. Assisted Reproduction: Expanding the Right to Have Children. In: Blank R, Merrick JC, eds. Human Reproduction, Emerging Technologies, and Conflicting Rights. Washington D. C.: CQ Press; 1995.
assisted reproduction, reproductive rights, rights, USA, commercialisation, policy, economics, egg donors, semen donors, infertility, prevention, DI, cryopreservation, IVF, GIFT, pregnancy rates, payment, drugs, standards, women, multiple pregnancy, medical aspects, abortion, ICSI, genetics, feminism, sperm banks, insurance, law, regulation, social attitudes, technology, guidelines, eugenics, sex selection, motherhood, fatherhood, family, embryos, openness, anonymity, legislation, class, access, lesbian, single women: assisted reproduction, reproductive rights, rights, USA, commercialisation, policy, economics, egg donors, semen donors, infertility, prevention, DI, cryopreservation, IVF, GIFT, pregnancy rates, payment, drugs, standards, women, multiple pregnancy, medical aspects, abortion, ICSI, genetics, feminism, sperm banks, insurance, law, regulation, social attitudes, technology, guidelines, eugenics, sex selection, motherhood, fatherhood, family, embryos, openness, anonymity, legislation, class, access, lesbian, single women.
This piece looks at the implications of ARTs for the right to have children in a USA context. It addresses the commercialisation of these procedures, guidelines and legislation which are currently operating with regard to ARTs insurance for this, the rights and responsibilities of various participants, the impact of ARTs on women and the offspring and issues of access for lower class groups and single and lesbian women.71. Blankenhorn D. Fatherless America. Confronting Our Most Urgent Social Problem. New York: Basic Books; 1995.
fatherhood, USA, social attitudes, family, media, motherhood, parenthood, DI, single women: fatherhood, USA, social attitudes, family, media, motherhood, parenthood, DI, single women.
This book looks at the problems associated with fatherlessness in a USA context, describes the sorts of fatherhood which are current in present day USA and outlines what it believes is a better situation. Includes a short section on DI and its use by single women.
72. Blood J. Creating Alternative Families Through Assisted Reproductive Technology. Presented at the 'Infertility Counselling - 1994'; Collection of material from members of Australian and New Zealand Infertility Counselling Association, (ANZICA); 1994.
law, social attitudes, family, post menopausal, age, women, IVF, single women, eggs, cryopreservation, sterilisation, parenthood, surrogacy, social workers, counselling, interests of child, society, openness, semen donors, egg donors, social support: law, social attitudes, family, post menopausal, age, women, IVF, single women, eggs, cryopreservation, sterilisation, parenthood, surrogacy, social workers, counselling, interests of child, society, openness, semen donors, egg donors, social support.
This paper looks at changing family forms in Victoria, Australia, the relationship of law and ARTs to this, and the role of social workers in helping to ensure that the use of ARTs is for the good of offspring, women and society.
73. Blyth E. "I wanted to be interesting. I wanted to be able to say 'I've done something interesting with my life'": interviews with surrogate mothers in Britain. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 1994;12:189-98.
surrogacy, motherhood, age, surrogates partner, blood bond, commercialisation
counselling, couples, family, female infertility, interests of child, known, USA surrogates, law, matching, openness, UK, parenthood, payment, pregnancy, ethics, feminism, psychological, psychosocial, secrecy, social attitudes, social support, stress, technology, telling the child, women, IVF: surrogacy, motherhood, age, surrogates partner, blood bond, commercialisation
counselling, couples, family, female infertility, interests of child, known, USA surrogates, law, matching, openness, UK, parenthood, payment, pregnancy, ethics, feminism, psychological, psychosocial, secrecy, social attitudes, social support, stress, technology, telling the child, women, IVF.
This study of 19 surrogate mothers found them to have a mean age of 30, and to be motivated by a mixture of financial and altruistic motives. It describes the matching and relationships of the surrogate mother and her partner with the couple, their attitudes to secrecy, telling the child, their feelings about IVF treatment, pregnancy, relinquishment etc. Finds a more favourable public response to surrogacy than opinion surveys indicate.
74. Blyth E. Infertility Treatment and the Welfare of the Child: Issue: the National Fertility Association; 1995.
75. Blyth E. Assisted Conception and Surrogacy, the Development of Services. Paper given at Training Workshop: 'Assisted Reproduction - Surrogacy and the Role of the Guardian ad Litem': organised by IRCHIN; 1995.
76. Blyth E. The United Kingdom 's Human Fertilisation and Embriology Act 1990 and the welfare of the child: A critique. The International Journal of Children's Rights. 1995;3:417-438.
.
The study highlights the difficulties faced by staff in licensed treatment centres and by inspectors to meet the requirements of the Act, which seems to be ambiguous and confusing when compared to Human Fertilisation and Embriology (HFEA) Code of Practice and to inforecomendations from the Department of Health.
77. Blyth E. The United Kingdom's Human Fertilisation and Embriology Act 1990 and the welfare of the child: a critique. The International Journal of Children's Rights. 1995;3:417-438.
child, children's rights, welfare, donors, , inspectors, infertility treatment centre, United Kingdom.: child, children's rights, welfare, donors, , inspectors, infertility treatment centre, United Kingdom.
The study highlights the difficulties faced by staff and inspectors to meet the requirements of the Act. It shows that centres have a rudimentary ability to gather information from patients and donors, discusses the ambiguous role of counsellors in these centres and states that the Act has failed to provide priority to the welfare of the child.
78. Boer Ad, Oosterwijk JC, Rigeters-Aris CA. Determination of a maximum numbers of artificial inseminations by donor per sperm donor. Fertility and Sterility. 1995;63(2):419-21.
DI, the Netherlands, consanguinity: DI, the Netherlands, consanguinity.
This statistical study estimates that each semen donor in the Dutch population could contribute to 25 children without their being any negative consequences resulting in terms of consanguinity and inbreeding.
79. Boivon J, Hemmings R, Takefman J. The relationship between treatment stress and biologic response in predicting pregnancy rate with in vitro fertilisation. . in press.
women, infertility, stress, IVF, treatment, pregnancy, psychosocial: women, infertility, stress, IVF, treatment, pregnancy, psychosocial.
This study of women undergoing IVF found that all the women no matter what their pregnancy outcome were affected negatively by the stress of the treatment.
80. Bowman P, Hammarberg K, Oke K, McBain J. Considerations of Known Donors. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual ScientificMeeting; The Sheraton Hotel, Brisbane, Australia; 1994.
oocyte donors, recipients, practice, secrecy, anonymity, Australia, counselling, psychological: oocyte donors, recipients, practice, secrecy, anonymity, Australia, counselling, psychological.
This study of 9 oocyte donors found that 8 of these were prepared to be known rather than anonymous , and that donors were less concerned about secrecy than recipients. Eights donors also found the counselling helpful. It was found that the more information donors were given the better they dealt with treatment. Eight of the donors also experienced disappointment at some point in the treatment.81. Bowman MC, Saunders DM. Community attitudes to maternal age and pregnancy after assisted reproductive techonlogy: too old at 50 years? Human Reproduction. 1994;9(1):167-71.
postmenopausal, social attitudes, Australia, oocytes, embryos, IVF, gender: postmenopausal, social attitudes, Australia, oocytes, embryos, IVF, gender.
This study of the attitudes of 1131 Australians found that 64% accepted oocyte or embryo donation, 55% accepted women having their own eggs transferred to them after menopause, and 38% accepted the donation of eggs or embryos to postmenopausal women. It was found that younger respondents were more accepting than older respondents. Study recommends extensive screening and pretreatment of women applying to undergo this treatment.
82. Bowman MC, Saunders DM. Oocyte donation to older women: when and how do we draw the line? The Medical Journal of Australia. 1994;160(7 March 1994):244-5.
ethics, legislation, social attitudes, female infertilty, post-menopausal women, family,: ethics, legislation, social attitudes, female infertilty, post-menopausal women, family,.
This article describes popular reaction to, and arguments against the idea of post-menopausal women bearing children. It then presents evidence to undermine these arguments. It addresses the idea that we may be at a new era of understanding what parenthood is, and notes social attitudes to post-menopausal women having children. It discusses the idea that while age limits may be advisable in this area it cautions against these being to applied too strictly. It favours an ethics council rather than legislative appoach to setting these limits.
