A special issue of Ambio looking at water pollution is Ambio 22 (Nov 1993), 413-96. A discussion of the pollution problems associated with golf courses is in New Scientist (25 Sept, 1993), 30-5. A discussion of the ethical responsibilities of engineers and avoiding pollution is in New Scientist (25 Sept, 1993), 36-41.

Japan is to study the damage caused by the Russian dumping of nuclear waste into the Japan Sea, Nature 365 (1993), 777; New Scientist (6 Nov, 1993), 6-7. Japan may stop plans to dump its' own nuclear waste into the sea, after the experience. The increasing over consumption in Japan is challenging the earlier progress made in environmental protection laws in the 1970s, New Scientist (18 Dec, 1993), 9; on a Japanese view, New Scientist (2 Oct, 1993), 48-50. Finland is pursuing the development of bioenergy, and recently rejected plans to build a further nuclear reactor, Biotechnology 11 (Nov/Dec 1993), A special issue of Bioresouce Technology 46: 1-188 is on power production from biomass.

A record ozone hole is reported in Science 262 (1993), 501. The hole is about one third of its normal thickness. On the interpretation of the Antarctic ozone hole see Science 262 (1993), 990.

The possibility of human immune reaction being decreased by the increased UV radiation following ozone depletion needs further studies, Lancet 342 (1993), 1159-60. However, skin cancer clearly increases, Nature 366 (1993), 23. Another affect is the bleaching of coral, Nature 365 (1993),836-8. Human health and the environment is also discussed in a book review in NEJM 329 (1993), 1749-50.

The predictions of global warming are still relatively insensitive to unexpected changes in carbon dioxide emission according to a study in Nature 366 (1993), 251-3, see also p. 515-6, for a discussion of the missing carbon sink.

A comparison of how different countries participate in environmental treaties is in Nature 367 (1994), 405. A comparison of the environmental policies of industrialised countries suggests that Austria is the greenest of these, followed by Portugal and Japan. The United States was close to Canada as the worst; Science 262 (1993), 1815. A discussion of the EPA in the USA, and recent changes since the new political administration is Science 263 (1994), 312-5; 591. A critique of Clinton's environmental trad-policy is in Biotechnology 12 (1994), 26-7. The politics of a US ecological survey are discussed in Nature 367 (1994), 400. The UK is debating a sustainable development policy following the release of a series discussion documents, Sustainable Development: The UK Strategy; Sustainable Forestry: The UK Programme; Biodiversity: The UK Action Plan; Climate Change: The UK Programme, Nature 367 (1994), 395-6.

Methods to look at changes in the climate and signals of change are discussed in Science 263 (1994), 341-7. The ecological and putative evolutionary effects of the ice ages are discussed in Science 263 (1994), 173-5. A study from Hawaii suggesting declining carbon dioxide levels is discussed in Scientific American (Feb 1994), 12-3. The reason may be the eruption of Mt Pinatubo, because actual emissions have continued to increase. Other papers on the variability of climate patterns are in Nature 367 (1994), 634-6, 695, 723-6.

A review article of the carbon cycle is R.K. Dixon et al., "Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems", Science 263 (1994), 185-90. About two thirds of the carbon in forest ecosystems is actually in soils and peat deposits. The future possibility for reforestation to act as a carbon sink is encouraged.

Policy suggestions to include additional ozone-depleting chemicals in International agreements to protect ozone are made in Nature 367 (1994), 505-8. A series of papers and news on the use of military research after the cold war, and including discussion of how to dispose of plutonium is in Science 263 (1994), 619-34. A book review of S.D. Sagan, The Limits of Safety: Organization, Accidents and Nuclear Weapons (Princeton University Press 1993, 286pp, US$30) is in Nature 367 (1994), 30-1. A paper looking at the risk of a collision with a large asteriod is in Nature 367 (1994), 33-40.

A review is R.J. Charlson & T.M.L. Wigley, "Sulfate aerosol and climatic change", Scientific American (Jan 1994), 28-35. The neutralisation of acid rain is discussed in Nature 367 (1994), 321, 351-4. While sulfur dioxide emissions have fallen, the acidity of rain has remained high in polluted areas, due to reduction in the basic cations in the atmosphere that neutralise acid rain. There still needs to be further reduction in pollution if acid rain is to be avoided. A US panel from the National Academy of Sciences has recommended a global body be established to control civil plutonium use; Nature 367 (1994), 307.

A review of environmental agents associated with breast cancer is in The Ecologist 23 (1993), 192-3; with a discussion of estrogenic agents in JAMA 271 (1994), 414. A link between climatic warming and increased malaria incidence in Rwanda is made in Lancet 343 (1994), 714-8. In their study 80% of the variability in incidence of malaria could be explained by temperature. Deaths caused by dust are discussed in New Scientist (12 March 1994), 12-3.

Evidence of pre-industrial lead pollution in Swedish lake sediments is in Nature 368 (1994), 323-6. The mercury cycle in fish in lakes is described in EST 28 (1994), 136-43. Deformities in birds caused by pollution in the Great Lakes is discussed in EST 28 (1994), 128-35. Studies linking excess phosphorus with coral death in the Great Barrier reef in Australia are reported in Science 263 (1994), 1086; and radiation and coral bleaching is discussed in Nature 368 (1994), 697.

The experiment to fertilise 8km square of Pacific ocean with 480kg of iron resulted in increased phytoplankton growth (which converts more carbon dioxide into fixed carbon for deposit naturally in the bottom of the ocean, however, the iron sank too quickly for it to stimulate the general growth significantly over a long period; Science 263 (1994), 1089-90; Nature 368 (1994), 295-6. It was a large experiment, to test the idea that fertilising the ocean with iron could help reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Reductions in some greenhouse gases, including methane have been observed, which may be due to Mt Pinatubo, as well as sealing links in the Russian and CIS natural gas pipelines; Science 263 (1994), 1562. A discussion of methane sources and sinks is Nature 368 (1994), 19-20; and on the missing carbon sink, New Scientist (8 Jan 1994), 30-3. Effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide on C4 plants over history are reported in Nature 343: 533-6; and in general, Ambio 23 (1994), 74-6. A commentary on the IPCC and climate change analysis is Nature 368 (1994), 94; and a series of policy papers is in Ambio 23 (1994), Issue 1, 4-103.

Environmental regulation in the USA is discussed in Science 263 (1994), 591; EST 28 (1994), 64-8. Clinton has backed the call to end the use of chlorine in industry; New Scientist (12 Feb 1994), 10. UK policies are discussed in New Scientist (5 Feb 1994), 6-7.

The reductions in sulfate emissions from burning fossil fuels may be reducing the amount of sulfate deposited by acid rain onto farms, meaning some farmers will have to buy sulfate fertiliser; Science 263 (1994), 1220. The fertiliser may come from the ammonium sulfate formed from the cleaning devices in the factories! A discussion of the process, called SNOX, to reduce emissions is EST 28 (1994), 88-9. A world-wide view of urban pollution is W.L. Chameides et al., "Growth of continental-scale metro-agro-plexes, regional ozone pollution, and world food pollution", Science 264 (1994), 74-7.

The continued use of HCFCs as a replacement to CFCs will delay the recovery of the ozone layer, which is prompting some countries (including the EU) to phase them out earlier, EST 28 (1994), 111; though this is debated, New Scientist (5 Feb 1994), 15. A discussion of the roles of fires in affecting the ozone layer (by releasing bromide especially) is Science 263 (1994), 1243-4. A study of amphibians, such as frogs, suggests that they may be damaged by increased UV resulting from the thinning ozone layer.

A book review of S.R. Kellert & E.O. Wilson, The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington DC, Island Press, 1993, 484pp, US$27.50) is in Science 263 (1994), 1161-2. The idea is that human beings appreciate nature because of genes - part of sociobiology. This is especially interesting when considering the results of comments of the International Bioethics Survey question on nature, which found very positive feelings towards nature - and which should allow analysis of which parts of nature are most attractive. A variety of papers on ethical aspects of environmental studies are in Environmental Ethics (published quarterly by the Environmental Philosophy Inc., Chestnut Hall, Suite 14, 1926 Chestnut Street, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-6496, USA).

Book reviews of F.B. Golley, A History of the Ecosystem Concept in Ecology, Yale University Press, 254pp., US$30, are in New Scientist (21 May 1994), 38-9; Science 264 (1994), 726-7. Book reviews of M. Oelschlaeger, Caring for Creation: An Ecumenical Approach to the Environmental Crisis, Yale University Press 1994, 285pp., US$35; and C.A. Russell, The Earth, Humanity and God, UCL Press 1994, 193pp., £10 (Pbk), are in Nature 369 (1994), 619-20.

There are at least 47 major environmental treaties in the world, and a year book is being published to keep track of them, New Scientist (21 May 1994), 43. The latest is on desertification. Ecofeminism is discussed in Science & Christian Belief 6 (1994), 21-40. The fallacy of the ecological fallacy is discussed in AJPH 84 (1994), 819-24.

The global problem of overfishing is discussed in Newsweek (25 April), 30-5; Science 264 (1994), 1252-3. Ocean pollution and health risk for swimmers is discussed in Lancet 343 (1994), 990-1, 1033, 1238-9. A description of two new types of bleaches that may have some environmental benefit (thought they use manganese) are scientifically reviewed in Nature 369 (1994), 609-10, 637-9, 511.

The plans to elevate the EPA to a Department are expected to return to Congress in the USA, Science 264 (1994), 763. The American Chemical Society's federal policy agenda on the environment is discussed in EST 28 (1994), 209. The pollution liability debate raised by the European Parliament moves to make companies absolutely liable for damage is raising industry fears, EST 28 (1994), 215.

A study of the likely affects of climatic warming on frost damage to tree species in Europe, finds that there should be less spring frost damage, Plant, Cell & Environment 17: 367-77. Sea-level change that may result from future warming is discussed in Nature 369 (1994), 615-6; and from past changes, Nature 369 (1994), 518.

A new international agreement to cut sulfur dioxide emission is open for signing in Oslo, EST 28 (1994), 210. It uses 1980 as a base year, and requires different reductions by the year 2000, e.g. 50% in the UK and the USA. The affects of particles in the air on climate change are reviewed in Nature 369 (1994), 709-10, 734-7. Air pollution and death is discussed in NEJM 330 (1994), 1237-8. An editorial on the need for limits to cities is Lancet 343 (1994), 1303-4. Comments on electric cars, and regulations to ensure some electric cars are sold in US cities is in Nature 369 (1994), 175; and on lithium batteries, Science 264 (1994), 1084.

The controversial Biosphere 2 project in the Arizona desert has now been placed under the protection of federal police as the alliance and financers appear to be breaking up; Newsweek (18 April), 42-3.

A scheme to repair the ozone hole is described in New Scientist (21 May 1994),9. The possibility of banning stratospheric flights of jumbo jets on the grounds of the damage to the ozone layer that they make, is discussed in New Scientist (30 April 1994), 14-5. The plan involves drawing up flight plans to lessen the risk of damage. An analysis of the trends in UV-B radiation, which is increasing over Toronto, presumably because of ozone depletion, is Science 264 (1994), 1341-3.

An analysis of the ecological merits of disposable cups, based on energy use, is Nature 369 (1994), 107. The moulded polystyrene foam cup was found to use less energy, with the uncoated paper cup the least fossil-fuel energy. The green label and economics is discussed in Scientific American (May 1995), 115. A review is J. Karliner, "The environment industry. profiting from pollution", The Ecologist 24: 59-63. A discussion of sustainable development as healthy development is World Health Forum 15 (1994), 193-5.