83. Braverman AM, Corson SL. Factors related to preferences in gamete donor sources. Fertility and Sterility. 1995;63(3):543-9.
infertility, adoption, IVF, egg donation, couples, gender, religion, Judaism, Catholic, Protestant, telling the child, secrecy, openness, known donors, anonymity, family, payment, child free, stigma, psychosocial, blood bond: infertility, adoption, IVF, egg donation, couples, gender, religion, Judaism, Catholic, Protestant, telling the child, secrecy, openness, known donors, anonymity, family, payment, child free, stigma, psychosocial, blood bond.
This study of the attitudes of men and women at a gynecological clinic and at an infertility clinic looks at attitudes to accepting anonymous and known semen donors in situations where repondents or their partners were infertile. Also looks at whether respondents would tell their offspring about their conception. Finds significant differences by gender, religion and whether respondents have experience of infertility.
84. Brewaeys A. Donor insemination, the impact on family and child development. J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gyneacol. 1996;17:1-13.
donor insemination, secrecy, family, child: donor insemination, secrecy, family, child.
This paper reviews the empirical research into the development of DI children and families, discussing issues of donor insemination, discussing denials in DI practice, confidentiality, anonymity and information sharing.
85. Brindle D. More women defer babies. Guardian Weekly. London, UK; 1995.
86. Bristol Uo, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. For Information (some notes on D.I. and Fertility Problems). In: M. G. R. Hull PoRMaS, ed. University of Bristol, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology: University of Bristol, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 1995.
87. Broderick P, Walker I. Information access and donated gametes: How much do we know about who wants to know what? Human Reproduction. 1995;10(12):3338-3341.
methods, semen donors, egg donors, couples, doctors, assisted reproduction, openness, secrecy, psychosocial: methods, semen donors, egg donors, couples, doctors, assisted reproduction, openness, secrecy, psychosocial.
This paper outlines 10 flaws in the current research on the attitudes of gamete donors and recipients in ARTs, looking in particular at attitudes towards information sharing. Concludes that flaws are fundamental and that consequently research can not be used to promote the preferability of openness in gamete donation situations.
88. Broderick P, Walker I. Donors, Donation and Dilemmas. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne, Australia; 1995.
semen donors, egg donors, motivation, psychosocial, payment, openness, secrecy, anonymity, records, adoption, organ donation, legislation, Australia: semen donors, egg donors, motivation, psychosocial, payment, openness, secrecy, anonymity, records, adoption, organ donation, legislation, Australia.
This study of egg and semen donnors in Western Australia found that about half of donors were motivated by payment and half by altruism. Few wanted any contact with the offspring and did not want or need legislation enabling offspring access to identifying information. Paper concludes that such legislation would decrease the numbers of egg and semen donors.
89. Bromwich P, Cohen J, Stewart I, Walker A. Decline in sperm counts: an artefact of changed reference range of "normal"? British Medical Journal. 1994;309(2 July 1994):19-22.
sperm quality, research, medical aspects: sperm quality, research, medical aspects.
This article questions the findings of an earlier study (Carlsen et al, 1992) that there has been a decline in sperm counts over the last 50 years. It does this by noting that the distribution of sperm count is skewed and that consequently it is more appropriate to use geometric means in calculations than the arithmetic means used by Carlsen et al. It also claims that the lowering of the rate at which sperm count is considered 'normal' has biased the results. It concludes that the evidence for long term decline in sperm concentrations is unconvincing.
90. Brown V. The Use of Donor Sperm Where the Male Partner is HIV Positive. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual Scientific Meeting; The Sheraton, Brisbane, Australia; 1994.
male infertility, HIV, practice, ethics, couples, semen donors, clinics, Australia: male infertility, HIV, practice, ethics, couples, semen donors, clinics, Australia.
This paper addresses issues which were raised for the Lingard Fertility Center when they were approached by couples in which the male partner was HIV positive. It looks at the definition of infertility, maximum ages for couples and life expectancies of parents, and donor input into how their sperm is to be used.91. Brown H. More than one way to parenthood. Christchurch Star. Christchurch; 1995.
92. Buitendijk SE. Evidence-based in-vitro ferilisation. The Lancet. 1995;346(September 30):901.
IVF, scientists, couples, women: IVF, scientists, couples, women.
This paper argues that it has not been established that IVF other than for blocked tubes is an effective treatment for infertility, and that consequently many women the world over may currently be going through an expensive, emotionally draining and medically unwarrented procedure.
93. Bujan LP, F.; Mieusset, R. Time series analysis of sperm concentration in fertile men in Toulouse, France between 1977 and 1992. BMJ. 1996;312:471-2.
sperm donor, environament, fertile men, France.: sperm donor, environament, fertile men, France.
This study investigates whether sperm production has changed during the past 16 years. Ejaculates from healthy unpaid candidate sperm donors were collected and analysed. Results show that sperm count has not changed with time int the Toulouse are, and suggest that environamental factors such as air quality, water supply, and lifestyle could affect sperm count.
94. Bull A, Lyons C. Purchasing (and rationing) an in Vitro fertilisation service. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1994;101:759-61.
policy, NHS, UK, IVF, clinics, doctors, regulation, economics, couples, selection: policy, NHS, UK, IVF, clinics, doctors, regulation, economics, couples, selection.
This paper describes the process undertaken by the East Sussex Health Commissioning Agency in deciding to purchase, and purchasing IVF facilities under the National Health Service scheme. It looks at limitations placed on couples, and budgetting problems.
95. Butler D. Compromise reached on bioethics bill. Nature; 1994.
96. Butler D. Spermatid injection fertilizes ethics debate. Nature. 1995;377(28 September):277.
sperm quality, France, scientists, ICSI, ethics, disability, interests of child, embryos, DI, couples: sperm quality, France, scientists, ICSI, ethics, disability, interests of child, embryos, DI, couples.
This paper notes that the practice of using less mature sperm (spermatids) in ICSI has aroused s adebate between pratitioners in the field over whether enough animal experiments have been undertaken in this field to determine whether the procedure is safe, and whether or not thiese procedures contravene the 1947 Nuremberg code of medical ethics,.
97. Californian Cryobank Inc. when you succeed, we succeed. In: Rothman CA, Simms CA, eds. 1019 Gayley Avenue
Los Angeles
California 90024-3425: Calornia Cryobank Inc.; 1995.
98. Callahan D. Manipulating Human Life: Is There No End to It? In: Blank R, Bonnicksen A, eds. Medicine Unbound. New York: Columbia University Press; 1994.
ethics, medical aspects: ethics, medical aspects.
This article presents an overview of general medical ethics. It looks at modernist relativistic ethics and traditionalist absolutist ethics and notes the strengths and weaknesses of each. It looks at the idea of repugnance as a guide for ethics. It finally presents a four point alternative to the two abovementioned schools. These are: Emotional repugnance should be taken seriously; Consequences count and need to be construed as broadly as possible, The preservation of life merely for the sake of doing so should not be the highest goal of medicine; The general health of the community as a whole should be the primary goal of health policy, not individual benefit.
99. Campbell AV. A Report from New Zealand. Ethics in a Bicultural Context. Bioethics. 1995;9(2):149-54.
history, NZ, ethics, doctors, legislation, embryos, research, surrogacy, DI, assisted reproduction, genetic engineering, Maori: history, NZ, ethics, doctors, legislation, embryos, research, surrogacy, DI, assisted reproduction, genetic engineering, Maori.
This overview of bioethics in NZ looks specifically at ART issues, emphasising lay involvement, bicultural issues and the need for legislation.
100. Campion MJ. Who's Fit to be a Parent? London: Routledge; 1995.
parenthood, couples, sexuality, age, disbility, couples, gender, men, women, adoption, law, regulation, motherhood, fatherhood, race, assisted reproduction, DI, IVF, surrogacy, single women, lesbian, homosexuality, psychosocial, policy, UKpsychological, pregnancy, divorce, family, interests of child, selection, social work, UK, cryopreservation, embryos: parenthood, couples, sexuality, age, disbility, couples, gender, men, women, adoption, law, regulation, motherhood, fatherhood, race, assisted reproduction, DI, IVF, surrogacy, single women, lesbian, homosexuality, psychosocial, policy, UKpsychological, pregnancy, divorce, family, interests of child, selection, social work, UK, cryopreservation, embryos.