A letter assessing the effects of climate on food supply is in Nature 371 (1994), 25. A paper showing that the effects of the El Nino effect can last over a decade is in Nature 370 (1994), 326-7, 360-3.

An interesting aside is the opposition by some in India to the import of 6 million tons of cow dung (value $420 million) from the Netherlands; The Ram's Horn (July 1994), 3. There is also discussion of the issues of animal agriculture. A book review of Renewable energy from the Ocean is Science 265 (1994), 419-20; and on other energy books, Nature 370 (1994), 27-8.

In Thailand golf courses are being criticised by environmental groups for the water pollution, Scientific American (Aug 1995), 86-7, as is the case in Japan. A strategy for hazard assessment of organics in water is in EST 28 (1994), 278-88; and the use of plants is called for in J. Lovett Doust et al., "Biological assessment of aquatic pollution: A review, with emphasis on plants as biomonitors", Biol. Reviews 69: 147-86. On North Sea pollution, EST 28 (1994), 257. A review of toxic algae blooms, or "Red Tides", is Scientific American (Aug 1995), 62-8.

The natural production of chlorinated products is increasingly being documented, EST 28 (1994), 310-8. A chlorine rule from the US EPA is debated in Science 264 (1994), 1835; and also on US policy, Nature 370 (1994), 239. A discussion of the radioactive compounds left in the environment from bomb tests is Nature 370 (1994), 181-2.

Ozone regulations in Germany (Hessen) are being implemented to control the speed of cars, Nature 370 (1994), 321. Japanese environmental regulations may still be insufficient to meet the goals of carbon consumption, Nature 370 (1994), 405. Carbon emissions and the environment are also discussed in Nature 370 (1994), 420-1.

A review is T.J. Wallington et al., "The environmental impact of CFC replacements - HFCs and HCFs", EST 28 (1994), 320-6. CFCs and inhalers are discussed in Lancet 344 (1994), 18-3. Ozone depletion in the Arctic in the 1992-3 winter is reported in Nature 370 (1994), 429-34.

The mutations induced by UV in ras genes in cultured cells are analysed in PNAS 91 (1994),, 7189-93. The effects of UV appear to be bad for insect larvae but good for algae, Science 265 (1994), 30; M.L. Bothwell et al., "Ecosystem response to solar ultraviolet-B radiation: Influence of trophic-level interactions", Science 265 (1994), 97-100; A. McMinn et al., "Minimal effects of UVB radiation on Antarctic diatoms over the past 20 years", Nature 370 (1994), 547-9. Health and the environment are discussed in BMJ 309 (1994), 141-2; JAMA 272 (1994), 405.

Environmental education is discussed in EST 28 (1994), 249. Biodiversity and lack of scientific awareness is discussed in School Science Review 75: 29-40. On the problems of economy and environment, New Scientist (11 June 1994), 46; Scientific American (July 1995), 102; Science 265 (1994), 11.

A book review of F.B. Golley, A History of the Ecosystem Concept in Ecology: More than the Sum of Parts, Yale University Press, 1993, US$30, is in Nature 370 (1994), 188. The perceptions of environmental hazards in China are reported in Risk Analysis 14: 163-7; and a special issue of Environmental Impact Assessment Review 14 (2,3), 75-210+, is on environmental decision-making in Europe.

The EPA is releasing a report on dioxin effects, and the debate in the US is growing again, Science 265 (1994), 1023. On pesticides in the North Sea, Ambio 23 (1994), 288+. On lead, EST 28 (1994), 402-3. The health effects of coke pollution are addressed in Lancet 344 (1994), 632; and in general, on health, BMJ 309 (1994), 548, 619-20.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has reaffirmed its insistence on the need for reduced carbon dioxide emissions to lessen climate warming; Nature 371 (1994), 269, 274; Science 265 (1994), 1526. However, US emissions are still high, Scientific American (Sept 1995), 20-1. On past climate change, Nature 371 (1994), 282, 380-1. The paper reporting a minimal effect of iron fertilisation on sea-surface carbon dioxide concentrations is Nature 371 (1994), 143-9. On the Arctic greenhouse effect, Nature 371 (1994), 383, 472-3; and sea-level change, Nature 371 (1994), 481. The effects of temperature change on reptiles are discussed in Janzen, F.J. "Climate change and temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles", PNAS 91 (1994),, 7487-90; and on ecology, Vitousek, P.M. "Beyond global warming: Ecology and global change", Ecology 75: 1861-76. The El Nino effect may be linked to an African drought, Newsweek (31 Oct), 46-7. See also, Science 265 (1994), 2006; Naturwissenschaften 81: 237-42.

A study finding 20% increased UV light under cumulus clouds is Nature 371 (1994), 291. On ozone depletion, Nature 371 (1994), 595-7; Science 265 (1994), 1806, 1831-8.

The possibility for commercial help to save the environment is reviewed in Nature 371 (1994), 117; Wee, L.C.W. "Debt-for-nature swaps, a reassessment of their significance in International environment law", J. Environmental Law 6: 57-72.

Research issues in environmental education are in Studies in Science Education 21: 21-48. On environmental politics, Nature 371 (1994), 486; and the European Environmental Agency, EST 28 (1994), 411A. A review of Rifkin, J. Beyond Beef, is in Nature 371 (1994), 570. A review is Kates, R.W. "Sustaining life on the earth", Scientific American (Oct 1995), 114-20.

Ethics and the global nature of concern is discussed in Wapner, P. "On the global dimension of environmental challenges", Politics & Life Science 13 (Feb 1994),173-81. A book review of Bramwell, A., The Fading of the Greens: The Decline of Environmental Politics in the West (Yale University Press, 224pp., £19) is in New Scientist (5 Nov 1994), 43. Several papers on Christian environmental ethics are in Studies in Christian Ethics 7 (1994), 11-6, 117-31, 132-51.

A review is French, H.F. "Making environmental treaties work", Scientific American (Dec 1994), 94-7. A critique of the global environmental policy of IPCC is Boehmer-Christiansen, S.A. "A scientific agenda for climate policy?", Nature 372 (1995), 400-2. The 1994 European Parliament Recommendation 1233 on environmental policy is in IDHL 45 (1994), 402-4. The EU is expected to become more environmental with the addition of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Austria. Russia may save Lake Baikal by ecological zoning, SA (Dec 1994), 14-6. The Clinton environmental policy is discussed in Biotechnology 12 (1994), 1067-8. A discussion of the huge Yangtze river dam project in China is Time (9 Dec 1994), 34-5.

Norway is planning to put frozen carbon dioxide extracted from natural gas back into the oil fields, to avoid atmospheric release (and the European penalty on such releases), New Scientist (5 Nov 1994), 8-9. On global warming, New Scientist (3 Sept 1994), 7, (26 Nov), 6. Further results from the experiments that pumped iron into the Pacific to attempt to increase fixation of carbon dioxide (see earlier issues of EEIN) are discussed in New Scientist (3 Dec 1994), 32-5. A review that suggests movement of icebergs from Canada marked the end of past climatic periods is Broecker, W.S. "Massive iceberg discharges as triggers for global climate change", Nature 372 (1995), 421-4; see also Nature 373 (1995), 18-9. On the role of the tropical Pacific in climate changes this century, Science 266 (1994), 544-5, 634-7; and of the solar cycle, Science 266: 1072-3.

Electric cars and fuel cells as alternatives to petroleum are being introduced in several countries, New Scientist (3 Dec 1994),14-5; Nature 372 (1994), 115-6, 121. New diesel filters are being tested in Europe to reduce particulate emissions, New Scientist (26 Nov 1994), 22. Also on traffic pollution, New Scientist (20 Aug 1994),; Science 266 (1994), 347. Control of nitrogen oxides is discussed in EST 28 (1994), 559A. Methods for determining atmospheric mercury are reviewed in EST 28 (1994), 2233-41. Medical doctors are called to do more to prevent climatic change and warn of the consequences for health, BMJ 309 (1994), 1384-5.

India has found that its paddy fields do not produce so much methane, and make about 4.3 million tonnes annually, not 37 million as some have claimed; New Scientist (27 Aug 1994), 6.

The Antarctic ozone hole has failed to recover, continuing a 15 year worsening cycle, Science 266 (1994), 217. On the chemistry of depletion, Science 266 (1994), 398-404; Nature 372 (1995), 322-3. The use of CFCs in developing fingerprints is not exempt from the Montreal protocol which banned the production of trichlorofluoroethane from this January, but alternatives exist; New Scientist (29 Oct 1994), 5; maybe DNA fingerprints!

A commentary on the ways to keep a climate treaty relevant is Nature 373 (1995), 280-2. It suggests that setting targets may not be the best way; which would be good as it is unlikely new targets will be agreed upon, Nature 373 (1995), 462! Of the 15 countries who said they would set levels of greenhouse gas emissions at the year 2000 to those of 1990, only 5 appear able to do so. An impasse has been reached in Europe on carbon taxes, with the mid-December agreement by the environment ministers to let each country make their own targets, EST 29 (1995), 21A; Science 266 (1994), 1939. The new Republican Congress in the USA reduces the chance of more environmental legislation, EST 29 (1995), 69A. A discussion of free market environmentalism is in AgBioethics Forum 6 (Nov 1994), 2-7. On commercial profits from the "green" industry, EST 29 (1995), 19A, 47A.

Results of a survey of US student concerns about the environment found that half of them were "very worried" about the environment, along with AIDS and kidnapping; EST 29 (1995), 75A. Environmental aesthetics and models for ecosystem and landscape patterns are discussed in Nature 373 (1995), 299-302.

The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo was the largest perturbation this century to the particulate content of the stratosphere, causing an end to several years of globally warm surface temperatures, McCormick, M.P. et al. "Atmospheric effects of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption", Nature 373 (1995), 399-404. The effects of the El Nino are reported in Nature 373 (1995), 230-3. A comparison of ice samples in Greenland and Antarctica over the last 100,000 years finds some differences, Nature 372 (1994), 663-6, 621-2. On carbon dioxide effects and vegetation, Nature 372 (1994), 625-6.

A book review of Bullard, R.D. Environmental justice and communities of color (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 392pp., US$25) is in Lancet 344 (1994), 1624. Also on environmental justice, EST 29 (1995), 22A. In a test case, the Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg has ruled that damage to health arising from environmental pollution can be construed as an infringement of human rights; Lancet 344 (1994), 1695.

A series of reports debating the EPA's study on dioxin are in EST 29 (1995), 26A-35A. An analysis of PCB levels and the equilibrium levels in the Great Lakes in North America is EST 29 (1995), 42-6. Ecological concerns in Russia are the subject of a book review in EST 29 (1995), 91A.

Efforts to fight urban ozone by cleaner automobile fuel are being tried in the USA, Reichhardt, T. "A new formula for fighting urban ozone", EST 29 (1995), 36A-41A. Advances are being made in battery technology, Nature 373 (1995), 556-8. A way to reduce the production cost ethanol fuel is reported in Science 267 (1995), 171, 240+.

UV-B radiation is increasing at the Earth's surface, and a UNEP report predicts substantial human health effects, EST 29 (1995), 71A; a general discussion is Scientific American (Jan 1995), 26-7. A study showing that it is not practical to use negative ion chemistry to reduce the destruction of ozone by chlorine is Science 267 (1995), 82-4.