This book looks at issues of the care of children, adoption, ARTs and step parenting in a UK context. It also looks at a series of categories of people generally considered to be on the margins of parenting; homosexuals, single people, older people, the disabled etc. It concludes by lookin at Ideal and Actual models of parenting and assessment issues.101. Campion MJ. Playing God. The medical gift of children. In: Campion MJ, ed. Who's Fit to be a Parent? London: Routledge; 1995.
history, assisted reproduction, couples, offspring, UK, interests ofchild, parenthood, motherhood, fatherhood, doctors, medicalisation, rights, DI, egg donation, cryopreservation, surrogacy, law, clinics, IVF, ethics, embryos, policy, openness, scientists, adoption, regulation, single women, lesbian, infertility, family, age, commodification, payment, blood bond, social attitudes, media, technology, selection, counselling, social workers: history, assisted reproduction, couples, offspring, UK, interests ofchild, parenthood, motherhood, fatherhood, doctors, medicalisation, rights, DI, egg donation, cryopreservation, surrogacy, law, clinics, IVF, ethics, embryos, policy, openness, scientists, adoption, regulation, single women, lesbian, infertility, family, age, commodification, payment, blood bond, social attitudes, media, technology, selection, counselling, social workers.
This looks the history of ARTs in the UK and provides an overview of the various types available. It looks at the ethical and legal situation with a particular focus on who decides who gets access to infertility services. Comments on the competing medical and welfare models in this regard and the role of science and the media in bypassing social debate by presenting new technological advances as fait accomplie.
102. Canada. Canadian Government's response to the report of the Royal Commissionon new Reproductive Technologies. Humane Medicine. 1994;10:136-7.
Canada, policy, assisted reproduction: Canada, policy, assisted reproduction.
not seen.
103. Capron AM. Grandma? No, I'm the Mother! Hastings Center Report. 1994;24(2 (March-April)):24-5.
motherhood, women, assisted reproduction. feminism, doctors, reproductive rights, surrogacy, egg donation, DI, social attitudes, post menopausal, parenthood, child development, age, technology, ethics, law, France, Germany, USA, UK, IVF, prohibition, disability, prohibition: motherhood, women, assisted reproduction. feminism, doctors, reproductive rights, surrogacy, egg donation, DI, social attitudes, post menopausal, parenthood, child development, age, technology, ethics, law, France, Germany, USA, UK, IVF, prohibition, disability, prohibition.
This overview of ethical and legal issues and societal responses to recent ART developments, focusses mainly on reproductive rights, the use of ARTs post menopause, and on the law in a variety of countries.
104. Carmeli YS, Birenbaum-Carmeli D. The Predicament of Masculinity: Towards Understanding the Male's Experience of Infertility Treatments. Sex Roles. 1994;30(9/10):663-77.
male infertility, gender, doctors, couples, social attitudes, assisted reproduction, Canada, Israel: male infertility, gender, doctors, couples, social attitudes, assisted reproduction, Canada, Israel.
This qualitative study of 32 men and women presenting for infertility treatments in Canada and Israel looks at the male experience of infertility treatments. It looks at the ways such treatments are female focussed, how undergoing them often means that men have to work longer hours to meet treatment costs, how women gain greater understanding of the treatments and make more decisions about them, how men are socially marginalised and excluded from treatments, how sperm production is distressing, and how the way treatment has developed has meant that men have to compete with donors.
105. Caton H. Why Not Deregulate Birthing? Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual Scientific Meeting; The Sheraton Hotel, Brisbane , Australia; 1994.
ethics, regulation, assisted reproduction, doctors, rights, policy: ethics, regulation, assisted reproduction, doctors, rights, policy.
This paper postulates what would happen if regulation was removed from the fields of birthing and adoption. It notes a number of advantages, and highlights three community interests around which ethics in this area could be built; marriage, reproduction and population.
106. Cattorini P. Assisted Reproduction in Italy. Hastings Centre Report. 1994(November-December):3-4.
Italy, guidelines, IVF, surrogacy, prohibition, advertising, law, research, post menopausal, single women, lesbian, DI, records, ethics, genetic engineering, commercialisation, cloning: Italy, guidelines, IVF, surrogacy, prohibition, advertising, law, research, post menopausal, single women, lesbian, DI, records, ethics, genetic engineering, commercialisation, cloning.
This newspiece reports on the unregulated assisted reproduction practices in Italy, and the report of a government appointeed committee on bioethics. This committee recommended prohibition of various types of genetic engineering and other practices, that post menopausal, single and lesbian women be refused access to services, that surrogacy was unadvisble and that ethics committees and record keeping systems be set up.
107. Center for Disease Control TU. HIV transmission and artificial insemination. Working paper. Atlanta, Gergia, USA: Center for Disease Control (USA); 1994.
108. Chamberlain S. A Donor Embryo Protocol. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne, Australia; 1995.
couples, embryo donation, legislation, counselling, consent, women, screening, medical aspects, drugs, semen donors, egg donors, screening, selection, practice,: couples, embryo donation, legislation, counselling, consent, women, screening, medical aspects, drugs, semen donors, egg donors, screening, selection, practice,.
This conference abstract outlines the requirements of the Victorian law in relation to embryo donation. It makes recommendations in regards to the screening and selection of donors and recipients and recommends counselling for all parties. Also discusses medical aspects.
109. Chisolm D, Umbers L. Scientist quits over lesbian IVF ruling. Sunday Star-Times. Auckland; 1995.
110. Christchurch Infertility Society Mot. Personal communication with authors as a result of research into the development of this organisation.; 1995.111. Christie GL. The psychogenic factor in infertility. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1994;28:378-90.
infertility, psychological, women, couples, doctors, counselling, psychosocial, abortion, motherhood, family, adult development: infertility, psychological, women, couples, doctors, counselling, psychosocial, abortion, motherhood, family, adult development.
This paper looks at situations in which psychological factors may be lowering womens' fertility. It looks from a psychoanalytic counselling perspective at some of these factors: blocked adult development, grief, guilt, negative relationships with mothers. It offers 3 case studies and favours a holistic approach taking insights from anthropology and sociology.
112. Cobb A. Was it wrong to want a baby?: BMJ, VOL. 311; 1995.
113. Collins JA, Burrows EA, Willan AR. Occupations and Clinical Characteristic of Infertile Couples. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 1994;85(1: Jan-Feb, 1994):28-32.
infertility, medical aspects, social class, assisted reproduction, Canada: infertility, medical aspects, social class, assisted reproduction, Canada.
This study of infertile couples in Canada found that upper quartile of couples in terms of wealth remained infertile 6 months less than the lower quartile. Wealth, however, did not effect couples likelihood of being diagnosed or receiving treatment for infertility. The liklihood oftubal infertility was associated with lower income.
114. Collins JA. A Couple with Infertility. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995;274(14):1159-64.
infertility, IVF, assisted reproduction, practice, treatment, couples, doctors, insurance, payment, economics, USA, Canada, UK, psychological, psychosocial, age, clinics, DI, drugs, GIFT, ZIFT, adoption, counselling, multiple pregnancies, pregnancy rates, women,: infertility, IVF, assisted reproduction, practice, treatment, couples, doctors, insurance, payment, economics, USA, Canada, UK, psychological, psychosocial, age, clinics, DI, drugs, GIFT, ZIFT, adoption, counselling, multiple pregnancies, pregnancy rates, women,.
This paper presents a case study of a couple with unexplained infertility and outlines the way in which this clinic responded to this. Emphasises psychosocial needs of couples and the benefits of natural and low tech approaches. Also discusses pregnancy rates, costs and the provision of insurance for infertility treatment, multiple pregnancies and fetal reduction, and other issues.
115. Colpin H. Parents and children of reproductive technology: chances and risks for their well being. International Journal of Family Care. 1994;6(1):50-71.
parents, children, ART, prent-child relationship: parents, children, ART, prent-child relationship.
This study is a literature review of the issues of having a child by assisted reproduction technologies, identifying the impact of the infertility problems , the medical context, the artificial character of the conception, the vulnerability of the pregnancy and the significance of this issues for the parents, children and parent-child relationship. Provision of counselling is suggested.
116. Colpin Hea. New reproductive technology and the family: the parent-child relationship following IVF. J. Child Psychol. Psychiat. 1995;36(8):1429-1441.
Reproductive technology, in vitro fertilisation, mother, psychological functioning parent-child relationship: Reproductive technology, in vitro fertilisation, mother, psychological functioning parent-child relationship.
Parent-child relationships and the parents psychological functioning were assessed in families with a 24-30 month old, single born child conceived by IVF and in a control group conceived naturally. The investigation included behavioural observation of mother-child interactions in the home and self-rated questionnaires. No significant differences between IVF and control groups were found. However in the case of IVF, employed mothers shouwed less respect for their child's autonomy compared with both nonemployed IVF-mothers and employed control mothers. The author suggests that these data would be relevant for counselling of prospective mothers undergoing an IVF programme.