Sustainable development is discussed in Insights on Global Ethics 5 (April), 1, 4-5; Winter, P. (1994) "Planning and sustainibility: An examination of the role of the planning system as an instrument for the delivery of sustainable development", J. Planning & Environment Law p. 883-900; and the ethics of economic expansion in China is discussed in Insights on Global Ethics 5 (March), 1, 4-5. A report on the planned Three Gorges hydroelectric project is in New Scientist (28 Jan, 1995), 25-9. A realistic view of the extent of sustainibility is Maddox, J. "Sustainable development unsustainable", Nature 374 (1995), 305; which reviews Beckerman, W.,Small is Stupid (Duckworth, 1995).

The environmental destruction is likely to result in increasing human health effects. Many of these may be infectious diseases, Science 267 (1995), 957-8; Epstein, P.R. "Emerging diseases and ecosystem instability: New threats to public health", AJPH 85 (1995), 168-72. One way to measure the impact of chemicals is the study of DNA adducts, Enviro 18 (dec 1994), 23-4.

The claim that the environmental movement is beginning to suffer from a lack of public support as less people are motivated by the concerns is discussed in, New Scientist (4 March, 1995), 38-41. People may be evaluating decisions in a more logical way, though there is still a long way to go. A report on environmental destruction in Ancient Greece is Scientific American (March 1995), 96-9.

The UK Environment agency plans have been criticised from different groups, Nature 374 (1995), 490. The US EPA research on methods to monitor the environment by a national report card are still to yield a method acceptable to the US politicians and it is likely to have its funding cut, Nature 374 (1995), 486. Also on the EPA, EST 29 (1995), 112-3A. In general on pollution, Nature 374 (1995), 117-8. The drugs dropped from drug traffickers boats are suspected of killing many sea mammals in the Gulf of California, Time (10 April), 46. A review on soil erosion in general is Pimentel, D. et al. "Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits", Science 267 (1995), 1117-23.

A study from ATT Bell Laboratories in the USA confirms that global warming is likely due to carbon dioxide rather than a hotter sun; and on the variability of temperature records, Science 267 (1995), 612. A method to measure the interaction between ozone and climate on trees is in Nature 374 (1995), 252-5. On the role of aerosols in global warming, Nature 374 (1995), 487.

International efforts to reduce carbon dioxide and politics are discussed in Nature 374 (1995), 208, 300; Naturwissenschaften 82: 83-6; New Scientist (25 Feb, 1995), 38 and the Berlin meeting of the treaty members of those who signed the Rio Declaration on Climate Change, Nature 374 (1995), 199-200. The meeting suggested some progress in the thinking of politicians to agree to work on the issues, though there are many practical issues left, Nature 374 (1995), 483. European ministers have agreed to seek new climate targets for reduced emissions by the year 2000, Nature 374 (1995), 203. They want to seek agreements for other gases, and for levels beyond the year 2000. Air travel will still be excluded however, New Scientist (7 Jan, 1995), 4. A review that suggests 40% of the total carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere is from biomass burning is Levine, J.R. et al. "Biomass burning. A driver for global change", EST 29 (1995), 120-5A.

Efforts to tax carbon are discussed in New Scientist (21 Jan, 1995), 4; (4 Feb), 47. In the USA some power companies are trying to maintain and protect forests in other countries as good public relations for adding to carbon emissions; Time (3 April), 46. Such efforts can bring cynicism, but if forests are protected it is of benefit for biodiversity.

A commentary on Earth Day and environmentalism is Time (24 April, 1995), 50-55; and a book review of Beckerman, W. Small is Stupid: Blowing the Whistle on the Greens, is Nature 375 (1995), 114-5; see also p. 115-6, 825-6. A Christian view of the environment is Berry, R.J. "Creation and the Environment", Science and Christian Belief 7 (1995), 21-44. The US government "Contract with America" will mean less regulations, but it may not always favour the environment, as discussed in Insights on Global Ethics 5 (June 1995), 1, 4-5. The results of the ISSP 1993 survey find that the public in the USA has a relatively poor knowledge of environmental issues, with Canada first and New Zealand second; Science 268 (1995), 647; NS (29 April 1995).

The costs of environmentalism are discussed in Martinez-Alier, J. "The environment as a luxury good or "too poor to be green", Ecological Economics 13 (1995), 1-10; Arrow, K. et al. "Economic growth, carrying capacity, and the environment", Science 268 (1995), 520-1. German Green politics is discussed in Newsweek (29 May 1995), 30. Papers on sustainability include Dovers, S.R. & Handmer, J.W. "Ignorance, the precautionary principle, and sustainability", Ambio 24 (1995), 92-7. Amir, S. "The environmental cost of sustainable welfare", Ecological Economics 13 (1995), 27-41; also pp. 11-26 on economics and environment. Environmental research budgets are likely to be reduced in the USA, EST 29 (1995), 180-2A; Nature 375 (1995), 347. The esthetics of forest clearing are discussed in J. Forestry (May 1995), 37-42; and forest policy in Science 268 (1995), 823-4.

EU efforts against the greenhouse effect are discussed in BMJ 310 (1995), 758; NS (6 May 1995), 14-5. The 116 Rio signatories are negotiating the new goals for emissions, since the Berlin conference, Science 268 (1995), 197; Nature 375 (1995), 176, 749-50; NS (18 March), 4; (25 March), 14; (8 April), 4; (15 April), 3. A Pan-Asian network for data-sharing is reported in Science 267 (1995), 1902. The UN Conference on Trade and Development has suggested international trading in carbon dioxide emissions, EST 29 (1995), 29: 208A; NS (29 April 1995), 50-1. A study suggesting that the pollution emissions of smoke may be blocking the sun and masking the effects of greenhouse warming is Science 268 (1995), 802; NS (1 April 1995), 5. However, a study has shown that the 0.5 degrees Celsius rise in temperature is not due to a hotter sun, thus it appears to be due to greenhouse gases, Science 268 (1995), 28-9, 363-4; NS (22 April 1995).

A titanium dioxide catalyst and sunlight can be used to convert carbon dioxide and water to methane, which could recycle the greenhouse gases, NS (1 April 1995), 22. Methods to reduce pollution by EPA enforcement agreements is a method available in US policy, EST 29 (1995), 220-6A. The National Research Council has applauded the EPA, Science 267 (1995), 1903. A review of the natural cycles since 1659 is Thomson, D.J. "The seasons, global temperature, and precession", Science 268 (1995), 59-68. On renewable liquid fuels, Science 268 (1995), 955; and on a car equipped with a catalyst to destroy ozone and carbon monoxide in the air itself, Science 268 (1995), 979. A cost study is Beaton, S.P. et al. "On-road vehicle emissions: regulations, costs and benefits", Science 268 (1995), 991-3, with a paper on electric cars, pp. 993-5. The debate over how ecosystems will respond to higher carbon dioxide despite plants faster growth is in Science 268 (1995), 654-6; and there is data to suggest some forests are wilting under the rise in temperature, Science 267 (1995), 1595; and Pacific plankton are falling, NS (8 April 1995), 5. Methods to reduce atmospheric releases of the greenhouse gas methyl bromide that is used to fumigate soil are described in Science 267 (1995), 1979-80.

A paper looking at the production of hydrocarbons by plants, which make haze, is Science 268 (1995), 641-2. The use of medical dose inhalers without CFCs is called for in BMJ 310 (1995), 684-5. A call for including fully fluorinated compounds in the ozone depleting chemical restrictions because of their long half life (up to 50,000) years is NS (8 April), 5. The effects of increased UV-B radiation on the growth of different subarctic plants is reported in Ambio 24 (1995), 106+. A review of methods to measure hazardous air pollutants is EST 29 (1995), 183-7A.

The link between foreign debts and environmental damage is discussed in SA (June 1995), 52-6. A discussion of the Three Gorges dam project in China is Ambio 24 (1995), 98-102.

A report on the blood mercury concentrations of fish eating villagers in Brazil (mercury comes from gold mining) found their levels higher than most people in industrialised countries, Ambio 24 (1995), 103-5. Bioconcentration of heavy metals in sewage ponds is reported in Bioresource Technology 51 (1995), 193-7. The various hormonal affects of PCBs are discussed in a conference review in Science 268 (1995), 1770-1.

A review is Bloom, D.E. "International public opinion on the environment", Science 269 (1995), 354-60. There is concern in all countries that have been surveyed and perceptions that the quality of the environment is dropping. A book review of Soule, M.E. & Lease, G., Reinventing Nature? Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction (Island Press, Washington, 1995, 189pp., US$18) is in Science 269 (1995), 422-3. A book review of Grove, R.H., Green Imperalism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860 (Cambridge University Press, 1995, 540pp., US$65) is in Nature 376 (1995), 652-3. He argues that global environmentalism was associated with the European colonisation of the world, and may therefore have some Eurocentric ideas. Environmental ethics is discussed in Otago Bioethics Report 4 (July 1995), 3-4.

In general on ecology and concerns, Science 269 (1995), 283. The effects of population on the local environment are discussed in AgBioethics Forum 7 (June 1995), 1-5 (they are now on-line, http://www.public.iastate.edu/~grad college/bioethics.

The most noisy environmental issue over the past two months has been the French decision to have a further series of nuclear bomb tests underground at Mururoa atoll in the South Pacific (South of Tahiti); Nature 376 (1995), 199, 283-4, 540, 625; BMJ 311 (1995), 147. The first test was exploded on 6 September, as this issue went to Press. The environmental risks appear to be low, based on data-to-date, but the major unknown is how long the radioactive materials will remain inside the rock core of the atoll. The Pacific nations have been most focal, with diplomatic relations with France and Japan, and New Zealand, are strained, and other nations including Australia have also boycotts. One of the unknowns is whether France will accept all future damages caused by the testing, in the event of eventual leakage. A description of GreenPeace is Newsweek (24 July, 1995), 52-3.

The area around Chernobyl is now occupied with many wild animals since the people moved, but they are suffering higher mutation rates, Science 269 (1995), 304. There will be international funding needed for the construction of a "permanent", On low level radioactive waste storage, EST 29 (1995), 308A; Science 268 (1995), 1547, 1836-9. The French nuclear waste programme is being criticised also, Nature 376 (1995), 204; and Japanese plutonium could also be involved in the French tests, Nature 376 (1995), 718.

A review of how land reclamation should be increased is Daily, G.C. "Restoring value to the world's degraded lands", Science 269 (1995), 269 (1995), 350-4. On mineral uses of the environment and economics, Science 268 (1995), 1305-12; 1549-51; Ecological Economics 13 (1995), 185-201; EST 29 (1995), 309A. The use of polluter-pays principle in China is reported in EST 29 (1995), 268-73A. The public opposition in Germany to a new open cast coal mine are winning over industrial interests, but with consequences for energy use, Time (10 July, 1995), 37. On mining issues, EST 29 (1995), 275A. Urban ozone control is discussed in Science 269 (1995), 491+.

A series of papers on UV-B radiation and the ozone layer is in Ambio 24 (May 1995), 137-196. Discussion of CFC alternatives and possible environmental problems some may cause is Nature 376 (1995), 297-8; Ambio 24 (1995), 156-7; as trifluoroacetate is found to accumulate from the decomposition of hydrochlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons, Tromp, T.K. et al. "Potential accumulation of a CFC-replacement degradation product in seasonal wetlands", Nature 376 (1995), 327-30. Continual decline of total ozone over Antarctica since 1985 is documented in Nature 376 (1995), 409-11. The atmospheric lifetime of trichloroethane is estimated to be about 5 years, which is lower than previous estimates, Science 269 (1995), 187-92. The effects of methyl bromide are examined in Nature 376 (1995), 469-70.