117. Condon M, Harrison K. Sperm donors: attitudes to openness of information to recipient couples. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 11th Annual Scientific Meeting; Adelaide, Australia; 1994.
semen donors, secrecy, couples, Australia, records: semen donors, secrecy, couples, Australia, records.
This study of 21 donors explored their opinions on issues relating to the release of information about themselves to recipient couples. 20 supported the release of non-identifying information after birth, although some of these had some qualifications with regard to personal information. In contrast 15-9 disagreed with the release of their identity; 4-6 of these would not donate in these circumstances, 9-11 would be less willing to donate. Similarly 18 opposed the release of their identity to a government agency which would be accessable to offspring at 18.
118. Condon M. Sperm donors: what they want to know concerning recipient couples and possible children. Unpublished; 1994.
119. Coney S. Assisted reproduction technology in New Zealand. The Lancet. 1994;344(September 3):674.
assisted reproduction, interests of child, policy, regulation, ethics, Maori, lesbian, single women, couples, prohibition, openness, records, surrogacy, adoption, commercialisation, New Zealand, doctors: assisted reproduction, interests of child, policy, regulation, ethics, Maori, lesbian, single women, couples, prohibition, openness, records, surrogacy, adoption, commercialisation, New Zealand, doctors.
This discussion outlines the NZ report on assisted reproductive technologies. It comments that there is limited ethical discussion, and questions the authors decisions on surrogacy, and allowing single women and lesbians access to infertility treatments. It discusses secrecy and openness issues, regulation, adoption, doctors, Maori, etc.
120. Coney S. Privatising infertilty services in New Zealand. The Lancet. 1995;345(May 20):1298.
infertility, doctors, regulation, economics, NZ, policy, infertility societies, ethics, anonymity: infertility, doctors, regulation, economics, NZ, policy, infertility societies, ethics, anonymity.
This piece outlines the situation in Auckland where the health funding body has awarded the infertility services contract to the private sector with various negative effects for the public sector. The public sector agency is planning to take an injunction against the funding body for the decision.121. Cook R, Golombok S. A Survey of Semen Donation: Phase 2 - the View of the Donors. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(4):951-9.
DI, semen donors, egg donors, egg donation, motivation, recruitment, women, men, gender, policy, age, UK, payment, practice, medical aspects, lesbian, single women, psychosocial, social attitudes, anonymity, telling the child, openness, secrecy, family, psychological, child free, race, infertility, HIV, offspring, interests of child, law, policy, adoption, couples, blood bond, records: DI, semen donors, egg donors, egg donation, motivation, recruitment, women, men, gender, policy, age, UK, payment, practice, medical aspects, lesbian, single women, psychosocial, social attitudes, anonymity, telling the child, openness, secrecy, family, psychological, child free, race, infertility, HIV, offspring, interests of child, law, policy, adoption, couples, blood bond, records.
This study of UK egg and semen donors and a control group looked at motivations for donating, influences on decision to donate, attitudes to who should be able to use gametes, payment, sources of dicomfort about the procedures, understanding about extent and practice of egg donation and DI, attitudes to record keeping and secrecy, etc.
122. Cook R. Surrogacy: Counselling and ethical issues using case studies. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting o fthe Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne; 1995.
surrogacy, counselling, couples, surrogates, family, ethics, social attitudes, psychological, motivation, social support, surrogates partner: surrogacy, counselling, couples, surrogates, family, ethics, social attitudes, psychological, motivation, social support, surrogates partner.
This study of 2 surrogacy situations and the counselling involved in this. It concludes that surrogacy can be psychologically sucessful especially where the surrogacy is altruistic and where the surrogate and her husband have a clear understanding that they have completed their own family.
123. Copperman AB, Feder S, Schanzer K, et al. Attitudes of Obstetricians and
Gynecologists Towards Ovum Donation. Presented at the Fifty-First Annual Meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Abstracts of the Scientific Oral and Poster Sessions. Program Supplement; Seattle, USA; 1995.
doctors, post menopausal, age, ethics, egg donation, selection, parenthood, family, couples: doctors, post menopausal, age, ethics, egg donation, selection, parenthood, family, couples.
This study of obstetricians and gynecologists found that while they approved of egg donation only 50% approved of it when used with women over 45. There opinions on selection requirements for women/couples are presented.
124. Cordray AW. Letter to Dr. Daniels: Unpublished; 1995.
125. Covington SN. The role of the mental health professional in reproductive medicine. Fertility and Sterility. 1995;64(5):895-7.
social workers, psychological, psychosocial, helath professionals, doctors, assessment, selection, education, couples, stress, counselling, assisted reproduction, regulation, guidelines, screening: social workers, psychological, psychosocial, helath professionals, doctors, assessment, selection, education, couples, stress, counselling, assisted reproduction, regulation, guidelines, screening.
This paper outlines the role of various mental helath profesionals inassisted reproduction. It describes the work of the Mental Health Professional Group of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine in creating bibliographies and guidelines in the area and generally promoting the need for competency among mental health professionals in this area.
126. Craft N. BMA issues new guidances on surrogacy. British Medical Journal. 1996;312(17 February):397-398.
surrogacy,: surrogacy,.
This newspiece reports the BMA's new position on surrogacy, which is advised to be used as an option of last resort. It also recommends the surrogacy arrangements to be open, saying that it is better for the surrogate mother to have contact with the intended parents. Criteria are that intended parents must be married and the child genetically related to one of them. There are no regulatory bodies for surrogacy arrangements.
127. Crawshaw M. Report Back on the Questionnaire sent to All Members About the Experiences of HFEA Inspections of those Members Working as Counsellors in Licensed Clinics. Journal of Infertility Counselling. 1994;1(2):16-19.
counselling, infertility, clinics, UK, licensing, regulation: counselling, infertility, clinics, UK, licensing, regulation.
not seen.
128. Crosthwaite J. Feminism and medical ethics. Monash Bioethics Review. 1994;13(3):13-19.
ethics, practice, policy, feminism, IVF: ethics, practice, policy, feminism, IVF.
This paper sees feminist ethics being relevant to bioethics in that it questions the gender neutrality in ethical thinking, and it raises the need for social and political awareness and concern with issues of power particularly in relation to oppressed groups. It also sees it as being useful in helping bioethicists be self-aware of theirincreasing power in medical decision-making. It also outlines various types of specifically feminist ethics and theorising in this area.
129. Cryogenic Laboratories Incorporated. Cryogenic Laboratories Incorporated. Technological Services for Reproductive Medicine. 1944 Lexington Avenue North
Roseville
Minnesota 55113
USA: Cryogenic Laboratories Incorporated; 1995.
130. Cummins JM, Jequier AM. Treating male infertility needs more clinical andrology, not less. Human Reproduction. 1994;9(7):1214-9.
ICSI, doctors, medical aspects, scientists, ethics, male infertility, men, rights, psychological, technology, couples, research, clinics, law, interests of child: ICSI, doctors, medical aspects, scientists, ethics, male infertility, men, rights, psychological, technology, couples, research, clinics, law, interests of child.
This paper counsels against overenthusiasm about ICSI and similar techniques, saying that in treating sperm there is a danger that physiological causes of male infertility may be ignored. Also notes that infertility is often liked to genetic diseases and that in injecting the sperm of othewise infertile men into eggs there is a danger that people may be born with genetic diseases who would not have been born otherwise.131. Curson R, Daniels KR. Recruiting semen donors without offering financial incentives. under editorial review. 1994*.
recruitment, payment, demographics, motivation: recruitment, payment, demographics, motivation.
Reports the KC clinic's recruitment of donors through media and their support group. Demographics of the donors are analysed. Puts forward the idea that men can be reached without financial incentive.
132. Daniels K, Sterna I. Infertility: The Social Work Contribution. Socionomen. 1994;6(2):41-6.
infertility, social workers, psychosocial, couples, social attitudes, family, health professionals, counselling, social suport, psychological, semen donrs, adoption, policy, IVF, DI, surrogacy, NZ, Sweden: infertility, social workers, psychosocial, couples, social attitudes, family, health professionals, counselling, social suport, psychological, semen donrs, adoption, policy, IVF, DI, surrogacy, NZ, Sweden.
This paper discusses the role of social workers in the treatment of infertile couples. It looks at psychosocial and policy issues.
133. Daniels K, Gillet W. Infertility and Donor Insemination: The Impact on Couple's Relationships. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual Scientific Meeting; The Sheraton Hotel, Brisbane, Australia; 1994.
couples, DI, psychosocial, infertility, process, New Zealand: couples, DI, psychosocial, infertility, process, New Zealand.