A biochemical study of the causes of cell death after UV exposure is Nature 376 (1995), 358-62. A morning after cream to reduce the UV damage is being developed, GEN (15 June 1995), 1, 14, 26. Included in the US budget cuts are a halfing of the money spend on environmental health research in two major programs, EST 29 (1995), 307A. A book review of Wildavsky, A. But is it True? A Citizen's Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues (Harvard University Press, 1995, 574pp., US$35), is in Nature 376 (1995), 30-1.

Japan has promised to loosen the criteria that has restricted compensation claims for victims of Minamata disease, Nature 375 (1995), 711. On environmental health, Bulletin of WHO 73 (1995), 387-96; JAMA 274 (1995), 15; Lancet 346 (1995), 129-30; BMJ 311 (1995), 401-2 . A description of the EPA procedure for determining lead toxicity in soil is in Renner, R. "When is lead a health risk?", EST 29 (1995), 256-61A.

A method to rank the dangers of pesticides is in Newman, A. "Ranking pesticides by environmental impact", EST 29 (1995), 324-6A. On Rachel Carson, Science 268 (1995), 1203-5. Letters on estimating costs of soil erosion are in Science 269 (1995), 461-5.

The use of sewage-fed fish farms, and the accumulation of heavy metals in the fish, from Madurai, India, is reported in BioResource Technology 52 (1995), 41-3, 145-50. The contamination with MTBE in ground water in the USA is surveyed in EST 29 (1995), 305A; and on the clean water act, EST 29 (1995), 246-7A. Air pollution is discussed in EST 29 (1995), 262-7A; SA (July 1995), 29-30.

Although the effects of clouds on the amount of solar radiation are very complex, these effects should be able to be included into models, Nature 376 (1995), 486-90. A model suggesting an average 0.3K degree increase per decade temperature increase due to greenhouse warming, which is reduced to 0.2K by the effects of increased sulphur emissions in pollution (sulphate aerosol forcing), Mitchell, J.F.B. et al. "Climate response to increasing levels of greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols", Nature 376 (1995), 501-4; 463-4; 212-3; 645-6. On climate warming in North America, Science 269 (1995), 1576-7; 1567-8. On climate convention targets, EST 29 (1995), 251A.

The World Bank had a conference 2-3 October on "Ethical and spiritual values and the promotion of environmentally sustainable development", with the above title in an address by the new President, J. Wolfensohn. It is encouraging to see ethics enter the sphere of economic, but it is essential. On environmental policy, EST 29 (1995), 391A. The US EPA budget has been cut, EST 29 (1995), 403A. A review of interest for policy formation is Morgan, M.G. & Keith, D.W. "Subjective judgements by climate experts", EST 29 (1995), 468-6A. The journal Environmental Science and Technology (EST) will be on-line from 1996, EST 29 (1995), 439-41A.

A review of the pollution in the Caspian Sea is Nature 377 (1995), 673-4. A study on the major sources of nutrient water pollution is EST 29 (1995), 408-14A. Leakage of LPG in Mexico city is a major pollution source, Science 270 (1995), 950+; on ozone pollution in US cities, EST 29 (1995), 453A. A discussion of the concerns of livestock producers: J. Animal Science 73 (1995), 2733-40.

A review of how the ocean works as a temperature conveyer is Nature 378 (1995), 135-6, 383-4. Modeling of past climate is discussed in Nature 377 (1995), 12, 485-6; SA (Nov 1995), 62-8. Warming is seen more at night than in day times, Nature 377 (1995), 15-6; also Nature 377 (1995), 472. The chances of a cooling of the sun to save us from increased temperature are considered low in Nature 377 (1995), 193. At last the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has included a recognition of man-made temperature change in a report, SA (Nov 1995), 32; and a report by the US National Academy of Sciences also does, Science 269 (1995), 1665, 1667. At Mammoth Mountain in California, the concentration of carbon dioxide that has killed some trees is 60%, because of volcanic gases escaping through the sides of a mountain!, Science 269 (1995), 1223.

Bart, J.L. & Bourque, D.A., "Acknowledging the weather-health link", CMAJ 153 (1995), 941-944; argue that in the absence of clearly demonstrable causal connections, statistical associations between weather phenomena and health problems should be enough to influence clinical practice. Also, BMJ 311 (1995), 769; JAMA 274 (1995), 595-7; Lancet 346 (1995), 835; AJPH 85 (1995), 1343-5.

Ozone depletion is already resulting in more UV on some land areas than the variability caused by the presence or absence of clouds, Nature 377 (1995), 682-3, 710-3. There is a large black market in CFCs, despite the Montreal Protocol, which will delay the removal of CFCs, SA (Sept 1995), 18-9. We may expect a 50 year recovery of the hole, Science 270 (1995), 376. Ecological effects of the increased UV are discussed in Science 270 (1995), 1201-5.

France has agreed under pressure from the EU to allow an international expert panel to monitor the environmental damage at Mururoa, Nature 377 (1995), 91-2. On the protests see, Science 269 (1995), 1519; Lancet 346 (1995), 576. In a recent UN debate 10 EU countries voted against France's tests. At the Commonwealth Head's of Government meeting, the first week of November, 1995, the UK blocked a move to pass a resolution against the French tests. A positive comment on the future because of the commitments now made by nuclear powers to a zero-yield ban on future nuclear tests (i.e. no tests of any size) is Nature 377 (1995), 89, 186. However, there are concerns that other nuclear powers may want to perfect their technology before signing. A review from the US Hanford Environmental Dose project in radiation studies is Till, J.E. "Building credibility in public studies", American Scientist 83 (1995), 468-73.

A series of papers on energy and the environment are in SA (Sept 1995), 170-91; Science 269 (1995), 1058-9; and the issue of lead pollution and electric cars in Science 270 (1995), 741-5. A method for economy-wide review of discharges of pollution is EST 29 (1995), 420-6A. A review of the methods to develop an ecological economy in Germany is SA (Sept 1995), 188.

The well known French oceanographer, J.Y. Cousteau is involved in a legal battle of use of the family name in an EcoResort in Fiji, Newsweek (16 Oct, 1995), 50-1.

A new pesticide law (Plant protection law) has been passed in Poland which bans 48 active ingredients and made additional restrictions on substances to be used near reservoirs, EBN 214 (1995), 2. The use of transgenic maize which is herbicide-tolerant or insect resistant is expected to cause major changes and reduction in the number of pesticides used. In the USA the annual amount of pesticides is equal to US$2700 million, EBN 214 (1995), 3. Computer modeling is one attempt to model chemical risks, EST 29 (1995), 556-9A; and on chemical safety, Environmental Health Perspectives 103 (1995), 886-8. US-Vietnamese studies on dioxin seem set to continue, Science 270 (1995), 741; also on dioxin, EST 29 (1995), 492-3A.

There is much debate in the US over the retroactive liability for Superfund cleanups, EST 29 (1995), 498-9A. Economics and the environment are discussed in Search 26 (1995), 233-5, 304-8: Natural Resources Forum 19 (1995), 249-52. Incentives are needed to help consumers become more green, NS (2 Dec 1995), 7.

A series of papers reviewing the EPA in the USA are: EST 29 (1995), 486A, 496-7A, 504-21A. The UN may develop a scheme to phase out a dozen persistent organic water pollutants, EST 29 (1995), 546A. There was opposition by Dutch farmers to plans to limit pig production in attempts to control the large manure production, which is threatening nitrate and phosphate pollution in water. Pollution in the Aral Sea is causing most women in some areas to have anemia, NS (21 Oct 1995), 29-33.

A claim that Australian ecologists are censored by Paul Ehrlich is reported in NS (18 Nov 1995), 4. A survey of scientists involvement in environmental affairs is Search 26 (1995), 270-3. A review of a book, James Kohen, Aboriginal Environmental Impact (UNSW Press, 1995, 150pp., A$25) is Search 26 (1995), 316.

France has allegedly stopped EU scientists from inspecting equipment and data from their nuclear bomb tests, NS (21 Oct 1995), 6. Also on radiation damage, Nature 378 (1995), 230. In Japan there has been further debate over the safety of the fast breeder reactor in Fukui, called Monju, following the leakage of a cubic metre of sodium coolant inside the reactor, which is still in its warming up phase, Nature 378 (1995), 654. The French fast breeder has operated at full rate for 6 months in 9 years, NS (4 Nov 1995), 10; and the value of plutonium is now accounted at zero, not positive, NS (18 Nov 1995), 12. On nuclear weapons and the health effects of their production, Nature Medicine 1 (1995), 1208-9. There is European concern over the restarting of an old nuclear reactor in Bulgaria, NS (4 Oct 1995), 4. Nuclear storage at Yucca mountain in the USA is being criticized for its lack of peer review, Nature 378 (1995), 526, 755.

The IPCC has at last recognised the human role in global warming, EST 29 (1995), 494-5A; Science 270 (1995), 731, 1565-7; NS (9 Dec 1995), 6; Nature 378 (1995), 322, 329, 524. The latest report suggests that the global warming could be mitigated at a low cost compared to the cost of not altering our behaviour. A commentary arguing that the UN Climate Convention is unattainable or irrelevant, Science 270 (1995), 1454. Models on economic methods for controlling emissions are discussed in Neto, F. "Market-based mechanisms for controlling global emissions of greenhouse gases", Natural Resources Forum 19 (1995), 179-91. Also on economics of reducing emissions, Nature 378 (1995), 429, 433. A study suggesting that much of the methyl bromide used in soil fumigation may be consumed by bacteria in the soil, NS (28 Oct 1995), 10.

There are delays in the adoption of ozone-depleting chemical bans in developing countries because of debate on financial assistance by industrialized countries, NS (9 Dec 1995), 5. Low level ozone pollution can hinder pine tree growth, Nature 378 (1995), 449-51. Ozone-destroying chlorine leveled out this year, Science 271 (1996), 32.

The UK has agreed to an EU report to reduce air particle pollution, Lancet 346 (1995), 1356. A list of the most dirty polluters in the UK has been released, NS (25 Nov 1995), 4. The WHO has said that there is no safe level of particulate pollution, BMJ 311 (1995), 1246; though industry may try to deny this, NS (4 Nov 1995), 5. Electric cars are discussed in NS (14 Oct 1995),5; (28 Oct 1995), 5.

A guide to environmental information on-line is in EST 30 (1996), 76-81A; and more access is recommended through the www sites <http://www.epa.gov/ <http://www.geopac.com/. There are also sites on the EJAIB www news topics.

A prediction that the world will be short of fresh water in the future, and will use 70% of accessible fresh water by 2025, is NS (17 Feb 1996), 8. In general on environmental issues, NS (17 Feb 1996), 40-1. A series of papers on environmental management of coastal areas are in Ambio 24 (1995), 389-538. Economic incentives to reduce pollution are in EST 30 (1996), 19A, 70-73A. Book reviews on domination of nature are in Nature 379 (1996), 687.

A trend for insurance companies to release that climate change caused by the greenhouse gas emissions is behind unpredictable weather and changing climate patterns, is causing them to support efforts to reduce emissions, SA (Feb 1996), 27-8. This awareness is also discussed in Lancet 346 (1995), 1642-3. Some policy options are summarized in Wiglet, TML et al. "Economic and environmental choices in the stabilization of atmospheric CO2 concentrations", Nature 379 (1996), 240-3; Science 271 (1996), 273. On the function of the IPCC, Nature 379 (1996), 108-9; Science 271 (1996), 581-2; also, p. 431. A book review of the Rio Convention discussions is EST 30 (1996), 45A. On electric cars, EST 30 (1996), 17-18A. The ecosystem controls on the atmospheric oxygen level are discussed in Science 271 (1996), 459-60.