This study looks at the effect of infertility and donor insemination on couples relationships. It finds that infertility for the majority had a positive effect on couples relationships. It also finds that couples felt increasingly positive about DI as the treatment progressed.
134. Daniels K. The Swedish Insemination Act and its Impact. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1994;34(4):437-9.
secrecy, Sweden, NZ, semen donors, policy, legislation, doctors, interests of child: secrecy, Sweden, NZ, semen donors, policy, legislation, doctors, interests of child.
This paper outlines the openness provision of the 1985 Swedish Insemination Law, the doctors reactions to it and the effect of it on DI offspring. It also discusses the effect of the law on the number of men donating.
135. Daniels K. Assisted Human Reproduction. A Review of the Ministerial Advisory Committee Report. Otago Bioethics Report. 1994;3(3):4-5.
regulation, policy, New Zealand, doctors, ethics, interests of child, Maori, lesbian, single women, embryos, secrecy, openness, surrogacy, psychosocial, social attitudes, research: regulation, policy, New Zealand, doctors, ethics, interests of child, Maori, lesbian, single women, embryos, secrecy, openness, surrogacy, psychosocial, social attitudes, research.
This review of the recent government report outlines the structure that it proposes be set up and looks at its recommendation around the issues of discrimination, secrecy, interests of offspring, genetic research, and surrogacy. It is critical of the health/justice bias to the paper, the problems inherent in the proposed tripartite regulatory structure, and the lack of clarity about the degree of public support for various propositions.
136. Daniels K. Assisted Reproductive Technology Policy in New Zealand: Needs, Rights and Responsibilities. Public Sector. 1994;17(3):22-5.
regulation, policy, NZ, infertility, stress, couples, telling the child, records, rights, family, blood bond, doctors, scientists, lawyers, ethics, interests of child, Maori, lesbian, single women, embryos, secrecy, openness, surrogacy, psychosocial, social attitudes, legislation,: regulation, policy, NZ, infertility, stress, couples, telling the child, records, rights, family, blood bond, doctors, scientists, lawyers, ethics, interests of child, Maori, lesbian, single women, embryos, secrecy, openness, surrogacy, psychosocial, social attitudes, legislation,.
This paper looks at NZ responses to developments in ART's and the issues associated with this, and the governmental action in relation to this. It notes strong support for regulation in the area from various sources.
137. Daniels K. Review of the New Zealand Government Report into Assisted Human Reproduction (AHR). Eubios Ethics Institute Newsletter. 1994;4(September):58-9.
NZ, assisted reproduction, policy, ethics, rights, lesbian, age, single women, telling the child, openness, Maori, surrogacy interests of child, regulation: NZ, assisted reproduction, policy, ethics, rights, lesbian, age, single women, telling the child, openness, Maori, surrogacy interests of child, regulation.
This paper summarises the process by which the abovementioned 1994 report came into being, and summarises its contents. It notes the international importance of this report in terms of its respect for indigenous rights and its concern with openness.
138. Daniels K, Sterna I. Nar barnet vill veta vem som ar dess far. Socionomen. 1994;4:12-15.
.
.
139. Daniels KR. Adoption and Donor Insemination: Factors Influencing Couples' Choices. Child Welfare. 1994;73(1):5-14.
DI, Adoption, Male Infertility, Law, Bonding, Pregnancy, Social attitudes: DI, Adoption, Male Infertility, Law, Bonding, Pregnancy, Social attitudes.
The increasing availability of DI means that many couples faced with male infertility are preferring DI to adoption. The results of a study of 54 New Zealand couples are presented qualitatively and quantitatively. Most of these couples considered adoption prior to deciding to utilise DI instead. This article looks at the perceived disadvantages of adoptions and the perceived advantages of DI and discusses the implications of these perceptions.
140. Daniels K. Policy Directions for Assisted Human Reproduction in New Zealand. Journal of Fertility Counselling. 1995;2(1):14-16.
assisted reproduction, NZ, policy, psychosocial, rights, counselling, regulation, doctors, legislation, openness, social attitudes, semen donors, offspring, Maori, single women, post menopausal, lesbian, interests of child.: assisted reproduction, NZ, policy, psychosocial, rights, counselling, regulation, doctors, legislation, openness, social attitudes, semen donors, offspring, Maori, single women, post menopausal, lesbian, interests of child.
This review of the Ministerial Advisory committees1994 report on assisted human reproduction highlights the policy recommendations made particularly in the areas of openness, access to services, and the interests of offspring.141. Daniels KR, Lewis GM, Gillett WR. Telling DI offspring the nature of their conception: The nature of couples' decision making. Social Science & Medicine. 1995;40(9):1213-20.
couples, secrecy, psychosocial, doctors gender, offspring, DI, NZ: couples, secrecy, psychosocial, doctors gender, offspring, DI, NZ.
This study of 58 couples who had had children by DI in Dunedin NZ, looks at their attitudes to telling their offspring about DI, and the way disagreement and negotiation about the subject were handled by the couples.
142. Daniels K, Lalos O. The Swedish Insemination Act and the Availability of Donors. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(7):1871-4.
Sweden, legislation, semen donors, DI, telling the child, anonymity, records: Sweden, legislation, semen donors, DI, telling the child, anonymity, records.
This paper discusses the recent Act on Donor Insemination and uses material from the Swedish Department of Health Education and Welfare to show that since the Act numbers of donors have increased.
143. Daniels K. Information Sharing in Donor Insemination: A Conflict of Rights and Needs. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 1995;4:217-24.
information sharing, DI, couples, offspring, semen donors, secrecy, openness, rights, interests of child, telling the child: information sharing, DI, couples, offspring, semen donors, secrecy, openness, rights, interests of child, telling the child.
incomplete.
144. Daniels KR. Information sharing in DI - a conflict of needs and rights. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 1995;4:217-24.
psychosocial, secrecy, Sweden, UK, Australia, NZ, psychological, rights, semen donors, DI, couples, interests of child, offspring, law, policy, records, openness, telling the child, anonymity, doctors, legislation, ethics, social attitudes, Maori, blood bond, family, parenthood, education, policy: psychosocial, secrecy, Sweden, UK, Australia, NZ, psychological, rights, semen donors, DI, couples, interests of child, offspring, law, policy, records, openness, telling the child, anonymity, doctors, legislation, ethics, social attitudes, Maori, blood bond, family, parenthood, education, policy.
This paper focus is on the psychosocial and ethical aspects of information sharing between participants in Donor Insemination (DI). It outlines who these participants are, the roles that they have traditionally played in this procedure, and the sorts of information that have been shared between these participants. It looks at how the participants can claim to have rights to either gain access to or to not reveal certain categories of information and at how these rights can come into conflict. It outlines how these issues have been responded to in various countries and at the effect that legislation and participants attitudes have had on the patterns of information sharing.
145. Daniels KR. Access to Assisted Human Reproduction Services by Minority Groups. in press. 1996.
lesbian, infertility, single women, assisted human reproduction, [p;icy development: lesbian, infertility, single women, assisted human reproduction, [p;icy development.
This paper looks at the claims of lesbian and single women to have access to Assisted Human Reproduction (AHR) in New Zealand, discusses legislation, rulings and regulations, as well as the opinions of people who have been involved in this issue. These include clinics and health professionals who provide these services, ethics committees and other bodies, and public opinion. Some implications for policy development are also discussed.
146. Daniels KR, Lewis G. Openness of Information in the Use of Donor Gametes: Developments in New Zealand. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 1996;14:57-68.
New Zealand, Sweden, assisted human reproduction, offspring, embryos, gametes, donor information, openness.: New Zealand, Sweden, assisted human reproduction, offspring, embryos, gametes, donor information, openness.
A committee appointed by the New Zealand Government to inquire into developments in assisted human reproduction recommended in their 1994 report that all offspring born following the donation of embryos or gametes should have access to identifying donor information. This paper presents the Committee's conclusions, along with a description of currents attitudes and practices in New Zealand. Sweden and New Zealand have, until recently been the only two countries in the world that have adopted the openness' approach. Some brief comparisons are made between the approaches followed in these two countries.
147. Daniels KR. Committee Members of an Infertility Society: Their Motivation and Level of Involvement. in press. 1996:in press.
infertility, volunteer, infertility society, members, patterns of involvement: infertility, volunteer, infertility society, members, patterns of involvement.
This paper reports the results of a study concerning the patterns of involvement of committee members of an infertility society. It is, as far as we can ascertain, the first study to be conducted with members of an infertility society which focuses on them in their role as volunteers, rather than in their role as people requiring support or therapy. The research investigated how the committee members became involved, what they found to be satisfying and unsatisfying about this involvement, and their reasons for ceasing to be involved. It looks at the involvement career of these people in the organisation and seeks to ascertain if there are any relationships between the extent and type of their involvement and various demographic and motivational variables.
148. Daniels KR, Lewis G. Donor Insemination: The Gifting and Selling of Semen. Social Science and Medicine. 1996;42(11):1521-1536.
donor insemination, gifts, semen donors, policy: donor insemination, gifts, semen donors, policy.
The authors examine the implications for individuals and society of how semen is provided for use in donor insemination treatment. In particular,they focus in whether 'donors' make a gift of their semen or are paid. The role of health professionals in shaping the nature and meaning of semen provision is also explored. The currently predominant practice of buying semen is compared with other reproductive and biomedical exchanges: oocyte donation, surrogacy, and blood organ and fetal tissue donation. The authors suggest that the commercialisation of semen determines and reflects the type of men frequently recruited to provide semen. This in turn influences the meaning that donors themselves, recipients, offspring, health professionals and society at large attribute to the provision of semen.
149. Daniels KR, Curson R, Lewis GM. Semen Donor Recruitment: A Study of Donors in Two Clinics. Human Reproduction. 1996;11(4):746-751.
motivation, payment, policy, recruitment, semen donor: motivation, payment, policy, recruitment, semen donor.
This paper reports a comparative study of semen donors at two London clinics, which have different recruitment and payment policies. Results presented include demographic characteristics, motivations, means of recruitment, and attitudes towards payments of the donors, as well as their disclosure to others about the donation. Donors from the two clinics were found to differ on the above points. Comparisons with other studies are made and implications for donor recruitment are discussed.
150. Daniels K, Haimes E. Donor Insemination; in press.151. Daniels K, Ericsson H, Burn I. Motivations of Swedish Semen Donors. forthcoming. under editorial review.
.
.
152. Daniels K, Curson R, Lewis G. Semen donors' views on the storage and release of identifying donor information, and tracing. . under editorial review.
.
.
153. Daniels K, Curson R, Lewis G. Semen donors as consumers of DI services - feedback from donors in two clinics. . under editorial review.
.
.
154. Daniels K, Curson R, Lewis G. DI families - the views of donors at 2 clinics. . under editorial review.
.
.
155. Daruvalla A. Poles hired as surrogate mums in illegal trade. Holland/ health fears for 'adopted' children. Independent on Sunday. London; 1995.
156. Dawson K. Assisted Reproductive Technology. some Legal and Ethical Issues. Search. 1994;25(2):53-6.
assisted reproduction, technology, law, ethics,scientistd, doctors, Christianity, Catholic, GIFT, embryos, research, social attitudes, rights, IVF, feminism, women, genetic engineering, sex selection, couples, parenthood, cryopreservation, Australia: assisted reproduction, technology, law, ethics,scientistd, doctors, Christianity, Catholic, GIFT, embryos, research, social attitudes, rights, IVF, feminism, women, genetic engineering, sex selection, couples, parenthood, cryopreservation, Australia.
This paper provides a general overview of ARTs, embryo research,genetic screening and associated ethical and legal issues in an Australian context.
157. Daya S, Gunby J, Hughes EG, Collins JA, Sagle MA, YoungLai EV. Natural cycles for in-vitro fertilization: cost-effectiveness analysis and factors influencing outcome. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(7):1719-24.
medical aspects, IVF, drugs, pregnancy rates, stress, women, economics: medical aspects, IVF, drugs, pregnancy rates, stress, women, economics.
This paper describes this clinics practice of IVF without the use of drugs for ovarian stimulation. It argues that there are benefits in terms of reduced costs, stress and risks in not using drugs in IVF procedures, even though the pregnancy rates are reduced when drugs are not used.
158. De Luca RJ. National Ethics Committee on Assisted Human Reproduction Report. Extract from the Keynote address of New Zealand Infertility Society Conference, July 1995. New Zealand Infertility Society Newsletter. 1995(December):2-3.
ethics, surrogacy, couples, Maori, surrogates, couples, IVF, pregnancy rates, interests of child, NZ, commodification: ethics, surrogacy, couples, Maori, surrogates, couples, IVF, pregnancy rates, interests of child, NZ, commodification.
This piece outlines the issues considered by this ethics committee for and against non-commercial IVF surrogacy. It discusses this in the New Zealand context looking in particular at Maori attitudes to this issue.
159. Dean M. New Controversies over Assisted Conception. The Lancet. 1994;343(January 15):165.
abortion, ethics, social attitudes, assisted reproduction, infertility, eggs, HFEA, UK: abortion, ethics, social attitudes, assisted reproduction, infertility, eggs, HFEA, UK.
This newspiece reports on the recent medical developments which will soon allow human eggs to be taken from aborted foetuses and used to fertilise infertile women. It summarises the HFEA consultation document, Donated Ovarian Tissue in Embryo Research and Assisted Conception, which calls for public comment in this area. This document addresses issues such as safety of techniques, possible effects on children born as a result of this procedure, the risk of if inducing or delaying abortions and consent issues in relation to this. It reports on an opinion poll on these issues which oppose the practice of using aborted foetuses in this manner.
160. Dekker D. The Baby Makers/ Fertility specialists who help childless people have families. The Evening Post. Wellington; 1994.161. Del Valle AP, Scheib JE, Ruberto C, Olson J. A Canadian Study of Disclosure by Recipients of Therapeutic Donor Insemination. forthcoming. 1994.
DI, Canada, secrecy, couples, single women, lesbians: DI, Canada, secrecy, couples, single women, lesbians.
This study of 64 DI recipients, who were married couples, single women and lesbians found that the per-centage who had told others about their DI involvement was higher than in other comparable studies. However, the per-centages were closer to that in other studies when the couples were considered on their own. There is also speculation that the results may have been biased as a result of the respondents being recruited from DI programmes which do not advocate secrecy.
162. deLacey S. 'That Child's Not Mine, Mine Is When It's In Me'. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne, Australia; 1995.
egg donors, egg donation, motivation, known donors, IVF, blood bond, motherhood, family, cryopreservation: egg donors, egg donation, motivation, known donors, IVF, blood bond, motherhood, family, cryopreservation.
This study of egg donors found that they did not have a sense of ownership of the child they were donating an egg to produce. It was also found that while anonymous donors would donate to known recipients, that known donors would not donate anonymously. Discusses this in relation to needs of egg donors and the conception of genetic connectedness.
163. Delany Lea. Altruism by proxy: volunteering children for bone marrow donation. BMJ. 1996;312:240-2.
children, donors, bone marrow donation, family.: children, donors, bone marrow donation, family.
Several authors discuss bone marrow donation by children. Aspects such as children's rights, psychological impact, discomfort after transplant, family grief, and power of decision making whithin a family are discussed.
164. Demyttenaere K, Nijs P, Evers-Kiebooms G, Koninckx PR. Personality characteristics, psychoendocrinological stress and outcome of IVF depend upon the etiology of infertility. Gynecological Endocrinology. 1994;8(4):233-40.
IVF, stress, psychological, psychosocial, infertility, women, medical aspects: IVF, stress, psychological, psychosocial, infertility, women, medical aspects.
not seen.
165. Dill S. Annual Report: Access Australia's National Infertility Network; 1995.
166. Dillner L. Infertility clinics show variation in success. British Medical Journal. 1995;311(21 October):1041.
clinics, pregnancy rates, UK, licensing, couples, infertility, payment, economics, research, medical aspects: clinics, pregnancy rates, UK, licensing, couples, infertility, payment, economics, research, medical aspects.
This piece reports on the publication of the HFEA's booklet ' The Patients' Guides to DI and IVF Clinics' which reports on the pregnancy rates of UK IVF clinics. The median rate is 14% and the best rate is 23%. It describes criticisms which have been made of this grading process and of the actions of the HFEA in relation to this. .
167. Dobbs J. Another Aspect of Infertility. New Zealand Practice Nurse. 1994(March):33-4.
nurses, treatment, counselling, infertility, medical aspects, pregnancy, stress, grief, psychological, social attitudes, family, couples, social support, drugs: nurses, treatment, counselling, infertility, medical aspects, pregnancy, stress, grief, psychological, social attitudes, family, couples, social support, drugs.
This paper describes the emotional aspects of infertility for couples and outlines ways in which nurses can help couples to overcome these.
168. Dorozybnki A. France debates ethics of sperm injection: BMJ; 1995.
169. Dorozynski A. French react strongly to postmenopausal births. British Medical Journal. 1994;308(15 January):154.
post menopausal, France, feminism, prohibition, rights, women, ethics, Europe: post menopausal, France, feminism, prohibition, rights, women, ethics, Europe.