Climate change is also linked to disease, Jackson EK "Climate change and global infectious disease threats", MJA 163 (1995), 670-4; Patz, JA et al. "Global climate change and merging infectious diseases", JAMA 275 (1996), 217-23; J. Public Health Medicine 17 (195), 377-9; Lancet 346 (1995), s5; Nature 379 (1996), 582-3.

On skin cancer and the ozone hole, MJA 163 (1995), 578-9. More scientific evidence for the role of CFCs in ozone depletion is in Nature 379 (1996), 486-7.

A survey in Japan conducted by the Agency for the Environment (N=1003, 33% response rate) was conducted in Jan-Feb 1996; Yomiuri Shimbun (23 April 1996). 90% said they were worried about the Environment, and 60% said that they would not mind paying taxes to fund better protection of it. 66% agreed to pay recycling deposit fees, something which is rare. There appears to be an increase in public acceptance of an environmental tax, from 45% in a survey in Feb 1995.

A UK study finding no increase in asthma in people living close to busy roads is BMJ 312 (1996), 676-7; however, another study does find ozone and fine exhaust particles do make asthma worse, Anderson, HR. et al. "Air pollution and daily mortality in London: 1987-92", BMJ 312 (1996), 665-9, 661-5, 649-50; there was also link to a thunderstorm, BMJ 312 (1996), 601-4, 604-7. On the subject of environment and health, Public Health 110 (1996), 3-4; Science 272 (1996), 221-2; BMJ 312 (1996), 863-4. A study of children in Africa suggests 90% have lead poisoning from car emissions, at levels which cause neurological damage, NS (23 March 1996), 6; health effects shown in Needleman, HL et al. "Bone lead levels and delinquent behavior", JAMA 275 (1996), 363-9.

On global warming and climate change, Nature 380 (1996), 97, 478; Science 271 (1996), 1481-3, 1820-1; Ecological Economics 16 (1996), 13-24. A call for a body for global monitoring of the atmosphere is Nature 380 (1996), 467; and on testing for bias in the climate record is Science 271 (1996), 1879-83. General book reviews are in Nature 380 (1996), 295-6. On acid rain, Science 272 (1996), 244-6.

Economic methods to charge for the pollution are reviewed in Ecological Economics 16 (1996), 51-63; and management of local commons, Ecological Economics 16 (1996), 1-12; and public welfare, J. Environmental Law 7 (1995), 119-36. A review is Chichilnisky, G. "The economic value of the Earth's resources", Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11 (1996), 135-40. Sustainable development is discussed in Nature & Resources 31 (3, 1995), 1; Ambio 25 (1996), 39-43. An Indian view on sustainable development is Vibhute, KI. "Environment, development and the Law: The Indian perspective", J. Environmental Law 7 (1995), 137-48.

The ozone depletion over the UK was a record this year, in the 3rd year of an Arctic ozone hole, NS (30 March 1996), 3. One possible new solvent is supercritical carbon dioxide, EST 30 (1996), 124-7A.

A World Resources Institute report has issued a report saying that pesticide exposure is a serious risk to public health, JAMA 275 (1996), 899-900. There is debate in New Zealand whether frogs are being killed by pesticides, NS (13 April 1996), 47. A letter on DDT and testicular cancer is Lancet 347 (1996), 553-4; and on changes to evolution caused by pollution, NS (2 March 1996), 34-7; Natural History 105 (March 1996), 2, 42-9; EST 30 (1996), 168-170A; EST 30 (1996), 159A. Alternative methods for disposal of PCBs and dioxin are still called for, EST 30 (1996), 114A.

On ecological risk assessment, EST 30 (1996), 111-2A, 128-132A, 172-4A. A review of environmental health in Europe is EST 30 (1996), 162-7A. Methods to reduce pollution from pig farming are discussed in NS (16 March 1996), 5, (23 March 1996), 7.

Reviews of the urbanization conference in Istanbul and the problems of megacities are in NS (1 June), 4, 32-7 (8 June 1996), 4; Nature 381 (1996), 451; Newsweek (10 June 1996), 50-5. The effects of transport on the environment are discussed in NS (4 May 1996), 3. Tropical forest burning smogs may be bigger polluters than cities, NS (18 May 1996), 4. On the deterioration of historic stones, EST 30 (1996), 206-8A. The US Natural Resources Defense Council has calculated that smog kills 60,000 people each year, Nature 381 (1996), 185.

The severe health problems of miners are highlighted in NS (11 May 1996), 14-5; (8 June 1996), 6. 1500 victims of Minamata disease who had not received any compensation (40 years ago) have now been awarded some compensation from Chisso chemical company (on average 16000pds each, NS (1 June 1996), 5. They are still seeking an apology from the government for lack of controls.

On the global balance for dioxins see EST 30 (1996), 1797-1804. In 1995 the world-wide pesticide sales were 11% up over the 1994 figure, and the value was US$29 billion, and it is expected to increase by about 2% a year, The Ram's Horn 137 (1996), 7. The USA is increasing its exports, as are most manufacturers if they can. On dioxins in diesel exhaust, Nature 381 (1996), 379. In New Zealand a law to make pesticide spray drift over others properties the same as trepass is being suggested, Christchurch Press (13 June 1996), 6. On drinking water, Nature 381 (1996), 654-5.

A call for following New Zealand's policy of planting pine trees to satisfy the requirements of reducing carbon emissions is made in NS (4 May 1996), 53. A model to look at the emissions is Hammitt, JK et al. "A welfare-based index for assessing environmental effects of greenhouse-gas emissions", Nature 381 (1996), 301-3. In the USA there is still political resistance to the idea of human greenhouse warming, Nature 381 (1996), 539, 546; and a breakdown of the effects of different gases is Science 272 (1996), 972-3, 1121-2; and on carbon sinks, Nature 381 (1996), 218-21. The use of fuel Cells to produce electricity is reported in NS (18 May 1996), 55; and on solar energy, NS (11 May 1996), 21.

As South Africa returns more land to the original owners, national parks will be made smaller and efforts to preserve the animals are being developed, NS (11 May 1996), 6. In general on environmental issues, NS (18 May 1996), 44-5; Nature 381 (1996), 125-6, 386. The funding of different states in the USA from environmental taxes is discussed in EST 30 (1996), 190-1A; there is a possibility a single network may be made, Nature 381 (1996), 182. The dangers of Russia's environmental pollution, especially nuclear ones, are discussed in Nature 381 (1996), 3, 203-4; NS (20 April 1996), 3-4.

A commentary on the ozone layer protection, Nature 381 (1996), 551-4. The mutations caused by UV light show especially tandem CC to TT transitions, Sage, E. et al. "Mutagenic specificity of solar UV light in nucleotide excision repair-deficient rodent Cells", PNAS 93 (1996), 176-80. Increases in penetration of UV light into lakes are reported due to acidification in Nature 381 (1996), 109-10, 141-3. On the climate and health, Lancet 347 (1996), 1567; and on environmental estrogens see the Birth Control section.

On environmental issues, Vesiland, PA. "There is no such thing as environmental ethics", Science and Engineering Ethics 2 (1996), 307-34 (with commentaries). The US is adding ecological concerns to national security and economic issues in US foreign relations, GEN (August 1996), 2, 8. On GATT and the environment, Environmental Health Perspectives 103 (1995), 240-2. Also on environmental problems, see the journal Ambio on-line at <http://www.allenpress.com/ambio. On computer monitoring, EST 30 (1996), 340-3A; and public access to information, J. Environmental Law 8 (1996), 139-57.

Dioxins and long-lived pollutants still threaten the great Lakes in North America, NS (13 July 1996), 5. The EPA dioxin review is expected at the end of the year, EST 30 (1996), 338A. In Scotland there is concern over the permission given to salmon farmers to use ivermectin which kills invertebrates, NS (7 Sept 1996), 4.

The international waste trade has found some hurdles since China decided to comply and refused to import certain wastes, Nature 382 (1996), 484. Methods to deter environmental crime are reviewed in California Law Review (1996), 307+.

A new law in France will cap the sound from personal stereos at 100 decibels and place warnings on the noise from them, in a progressive move, NS (29 June 1996), 12-3. On health and the environment, Lancet 348 (1996), 139; JAMA 276 (1996), 372-4; Theoretical Medicine 16 (1995), 153-69; Environmental Health Perspectives 104 (1996), 286-9, 492-515. A study of gene mutations from air pollution is in Calderon-Garciduenas et al. "DNA strand breaks in human nasal respiratory epithelium are induced upon exposure to urban pollution", Environmental Health Perspectives 104 (1996), 160-8, 18-9.

A review of the Asia-Pacific area and greenhouse gas emissions is Ambio 25 (1996), 219-310; and on global warming study, Science 273 (1996), 34; NS (6 July), 12-3; (13 July 1996), 1-4 supplement; Nature 382 (1996), 39-46. Japan's emissions are increased by 7.2% from 1990 in 1994, despite the goal to keep the emissions in the year 2000 at 1990 levels; and this could be common, Nature 382 (1996), 27-8, 103, 743; NS (3 August 1996), 48. There are challenges to the production of energy with carbon, EST 30 (1996), 323A; and various levels of progress in Europe, NS (13 July 1996), 9. Ecotaxes are also being implemented. A call for sulfur-emissions from ships to be included in targets and reduced is NS (26 July 1996), 4.

The environmental effects of halocarbon emissions are reviewed in EST 30 (1996), 348-55A. Water mists are being found as good as halons in fire extinguishers for most fires, NS (20 July 1996), 9. On ozone depletion, Nature 382 (1996), 390.

An essay by VR Potter on what bioethics mean, and the global questions of sustainability, is in AgBioethics Forum 8 (June 1996), 2-4. A discussion on environmental ethics is Cifric, I. "Anthropocentrism and naturalism - bases of modern thought?", Social Ecology (Zagreb), 4 (1995), Supplement in English, 5-54. A study on choice of environmental values is Boxall, PC et al. "A comparison of stated preference methods for environmental valuation", Ecological Economics 18 (1996), 243-53.

A report of the Ecological Society of America on the Scientific Basis for Ecosystem Management, followed by a number of perspectives on it, is in Ecological Applications 6 (1996), 665-747. The new right wing government in Israel has decided to push green party interests out of the Ministry for the Environment and change policy on two major projects, NS (14 Sept. 1996), 6.

Two papers on attitudes to nuclear power plants are in Social Ecology (Zagreb), 4 (1995), Supplement in English, 57-76, 77-90. A synopsis of a meeting to call for limits on transfrontier air pollution is Ambio 25 (1996), 376-7. Also on pollution and the environment, NS (28 Sept 1996), 48; (5 Oct 1996), 48.

The US DOE is currently spending about $1 million per year for biohydrogen production, Nature Biotechnology 14 (1996), 1101-6. One more step in establishing hydrogen as a potentially viable energy source has been made, Woodward, J. et al. "In vitro hydrogen production by glucose dehydrogenase and hydrogenase", Nature Biotechnology 14 (1996), 872-4, 799. The paper demonstrates a method of producing hydrogen from a renewable source, and the economics of the system seem to make it commercially attractive as well. One possibility is to use corn syrup--currently selling for $0.08 per pound--as the glucose source and to sell the hydrogen byproduct. Alternatively, the glucose source might be some of the 16 billion pounds of cellulose generated each year in the United States from recycled newspapers. The authors calculate that, in theory, their in vitro process could convert this wastepaper stream into enough hydrogen to replace the annual natural gas energy demands of 37 cities the size of Oak Ridge, with its 27,000 inhabitants.

A review of the economics of making ethanol from biomass is Bioresource Technology 56 (1996), 131-40. Methods to use biofuel mix for cooking in rural areas in India are described in Bioresource Technology 56 (1996), 169-78. The controversial claims that a researcher could make petrol from plant oils seems to have been wrong, but there have been some scientific demonstrations in India, Nature 383 (1996), 112. A study suggesting that lead pollution may be worse than air quality if electric cars are introduced is Lave, LB. et al. "Battery-powered vehicles: Ozone reduction versus lead discharges", EST 30 (1996), 402A+.

The final Declaration of the Second Conference on the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change has said that after the year 2000 targets should be legally binding, EST 30 (1996), 435-6A; though industry is still encouraging slower change, Nature 383 (1996), 287, 657. The use of afforestation to sequester carbon in the tropics is reviewed in Ambio 25 (1996), 327-30. A criticism of energy subsidies in Australia has been made, NS (19 Oct. 1996), 54-5. Several book reviews are in Nature 383 (1996), 137-8. On the wastage of paper, NS (28 Sept. 1996), 16-7.

Ozone depletion is reported in parts of the Pacific in Science 274 (1996), 230-3; and as reached a record low, NS (28 Sept. 1996), 6. The 9th meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on removing ozone depleting substances occurs in November in Costa Rica, Lancet 348 (1996), 747. Developed countries have already phased out production except for metered-dose inhalers, although an alternative is on the market. An alternative for police fingerprint enhancer solvents has been found, NS (19 Oct. 1996), 11. The UK is trying to crack down on CFC smugglers, Nature 383 (1996), 660-1.

A review of the research efforts to make a plastic battery is NS (26 Oct 1996), 24-7. A review of the case for electric vehicles is SA (Nov 1996), 54-9. Proposals for global climatic change in Mars are revisited in SA (Nov 1996), 80-8; Nature 383 (1996), 780.

The Jakobovits Centre of Jewish Medical Ethics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, ISRAEL

In my opinion bicycles have more to do with bioethics than euthanasia, abortion and many other things usually associated with "bioethics". These things really belong to "pathoethics" or "thanatoethics": moral decisions about what to do when you are sick or dying. But bioethics should teach how to live healthily with no or little need for doctors or medicine. I can think of no better contribution to bioethics in the real sense than the British scheme to build a national network of bicycle, foot and wheelchair paths by the year 2000, making it possible to travel anywhere in the country and, even more important, for any child to get to and from school - with no danger from automobiles. Many bioethicists think that autonomy is having the doctor kill you or at least turn off the respirator. But real autonomy is taking charge of your own life and health. A way to do this is by walking or riding a bicycle.

Further information on the British Scheme is available from: Sustrans: Routes For People. 35 King Street, Bristol BS1 4DZ, UK. Fax: 117 929 4173. And also see Bhopal R, Unwin, N, Cycling, physical exercise and the millennium fund. BMJ 311 (1995). 344.

A collection of papers on environmental ethics is Elliot, Robert, Environmental Ethics (Oxford University Press, 1995; 255pp., ISBN 0-19-875143-5); Ambio 25 (1996), 532-3. A book review of Pugh, C. ed., Sustainability, the Environment and Urbanization, is in BMJ 314 (1997), 615. A book review of Takacs, The Idea of Biodiversity (John Hopkins University Press 1997), which discusses biophilia is NS (22 Feb, 1997), 45. A study of human nature in Chinese philosophy is Philosophy East & West 47 (1997), 21-32. In India a group looking at the environment is the Environmental Research Academy International, 50-120-8/1, Seethammadhara North Extension, Visakhapatnam 530 013, A.P., India (President Prof. MV Subba Rao).

On the dangers of industry to health, Cullinan, P. et al. "Respiratory morbidity 10 years after the Union Carbide gas leak at Bhopal: a cross sectional survey", BMJ 314 (1997), 338-41, 242-3; on behalf of the International Medical Commission on Bhopal. Vitamin D deficiency may result from altered light, Ambio 25 (1996), 535-6. Exposure to UV light is discussed in AJPH 86 (1996), 1802-4; and on links to cancer, PNAS 94 (1997), 11-4. UV light is shown to harm Arabidopsis plants, PNAS 94 (1997), 328-32. Health in the Middle East through peace is discussed in AJPH 86 (1996), 1821.

On carbon in the atmosphere and climate, Science 275 (1997), 502-9; NS (4 Jan 1997), 43; (22 Jan, 1997), 16; (15 Feb), 7; PNAS 94 (1997), 175-9; Nature 384 (1996), 522-4; 385 (1997), 35. Increasing night temperature can reduce seed set and yield of tropical rice, Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 23 (1996), 791-4. A study suggesting more droughts in the Northern Great Plains of the USA before 1200AD is Nature 385 (1997), 552-4. On policy, NS (25 Jan 1997), 44; (1 Feb, 1997), 8; Nature 384 (1996), 499-500, 528, 605. Green cars on hydrogen are discussed in NS (21/28 Dec, 1996), 20.

The damage caused by aircraft to the ozone layer may be worse than thought, NS (15 Feb, 1997), 18; Geophysical Research Letters 24 (1997), 389. Acid rain in Asia is reviewed in NS (15 Feb, 1997), 16-7. Acid rain causes adverse health effects, Ambio 25 (1996), 527-31.

On green industry, EST 31 (1997), 90-1A; Nature 385 (1997), 188. On water pollution from shrimp farms in India, NS (21/28 Dec, 1996), 8. Environmental taxes are being accepted more in Europe, EST 31 (1997), 84-8A. UNEP has had a dispute over payments, making its future uncertain, NS (15 Feb, 1997), 11. Disposing of plutonium is discussed in Science 275 (1997), 11-2, 737. On polluted urban sites, NS (12 Jan, 1997), 12-3.

The contents of Environmental Values 6 (1) (Feb 1997) include: Environmental Victims: Arguing the Costs. C. Williams; Preserving Old-Growth Forest Ecosystems: Valuation and Policy. DE. Booth; Anthropocentrism: A Misunderstood Problem. T. Hayward; Plural Values and Environmental Valuation. W. Beckerman & J. Pasek; The Consequentialist Side of Environmental Ethics. D. Holbrook; A Comment on 'Radiation Protection and Moral Theory'. C. Miller; Response to Miller's 'Comment'. D. Sumner & P. Gilmour. A comparative study finding crop land area, then population density, then per capita external debt, were the most important factors linked to tropical deforestation, is Nature 386 (1997), 562-3.

Some role for occupational exposure with lung cancer is found in a study in the Netherlands, J. Epidemiol. & Comm. Health 51 (1997), 24-9; and borderline associations between chlorophenate wood preservatives and cancer are suggested in AJPH 87 (1997), 71-9. On health and the environment, BMJ 314 (1997), 687. The gene c-abl interacts with DNA protein kinase in the process of DNA damage repair, Nature 386 (1997), 732-5.

On environmental impact asseSSMent in industry, Chemistry & Industry (17 Feb 1997), 137. On human perspectives and the environment, TREE 12 (1997), 91-2. Indian cities like Delhi are in a crisis over polluted air, NS (8 March 1997), 9; and polluted water, NS (29 March 1997), 6. Indian households may be even more dangerous than outside air pollution from dung fire fumes, Lancet 349 (1997), 933. On environmental damage and war, NS (8 March 1997), 12-3; NEJM 336 (1997), 1031. The US Nat. Inst. Environmental Health Sciences plans to spend US$60 million over the next several years in an Environmental Genome Project, Science 275 (1997), 1407. It will focus on genes that confer sensitivity to environmental hazards.

A review of rising seas that may come with greenhouse warming is SA (March 1997), 112-7. Lessons that can be learnt from the Antarctica and past warming are reviewed in Time (14 April 1997), 42-7; and on climate models, Nature 386 (1997), 131-3. A series of papers commemorating the 100 years anniversary of the paper by Svante Arrhenius "On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground", are in Ambio 26 (1997), 1-80. A call for developing countries to also reduce carbon emissions has been criticized by China and some G77 countries, Nature 386 (1997), 103; NS (1 March 1997), 12-3; (15 March 1997), 10. On the impact of civilization on the planet Earth, Nature 386 (1997), 35. Hydrogen-powered aircraft may take off by the year 2000, NS (22 March 1997), 25; and the US EPA is regulating smoking diesel train locomotives, Chemistry & Industry (17 Feb 1997), 123. On the radiative forcing caused by smoke from biomass burning, Science 275 (1997), 1776-8. A study has found that between 1981-1991 the Northern Hemisphere had increased photosynthesis, Nature 386 (1997), 659-69, 698-702.

The implications of increased UV-B have meant that a national standard for reporting may be introduced in the USA, EST 31 (1997), 142-6A. Sewage sludge dumping under agricultural land may lead to abnormal cadmium levels in UK sheep, NS (22 March 1997), 4.

The contents of Environmental Values 6 (1) (Feb 1997) include: Environmental Victims: Arguing the Costs. C. Williams; Preserving Old-Growth Forest Ecosystems: Valuation and Policy. DE. Booth; Anthropocentrism: A Misunderstood Problem. T. Hayward; Plural Values and Environmental Valuation. W. Beckerman & J. Pasek; The Consequentialist Side of Environmental Ethics. D. Holbrook; A Comment on 'Radiation Protection and Moral Theory'. C. Miller; Response to Miller's 'Comment'. D. Sumner & P. Gilmour. A comparative study finding crop land area, then population density, then per capita external debt, were the most important factors linked to tropical deforestation, is Nature 386 (1997), 562-3.

Some role for occupational exposure with lung cancer is found in a study in the Netherlands, J. Epidemiol. & Comm. Health 51 (1997), 24-9; and borderline associations between chlorophenate wood preservatives and cancer are suggested in AJPH 87 (1997), 71-9. On health and the environment, BMJ 314 (1997), 687. The gene c-abl interacts with DNA protein kinase in the process of DNA damage repair, Nature 386 (1997), 732-5.

On environmental impact asseSSMent in industry, Chemistry & Industry (17 Feb 1997), 137. On human perspectives and the environment, TREE 12 (1997), 91-2. Indian cities like Delhi are in a crisis over polluted air, NS (8 March 1997), 9; and polluted water, NS (29 March 1997), 6. Indian households may be even more dangerous than outside air pollution from dung fire fumes, Lancet 349 (1997), 933. On environmental damage and war, NS (8 March 1997), 12-3; NEJM 336 (1997), 1031. The US Nat. Inst. Environmental Health Sciences plans to spend US$60 million over the next several years in an Environmental Genome Project, Science 275 (1997), 1407. It will focus on genes that confer sensitivity to environmental hazards.