This piece reports on the proposed French Bill banning the use of ARTs for post menopausal women, and the reaction to this.
170. Dorozynski A. French court orders destruction of frozen embryos. British Medical Journal. 1994;308(21 May 1994):1319-20.
embryos, law, legislation, France, ethics, religion, infertility, IVF, posthumous: embryos, law, legislation, France, ethics, religion, infertility, IVF, posthumous.
This newspiece reports the ruling of a French court that a woman undergoing IVF treatment can not have access to the embryos created by her and her husband because her husband is now dead, and that the embryos must be destroyed. She can appeal the decision. It also reports the opinions of the National Ethics Consultative Committee, the French National Assembly and the Catholic Church.171. Dorozynski A. France approves exceptional embryo screening. British Medical Journal. 1994;308(7 May 1994):1186-7.
eugenics, embryos, legislation, regulation, France, genetic screening: eugenics, embryos, legislation, regulation, France, genetic screening.
This newspiece describes the French National Assemblies ruling that genetic screening of preimplantation embryos be allowed in cases where there is a high risk of genetic diseases. It also discusees various doctors fears of eugenics in relation to this.
172. Dorozynski A. France debates ethics of sperm injection techniques. British Medical Journal. 1995;311(7 October):896.
ICSI, France, standards, genetics, ethics, Belgium, pregnancy rates, disability, clinics: ICSI, France, standards, genetics, ethics, Belgium, pregnancy rates, disability, clinics.
This piece reports on the rapid expansion of the use of ICSI in ART clinics around France. It also reports a practice of injecting immature sprm called spermatids into the egg. It discusses the possibility that these procedures could pass on genetic abnormalities to offspring. Also reporston the numbersof these procedures that have been undertaken and the pregnancy rates associated with these.
173. Douglas G. Assisted Reproduction and the Welfare of the Child. In: Freeman M, ed. Current Legal Problems. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1994.
assisted reproduction, interests of child, offspring, couples, semen donors egg donors: assisted reproduction, interests of child, offspring, couples, semen donors egg donors.
not seen.
174. Douglass A. Ethical Review of Patient Satisfaction Surveys. Otago Bioethics Report: Incorporating Bioethics Research Centre Newsletter. 1994;3(3):8-9.
ethics, recipients, doctors, method, hospitals, NZ, rights: ethics, recipients, doctors, method, hospitals, NZ, rights.
This paper looks at the increasing use of, and different sorts of patient satisfaction surveys being used in NZ. It argues that they be submitted to ethical committees for approval before use and that they should be methodologically sound.
175. Drent R. Fertility shapes as mother of debates. Sunday Star. Auckland; 1994.
176. Dyall L, Keith J, Reproduction MCoAH. E Toro Nei Nga Kawai Taura Tangata: The Human Links Extend Like Branches of a Tree. Analysis of Written Submissions Made to Ministerial Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technologies Appendix C. in Assisted Human Reproduction: Navigating our Future: Department of Justice , New Zealand Government; 1994.
177. Edelmann RJ, Humphrey M, Owens DJ. The meaning of parenthood and couples' reactions to male infertility. Brithish Journal of Medical Psychology. 1994;67:291-9.
couples, male infertility, DI, stress, psychological, sexuality, gender, identity, psychosocial, motherhood, fatherhood, parenthood, counselling: couples, male infertility, DI, stress, psychological, sexuality, gender, identity, psychosocial, motherhood, fatherhood, parenthood, counselling.
This study of a 205 couples with male factor infertility looks at the relationship between stress and marital problems, and social identity as a basis for parenthood. Distress and marital problems were higher for women and men who emphasised the importance of fatherhood, motherhood, masculinity and feminity. It looks at findings in relation to use of DI and implications for counselling. Has useful section on the literature about why people have children.
178. Edelmann R, Cook R. Infertility Counselling and Psychological Aspects of Infertility. A Selected Bibliography. In: Association BIC, ed. York, UK: British Infertility Counselling Association; 1994.
179. Editor N. Sex determination banned in India. Nature; 1996.
180. Editorial. More fuss about genetics and embryos. Nature. 1994;367(13 January):99-100.
embryos, media, UK, IVF, abortion, social attitudes, ethics, genetic screening, technology, eugenics, genetic engineering,: embryos, media, UK, IVF, abortion, social attitudes, ethics, genetic screening, technology, eugenics, genetic engineering,.
This editorial argues that technological advances in genetics are more likely to lead to issues of genetic information access and control, than the more commonly feared reproductive upheavals.181. Editorial. Unnatural Childbirth. The Press. Christchurch; 1994.
182. Editorial. Unnatural Childbirth. Moral disquiet over designer babies would not make good law. The Times. London; 1994.
183. Editorial. Why Worry About Embryos. Social Science and Medicine. 1994;38(5):v-viii.
ethics, social attitudes, embryos, philosophy, regulation, UK, law, rights, women: ethics, social attitudes, embryos, philosophy, regulation, UK, law, rights, women.
This editorial is a philosophical discussion about the value of human life, in relation to embryos and women's right to do with them as they see fit.
184. Editorial. Too old at 59? Nature. 1994;367(6 January):2.
post menopausal, age, ethics, IVF, doctors, reproductive rights, UK, media, social attitudes: post menopausal, age, ethics, IVF, doctors, reproductive rights, UK, media, social attitudes.
This paper looks at the response in the UK to a 59 year old woman giving birth to twins. Author favours older women giving birth.
185. Editorial. Ovum donation: move slowly. The Lancet. 1994;344(July, 16):142.
HFEA, ovum donation, public opinion, ethical issues, controversy.: HFEA, ovum donation, public opinion, ethical issues, controversy.
It reports the activities of HFEA seeking public opinion on ovum donation, questioning the constitution of HFEA, and the circumstances in which the opinions are sought. It suggests that what will be slow is the separation between redundant and relevant controversy and ethical and scarcity issues.
186. Editorial. What to do with spare embryos. The Lancet. 1996;347(9007):983.
embryo, embryo research, donors, HFEA: embryo, embryo research, donors, HFEA.
This newspiece reports the discussions arising from storage period for spare embryos in the UK, according to the author, the HFEA plans to give public explanation for new consent forms on embryo storage, which will be dictated by the lenght of time, instead of reproductive age of the donors.
187. Edwards JH, Benham JD, Lieberman BA, Holt E, Maddison J, Sidebotham M. Views on donated ovarian tissue. The Lancet. 1994;344(September 17):824-5.
research, abortion, social attitudes, policy, eggs donation, assisted reproduction, women, UK, fetal tissue: research, abortion, social attitudes, policy, eggs donation, assisted reproduction, women, UK, fetal tissue.
This series of three letters reports on studies of university students, women awaiting donated ovarian tissue, and women undergoing abortions, into their opinions on the use of ovarian tissue and eggs for treatment and research, taken from live donors, cadavers, and aborted fetuses. The women awaiting ovarian tissue were more in favour generally of the collection of ovarian tissue in various situations than the other two groups.
188. Egozcue J. The Practice of Assisted Reproduction in Spain. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1994;11(8):379-81.
assisted reproduction, Spain, ICSI, IVF, Catholic, regulation, legislation, records, embryos, pregnancy rates, clinics, couples, DI: assisted reproduction, Spain, ICSI, IVF, Catholic, regulation, legislation, records, embryos, pregnancy rates, clinics, couples, DI.
This paper reports on the situation with regard to ARTs in Spain. It notes the 1988 legislation in this area which provided for the collection of information on clinics and the referring of difficult ethical decisions to a National Commission on Assisted Reproduction. Notes that neither of these have yet been set up. Notes also the excessive numbers of centres in Spain and the lack of quality control. Reports on clinics pregnancy rates etc.
189. Eisenberg L. Growing Up With Single Parents: What Hurts, What Helps. New England Journal of Medicine. 1995;332(14):966-8.
single women, couples, divorce, race, economics, social attitudes, USA, policy, interests of child, family, single men, contraception, sexuality, Sweden: single women, couples, divorce, race, economics, social attitudes, USA, policy, interests of child, family, single men, contraception, sexuality, Sweden.
This review of the book in the title by S. McLanahan and G. Sandefur outlines the increased risks for children associated with being raised by a single parent. Outlines government policies it sees as being necessary to address these problems.
190. Emery J. Silent suffering: BMJ, vol.311; 1995.191. Endean C. Italy vows to control fertility treatments. British Medical Journal. 1994;308(15 January):155.
Italy, IVF, post menopausal, guidelines, ethics, doctors, interests of child, clinics, law, legislation, women, Catholic,: Italy, IVF, post menopausal, guidelines, ethics, doctors, interests of child, clinics, law, legislation, women, Catholic,.
Report on activities of doctors in Italy in providing IVF services for post menopausal women. Notes report coming soon from National Bioethics Committee. Notes opposition to these IVF procedures from Catholic Church, and opposition to legislation from powerful fertility clinics.
192. Englert Y. Artificial insemination of single women and lesbian women with donor semen. Human Reproduction. 1994;9(11):1969-71.
lesbian, single women, medicalisation, doctors, DI, practice, clinics, Belgium, law, regulation, legislation, social attitudes, psychological, psychosocial, women, family, gender, interests of child, abortion, child development, adult development, fatherhood, sexuality, social support, USA, scientists, technology, policy, prohibition, ethics, selection, psychosocial, semen donors: lesbian, single women, medicalisation, doctors, DI, practice, clinics, Belgium, law, regulation, legislation, social attitudes, psychological, psychosocial, women, family, gender, interests of child, abortion, child development, adult development, fatherhood, sexuality, social support, USA, scientists, technology, policy, prohibition, ethics, selection, psychosocial, semen donors.
This paper reports on the experience of a Belgian clinic in accepting lesbian and single women for DI treatment. It looks at arguments for and against, social attitudes , the development of the child growing up in such families, and the psychological and psychosocial state of the applicants. It finds that lesbian couples are more stable than single women and better cnadidates for the procedure. It argues against the prohibition of the practice but recommends that all doctors be allowed to make up their own minds. Also notes that majority of donors were willing to donate to these candidates.
193. Evans D. Infertiility and the NHS. British Medical Journal. 1995;311(16 December):1586-7.
treatment, state funding, ethics, policy, GIFT, economics, class, doctors, IVF, law, UK, rights, infertility, interests of child: treatment, state funding, ethics, policy, GIFT, economics, class, doctors, IVF, law, UK, rights, infertility, interests of child.
This paper discusses the issues concerning the purchasing of infertility services in the UK. It looks at arguments against purchasing these service and discusses the importance of making these service available freely and not on the grounds of ability to pay. Also discusses doctors conscience clauses in regard to not providing services to certain categories of people.
194. Evina A. Infertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Locoh T, Hertrich V, eds. The Onset of Fertility Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa. Liege, Belgium: Derovaux Ordina Editions; 1994.
infertility, Africa, women, men, family, couples, sexuality, STDs, abortion, medical aspects, demographics, culture, prevention, contraception, social attitudes, divorce, poverty: infertility, Africa, women, men, family, couples, sexuality, STDs, abortion, medical aspects, demographics, culture, prevention, contraception, social attitudes, divorce, poverty.
This paper looks at the relationships between age of first union, forms of marriage, stability of marriage, disease, cultural and social attitudes; and their impact on the incidence of infertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. Draws out the implications for family planning programmes.
195. Family Care. Children (Scotland) Bill. Children Conceived with Donated Gametes. Evidence to Select Committee. In: J. Speirs D, ed: Unpublished; 1995.
196. Family Care. Children (Scotland) Bill. Evidence to Select Committee. (Adoption Issues). In: J. Speirs D, ed; 1995.
197. Family Care. The Children (Scotland) Bill. Letter concerning. In: J. Speirs D, addressed to Mr A. Doherty, ed; 1995.
198. Farrow S. Falling sperm quality: fact or fiction? Answering even simple questions is difficult. British Medical Journal. 1994;309(2 July 1994):1-2.
sperm quality, research, media, medical aspects: sperm quality, research, media, medical aspects.
This article overviews an article later in the same journal (Bromwich et al, 1994) which disputes an earlier paper (Carlsen et al, 1992) which claimed there had been a decline in sperm count over the last 50 years. This article adds to the criticism of the Carlsen artcle, by noting that changes in sperm counts occur in an annual cycle. It calls for more careful use of statistical techniques in analysing data, and notes recent public media attention to the issue .
199. Feldman-Savelberg P. Plundered Kitchens and Empty Wombs: Fear of Infertility in the Cameroonian Grassfields. Social Science and Medicine. 1994;39(4):463.
infertility, anxiety, poverty, Cameroon, culture, social attitudes, gender, symbolism: infertility, anxiety, poverty, Cameroon, culture, social attitudes, gender, symbolism.
This article describes the analogy that Bangangte people, and particularly women make between reproduction and cooking. It describes how this metaphor is both descriptive of, and an influence upon the reproductive practioces of these people. It notes that reproductive failure is the quintessential indicatoir of bad fortune and that infertility is often associated with economic decline personally and the moral decline of their society and changes which have been brought about by colonialism.
200. Ferriman A. What shall we tell the children? Dominion. Wellington; 1994.201. Fisher R, Peek J. Giving up Anonymity - Socialising Gamete Donation. Presented at the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology; Brussels, Belgium; 1994.
anonymity, couples, Maori, support groups,
DI, secrecy, recruitment,
family, donor's partners, openness,
infertility, telling the child, known donors
interests of child, law, legislation, New Zealand, semen donors, social attitudes,
women, men, psychosocial, advertising: anonymity, couples, Maori, support groups,
DI, secrecy, recruitment,
family, donor's partners, openness,
infertility, telling the child, known donors
interests of child, law, legislation, New Zealand, semen donors, social attitudes,
women, men, psychosocial, advertising.
This study of recipient couples, semen donors and their partners looks at issues of telling the child, secrecy, anonymity, the source of hearing about DI, objections to donating etc. Looks at the impact of the removal of a guarantee of anonymity for donors at this clinic.
202. Fishman RHB. Israel's surrogacy bill. The Lancet. 1995;345(February 25):512.
legislation, regulation, surrogacy, religion, Judaism, Israel, couples, law, parenthood, women, motherhood: legislation, regulation, surrogacy, religion, Judaism, Israel, couples, law, parenthood, women, motherhood.
This paper describes a bill before the Israeli parliament to regulate surrogacy. It proposes a committee be formed that all surrogacy arrangements would need to gain permission from to pass.
203. Fiske L. Is There Life Beyond Infertility?: The Inside Story. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual Scientific Meeting; The Sheraton Hotel, Brisbane, Australia; 1994.
infertility, process, stress, psychosocial, psychological, assisted reproduction: infertility, process, stress, psychosocial, psychological, assisted reproduction.
This paper looks at patient's experience of infertility and argues that infertility is an ever present complex dynamic which changes over time. It notes that ARTs can exacerbate infertility problems.
204. Fitzgerald TK, Radonsky VE, Everts JF. Families Created by Lesbians and Gay Men: Issues and Implications for Counselling. New Zealand Journal of Counselling. 1994;16(1):15-22.
gey men, lesbian, family, counselling, social attitudes, psyochosocial, psychological, NZ, USA, law, stress, child development, identity, sexuality, parenthood: gey men, lesbian, family, counselling, social attitudes, psyochosocial, psychological, NZ, USA, law, stress, child development, identity, sexuality, parenthood.
This paper looks at social attitudes and legal issues in relation to homosexuality in New Zealand, and issues arising for counselling. It outlines a number of mainly USA studies which indicate the normality and stability of homosexuality and families headed by homosexuals. It outlines, skills, resources and awarenessees that counsellors need in responding to members of homosexual families.
205. Flamigni C, Borini A. Counselling post-menopausal women for donor in-vitro fertilization and hormone replacement therapy. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(5):1237-41.
post menopausal, women, pregnancy rates, age, Italy, law, payment, anonymity, egg donors, screening, egg donation, consent, selection, HIV, practice, medical aspects: post menopausal, women, pregnancy rates, age, Italy, law, payment, anonymity, egg donors, screening, egg donation, consent, selection, HIV, practice, medical aspects.
This paper outlines the practice of this clinic in selecting post menopausal women for egg donation, and in screening egg donors. Also describes its attitudes to anonymity, consent issues etc. Notes that in all except the maternal morbidity area the statistics concerning this practice do not differ from those of younger women.
206. Franz S. Secrecy and Openness in Donor Insemination. unpublished; 1994.
207. Gerrand N. The Notion of Gift-Giving and Organ Donation. Bioethics. 1994;8(2):127-50.
organ doning, gift, ethics, social atitudes, advertising, philosophy, anonymity, payment: organ doning, gift, ethics, social atitudes, advertising, philosophy, anonymity, payment.
This paper argues that organ doning is better thought of as a form of charity rather than a type of gift-giving. It concentrates on donations from cadavers and looks at the various c