A review of rising seas that may come with greenhouse warming is SA (March 1997), 112-7. Lessons that can be learnt from the Antarctica and past warming are reviewed in Time (14 April 1997), 42-7; and on climate models, Nature 386 (1997), 131-3. A series of papers commemorating the 100 years anniversary of the paper by Svante Arrhenius "On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground", are in Ambio 26 (1997), 1-80. A call for developing countries to also reduce carbon emissions has been criticized by China and some G77 countries, Nature 386 (1997), 103; NS (1 March 1997), 12-3; (15 March 1997), 10. On the impact of civilization on the planet Earth, Nature 386 (1997), 35. Hydrogen-powered aircraft may take off by the year 2000, NS (22 March 1997), 25; and the US EPA is regulating smoking diesel train locomotives, Chemistry & Industry (17 Feb 1997), 123. On the radiative forcing caused by smoke from biomass burning, Science 275 (1997), 1776-8. A study has found that between 1981-1991 the Northern Hemisphere had increased photosynthesis, Nature 386 (1997), 659-69, 698-702.

The implications of increased UV-B have meant that a national standard for reporting may be introduced in the USA, EST 31 (1997), 142-6A. Sewage sludge dumping under agricultural land may lead to abnormal cadmium levels in UK sheep, NS (22 March 1997), 4.

There has been frustration expressed at the lack of concrete conclusions from the Rio-follow up meeting on the environment held in New York in June 1997, Nature 387 (1997), 637, 640-1, 836; 388 (1997), 1, 5. In December, 1997, a meeting in Kyoto will be held to decide upon levels of carbon dioxide emissions up to the year 2005, but there are criticisms of the amount of money spent on research in Japan, NS (31 May 1997), 10; Science 276 (1997), 1025-6. A paper on "The coming climate" looks at the difficulty of predictions, SA (May 1997), 78-83; and a series on air pollution are in Science 276 (1997), 544-5, 914-5, 1040-86. A study of the way the Northern and Southern hemisphere temperatures interact suggests human role in climate warming, Kaufmann, RK. & Stern, DI. "Evidence for human influence on climate from hemispheric temperature relations", Nature 387 (1997), 39-44. For more on the environment in Japan, see Japan Environment Monitor <http://www.yin.or.jp/user/greenstar/>

Another El Nino is beginning, and it is still difficult to predict, NS (31 May 1997), 6; Science 276 (1997), 965-7; Nature 388 (1997), 108. It is expected to alter rainfall patterns again. In India disputes over water allocations between states have held up work on dams, NS (26 April 1997), 12. Arsenic may be in much of the water also, NS (17 May 1997), 10. Excess nitrogen fertilizer is also toxic, Smil, V. "Global population and the nitrogen cycle", SA (June 1997), 76-81, 24-5. A further affect of nitrogen oxides in the air may be to signal seeds to germinate, Science 276 (1997), 1199, 1248+.

A paper on ethics is Dobson, A. "Genetic engineering and environmental ethics", CQHE 6 (1997), 205-221. Two essays on consumption and sustainable development are in Science 276 (1997), 53-7, 1631-3. Essays on food consumption and supply are in Ambio 26 (1997), 133-46. Noise pollution appears to diminish reading skills of children, NS (10 May 1997), 5.

People are criticizing the plastics industry for the air pollution it causes and its denial that dioxin is released, NS (3 May 1997), 4. Dioxin has been added to the list of restricted air pollutants in Japan, NS (10 May 1997), 6. Sulphuric acid forms easily in the air, NS (3 May 1997), 20. The use of lichen diversity as a monitor for air pollution-linked lung cancer is Nature 387 (1997), 463-4.

Oil companies are called to make petrol cleaner to allow anti-pollution devices to work more effectively, NS (10 May 1997), 14-5. Oil production decline is expect in 20 years, raising questions of alternatives, Nature 387 (1997), 121. On electric cars, SA (May 1997), 32, 36; also Science 276 (1997), 194, 511. New technologies could save much energy, NS (24 May 1997), 10. Japan has had the highest rate of recycling of steel tins for 5 years, with the 1996 rate being 77% (compare to Germany 67%), Yomiuri Shimbun (27 June 1997), 11.

A book review on pesticides is Wargo, J. Our Children's Toxic Legacy: How Science and Law Fail to Protect Us from Pesticides (Yale University Press, 1997, US$30, 380pp., ISBN 0-300-06686-4) is JAMA 277 (1997), 1329-30. Tesco and Marks & Spencer supermarket chains in the UK are refusing to sell salmon from fish farms which use ivermectin, NS (10 May 1997), 16. On other environmental books, NS (10 May 1997), 53; Nature 387 (1997), 338; BMJ 314 (1997), 1493.

The US is phasing out metered dose inhalers that contain CFCs, JAMA 277 (1997), 1029; FDA Consumer (May-June 1997), 11-3. Sunscreens in mice inhibited gene mutation, Anathaswamy HN. et al. "Sunlight and skin cancer: Inhibition of p53 mutations in UV-irradiated mouse skin by sunscreens", NatMed 3 (1997), 510-4. The use of insect repellents decreases the sun protection factor of sunscreens, Lancet 349 (1997), 1670-1. The sizes of moles are linked to melanoma risk, JAMA 277 (1997), 1439-44; BMJ 314 (1997), 1438.

A chemical method for consuming hospital wastes is reported in NS (19 April 1997), 24.

A paper in Italian on phenomenology of ecology and ethics is Carlotti, P. "Prospettive etiche dell' ecologia", Bioetica e Cultura 11 (1997), 9-46. The social patterns of ecological activism are discussed in Hartigan, J. "Green ghettos and the white underclass", Social Research 64 (1997), 339-65; Purkis, J. "The city as a site of ethical consumption and resistance", pp. 203-224 in O'Connor, J. & Wynne, D., eds., From the Margins to the Centre. Cultural production and consumption in the post-industrial city (Arena, 1996, ISBN 1-85742-333-X). A study of farmer motivations to join in environmentally sensitive areas is J. Environmental Management 50 (1997), 67-93; and on environmental mediation, Harrison, J. "Environmental mediation: The ethical and constitutional dimension", J Environmental Law 9 (1997), 79-102. A study of nature is Barnhart, MG. "Ideas of nature in Asian context", Philosophy East & West 47 81997), 417-32. Also, Chapple, CK., ed, Ecological Prospects. Scientific, Religious, and Aesthetic Perspectives (State Univ. NY Press, 1994, ISBN 0-7914-1740-9, 234pp.).

Two new books from WHO (Email: publications@who.ch) are, Briggs, D.et al., eds., Linkage Methods for Environment and Health Analysis. General Guidelines. 136pp., Sw Fr.18 (12.60 in developing countries, 1997); Health and Environment in Sustainable Development. Five Years after the Earth Summit. 242pp., Sw Fr 25 (17.50 in developing countries, 1997). The effects of air pollution on health are greater than previously thought, Lancet 349 (1997), 1896; and on transport, BMJ 314 (1997), 1917. At the end of July schools in Santiago, Chile were shut for two days because smog exceeded accepted limits, which was expected to drop traffic by 30%.

The difference between maximum and minimum daily temperatures each day are decreasing, probably due to increased cloudiness, Science 277 (1997), 364-6, 277-8; also, Nature 388 (1997), 418-9, 521-3, 533-9. Targets for carbon emissions are debated in Science 276 (1997), 1818-9; Nature 388 (1997), 213, 316, 407; Naturwissenschaften 84 (1997), 268-74; NS (19 July 1997), 38-43; Population and Environment 18 (1997), 389-413; Ecologist 27 (1997), 2-4. A study suggests that they may not alter soybean yields in Iowa, Agronomy J. 89 (1997), 167-76. Forests can act as sponges for sometime, Science 277 (1997), 315-7. The El Nino this year is expected to be large, Science 277 (1997), 197. The body size of animals is usually larger in colder climates, TREE 12 (1997), 235-9; and organisms can reversibly change organ size in response to conditions, TREE 12 (1997), 134-8.

Wind turbines are having positive results in New Zealand trials, NS (14 June 1997), 49. New solar water heating systems in Australia have 12 year warranty, NS (12 July 1997), 48. A study suggests introduction of CNG powered vehicles in California will be very effective in environmental savings, not only electric vehicles, J. Env. Economics & Management 33 (1997), 163-85. There is still a need to reduce emissions, EST 31 (1997), 310-1A. A report on the lack of progress between the first and second world Environment Summits is BMJ 315 (1997), 3-4.

On air pollution, Science 277 (1997), 15, 466-9. It is damaging crops in Asia, NS (14 June 1997), 11. In Japan the government plans to reduce dioxin emissions 90% over the next 5 years (26 August, 1997). NHK in Japan has developed a camera with a range 250-1050nm, from infra red through UV, which may be used for monitoring pollution emissions, NS (28 June 1997), 19. Europe has banned surfactants alkylphenol ethoxylates because of fears of danger to aquatic communities, EST 31 (1997), 316-20A.

Parents can be asked to report on UV exposure of children, AJPH 87 (1997), 1146-9. On risks of sun exposure, JAMA 277 (1997), 1745-6, 1751-2; but there have been past variations in history, Nature 388 (1997), 457-9. A mouse with a predisposition to sun cancer is shown in van der Horst, GTJ. et al. "Defective transcription-coupled repair in Cockayne syndrome B mice is associated with skin cancer predisposition", Cell 89 (1997), 425-35.

A vaccine may be developed to overcome hearing loss due to noise, NS (5 July 1997), 17. About one quarter of young Germans are thought to have damaged there hearing by listening to loud music, NS (5 July 1997), 12. In the UK television commercials will be monitored and technically compressed if necessary to ensure that they are not loader than the main programs, companies use frequency changes to make them sound louder - a phenomenon used world-wide, NS (21 June 1997), 20.

Irradiated sewage sludge is being tested as a safe fertilizer in Argentina, NS (21 June 1997), 24. The raw sewage is not safe, although still used in many parts of the world. Industrial waste may also be used, NS (28 June 1997), 20. On future sustainable water use, J. Soil & Water Conservation 52 (1997), 151-6; BioScience 47 (1997), 97-106.

The balance between free trade and environment is discussed in NS (21 June 1997), 14-5. On environmental policy, Munn, RE. et al. Policy making in an Era of Global Environmental Change (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996, ISBN 0-7923-4072-8, 224pp.); J. Soil & Water Conservation 52 (1997), 157-61, 166-70; Iglesia, GCR et al., "Nature conservation: The rule of law in European Community environmental pollution", J. Environmental Law 9 (197), 139-80.

On the general issues of environmentalism, NS (6 Sept. 1997), 50; (27 Sept. 1997), 42-3, 46; Nature 388 (1997), 813. A book review of Cadbury, D., The Feminization of Nature is NS (30 Aug. 1997), 42. Greenpeace is facing up to a challenge from BP Oil following occupation of oil platforms, Nature 388 (1997), 816. A commentary on insurance risk calculations for climate change is Nature 389 (1997), 225-7. A neutral mechanism has been called for in the US to fund environmental research, Nature 389 (1997), 612; and a scientific basis for environmental policy in Nature 389 (1997), 607, 630.

Japan has announced it will try for an average target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 5% from 1990 between 2008 and 2012, Nature 389 (1997), 529. However some parties want 12% cut, and others are not sure, so the debate is ongoing. It is estimated that average temperatures will increase 1C if carbon dioxide doubles and 2.3C if it trebles, but regional variations are major in cold regions, for example 4C increase if double level (as predicted in the year 2060), Japan Times (9 Oct. 1997), 2. There is much international discussion, Nature 388 (1997), 704; 389 (1997), 614, 685-6. On the economic calculations in the reduction of emissions, Nature 389 (1997), 13-4, 247-8; EST 31 (1997), 418-22A. A Dept. of Energy report says the US could cut carbon emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2010 with no net cost to the economy, Nature 389 (1997), 429, 527, 537. The UK is aiming for a 20% reduction by 2010 of 1990 levels, Nature 389 (1997), 530. Fires in coal fields in China may contribute 3% of the world's carbon dioxide emissions.

On the extent of ice cover in the Antarctic, Nature 389 (1997), 20-1; NS (6 Sept. 1997), 3. The rate of change as well as the total may influence the ocean flow of water altering climate, Nature 388 (1997), 825-6, 862-5. The risk to reefs by sea level change is less than local pollution and activities, NS (4 Oct. 1997), 47. Sulphur emissions from volcanoes can lower global temperature, Nature 389 (1997), 543-4; and smoke has varied affects, Science 277 (1997), 1636-9. A special issue of Scientific American (October 1997), 54-137 is on transportation. On renewable energy, NS (6 Sept. 1997), 18-9. A plan to feed electricity back into the electric grid during peak hours from electric cars has been proposed, NS (13 Sept. 1997), 5. The factories that make catalytic converters for cars may make more pollution, in sulphur dioxide emissions equal to a quarter of the nitrogen oxide emissions that they are meant to prevent (in acid rain!), NS (20 Sept. 1997), 13.

The need to stop CFC smuggling was agreed upon at a meeting of the Montreal Protocol in September, Nature 389 (1997), 219-20; NS (30 Aug. 1997), 3, 16-7. The pesticide methyl bromide is to be banned, but debate is whether it should be by 2001 or 2005 (as Europe wants), NS (30 Aug. 1997), 4; (20 Sept. 1997), 12. Liquid carbon dioxide is being used for dry cleaners from 1998 in the USA to reduce emissions, NS (30 Aug. 1997), 12. There is still unknowns in ozone chemistry and more studies are called for, Nature 388 (1997), 625-6. The Arctic is also experiencing severe ozone loss in winters, Nature 389 (1997), 709-12.

The UK is reducing the amount of radioactive waste it dumps in the sea from reprocessing plants, NS (6 Sept. 1997), 10. There are also fears from people around the French site of La Hague, Nature 388 (1997), 654. On monitoring of radioactive contamination of organisms after the Chernobyl accident, EST 31 (1997), 358-63A. Norwegian engineers who wanted to help clean up the Russian north are being rejected, NS (4 Oct. 1997), 22. Chemical slippers can help remove toxic metals from the environment, NS (13 Sept. 1997), 34-7.

A review on fluorinated organics in the biosphere is EST 31 (1997), 2445+. Minamata Bay has been declared free of mercury, and fishing will be restarted, Lancet 350 (1997), 422. The phosphates added to water to protect pipes from corrosion also increase bacterial growth, NS (30 Aug. 1997), 15. East European pollution is reviewed in EST 31 (1997), 412-6A. On air pollution, NS (20 Sept. 1997), 58; EST 31 (1997), 352-3A, 404-6A. Maybe one in fifty heart attacks in London may be triggered by air pollution, BMJ 315 (1997), 330. Coal ash is causing mutations in some amphibians, as are environmental estrogens EST 31(1997), 408A; NS (13 Sept. 1997), 18. The EPA is allowing some states to use confidential data in risk assessments, EST 31 (1997), 356A.

A series of papers in German and English on ecological ethics and modernization are in Fritsch-Oppermann, ed., Recht in unterschiedlichen Kulteren und Religionen (Loccumer Protokolle 59/95, 1997, 208pp.). A paper in Italian on ecological ethics is Carlotti, P. "Prospetitive etiche dell' ecologia", Bioetica e Cultura 11 (1997), 9-46. On Christian duties to the environment, Houghton, J. "Christians and the environment: Our opportunities and responsibilities", Science and Christian Belief 9 (1997), 101-12. Several case studies on agricultural bioethics are in AgBioethics Forum 9 (Nov 1997), 1-13. A review is McIntyre, O & Mosedale, T. "The precautionary principle as a norm of customary international law", J. Env. Law 9 (1997), 221-41. On why humans intervene in nature, NS (11 Oct 1997), 48-9.

An analysis of options for paper recycling or incineration finds that the high the value placed on the environment, the more ecological incineration becomes, when linked to energy production, and recycling paper is only a little better than landfill, both much worse then incineration, NS (22 Nov 1997), 31-4; Int. J. Env. Planning & Management (Nov 1997). Japan has one of the world's highest rates of paper recycling, but its waste paper collection and recycling system are said to be on the brink of collapse, as prices have fallen. Tokyo waste paper wholesalers refused to take old magazines unless they were paid, and collections in some areas stopped. Citizens were asked to store waste paper in their homes until prices improved, Penna, I. "The crisis in Japan's waste paper collection and recycling system", Japan Environmental Monitor 94 (No. 5, Dec 1997). Another reversal is that processed food is easier on the environment than fresh food, NS (6 Dec 1997), 10. On reducing the damage caused by scientific investigations, NS (20 Dec 1997), 16-7.

Reports after the Kyoto COP3 conference include Science 278 (1997), 2042, 2048; Nature 390 (1997), 429, 545, 647, 650, 659; Lancet 350 (1997), 1646; BMJ 315 (1997), 1326; NS (13 Dec 1997), 6-7; (20 Dec 1997), 10; Time (8 Dec 1997), 44-5; (22 Dec 1997), 48-53; Newsweek (15 Dec 1997), 12-4. The agreement calls on 38 industrialized countries to drop carbon emissions by an average of 5.2% from 1990 levels by 2012, which should be a reduction by two thirds of what the emissions would be if no action was taken. The USA agreed to 7%, European Union 8% and Japan 6%. Much more is needed to lessen the global warming and pollution. For example, see McLaren, S. et al. Tomorrow's World (Earthscan, 1997, 13pds), reviewed in Independent (19 Wed 1997), 14. On whether China will benefit or lose from cutting emissions, Nature 390 (1997), 209. The UN IPCC will widen membership to scientists from developing countries, Nature 389 (1997), 894. Reports from before the meeting, include Nature 389 (1997), 205, 215-20, 225-8, 323, 893-4; Science 277 (1997), 1916-7; 278 (1997), 216-8, 783, 1691, 1703; Time (3 Nov 1997), 48-9; EST 31 (1997), 516-8A, 543A; NS (11 Oct 1997), 4; (15 Nov 1997), 54; (29 Nov 1997), 3, 22-3; (6 Dec 1997), 4. On the case for an International Environmental Organization, J. Env. Law 9 (1997), 243-69.

On carbon cycling, Nature 389 (1997), 905-6; and past climates, Nature 389 (1997), 929-35; 390 (1997), 117-8; Science 278 (1997), 1251-6, 1257-66. It is difficult to predict climate change, Nature 390 (1997), 111, 267-70; Science 278 (1997), 870-2, 1411, 1416-7, 1422-6; nor people's response, Ha-Duong, M. et al. "Influence of socioeconomic inertia and uncertainty on optimal CO2-emission abatement", Nature 390 (1997), 270-3; and on Zen, Nature 390 (1997), 332-4. As a step toward getting consumers to choose energy-efficient appliances in order to help alleviate global warming, Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) will publish a pamphlet showing the energy performance of four types of consumer appliances: air conditioners, televisions, refrigerators, and video recorders. This "energy-savings report card," as MITI calls it, will be made available at consumer centers and large- volume appliance retailers. MITI will calculate numerical values for performance as a function of power consumption, i.e., the amount of power consumed versus work performed per unit time. The Energy Conservation Law requires that product brochures show this information, but it is not always easy to read.

On the way emission permits can be traded, McLean BJ. "Evolution of marketable permits: the US experience with sulfur dioxide allowance trading", Int. J. Environment and Pollution 8 (1997), 19-36. Canada still has to reduce emissions of SO2 by another 75% if it wants to control acid rain, Nature 390 (1997), 6. On energy production, EST 31 (1997), 462-5A; and new technologies, pp. 506-7A, 574-5A. On methane production biochemistry, Science 278 (1997), 1413-4.

On the impact of aircraft emissions, Sen, O. "The effect of aircraft engine exhaust gases on the environment", Int. J. Environment and Pollution 8 (1997), 148-57; and on ozone depletion in rocket plumes, Nature 390 (1997), 62-4. Ships may have more impact, Science 278 (1997), 823-4. Brazil is renewing its ethanol program for cars, Wall Street J. (6 Oct 1997), A18. A review of the El Nino is Nature 390 (1997), 562-4; and assessment of the disaster burden, Lancet 350 (1997), 1435. The monsoon in India was normal, despite US predictions, Science 278 (1997), 581.

A profile of Mario Molina who released the damage to the ozone layer is SA (Nov 1997), 40-3. A study on the impact of aerosols on solar ultraviolet radiation and photochemical smog is Science 278 (1997), 827-30. On the balance between ozone depletion and greenhouse warming, Science 278 (1997), 1090-1. A German CFC smuggling group was stopped recently, after importing 1000 tons of CFCs from China in 1997, EST 31 (1997), 459A; Ecologist 27 (1997), 188-91.

A review of the genetics of air pollution is NatGen 17 (1997), 365-6; and a paper on genes involved in ozone-induced lung damage in mice, NatGen 17 (1997), 471-8. There appears to be a relationship to life expectancy in humans, Occup. Env. Med. 54 (1997), 781-4. The El Nino causes more respiratory problems in Asia, Lancet 350 (1997), 1008. The haze that covered Indonesia. Malaysia and South East Asia in 1997 from the forest burning may have had many health effects, but a government ban was made in Malaysia on public reporting by scientists on the haze, Nature 390 (1997), 107, 222-3; NS (25 Oct 1997), 51. On standards used to assess health damage, EST 31 (1997), 568-73A. Researchers are finding plants more resistant to ozone pollution damage, EST 31 (1997), 508A.

Climate change brings about health problems, Lancet 350 (1997), 1609; Working Group on Public Health and Fossil Fuel Combustion, "Short-term improvement in public health from global climate policies on fossil fuel combustion: an interim report", Lancet 350 (1997), 1341-9; McMichael, AJ & Haines, A. "Global climate change: the potential effects on health", BMJ 315 (1997), 805-9; also p. 758-9, 870-4; Science 278 (1997), 1004-6. Diesel emissions may include the most carcinogenic compound yet found, 3-nitrobenzanthrone, Lancet 350 (1997), 1118; NS (25 Oct 1997), 4; and Europe is tightening laws on soot and dust, NS (15 Nov 1997), 12; (29 Nov 1997), 5. On jam dynamics, Science 278 (1997), 1233; and Chinese pollution, NS (29 Nov 1997), 15. Polluters should pay, NS (13 Dec 1997), 52; Ecological Economics 23 (1997), 59-70; and on sustainable economy, Ecological Economics 23 (1997), 1-14.

DDT and PCBs may not increase breast cancer risk, NEJM 337 (1997), 1253-8; see also 1562. Results of a survey of deformed frogs and amphibians in USA is Science 278 (1997), 2051-2; EST 31 (1997), 552A. Ambient UV-B radiation causes deformities in amphibian embryos, PNAS 94 (1997), 13735-7. On organochlorine contamination of the Canadian Arctic, Int. J. Environment and Pollution 8 (1997), 57-73; and in fish oils, pp. 74-93; and on risk perception, Ambio 6 (1997), 359+. On Oct 17, 1997, a UK Judge ruled that Actellic-D caused injury to a farm worker, Lancet 350 (1997), 1457; BMJ 315 (1997), 1113. The monitoring of pesticide levels in natural waters of Greece is reported in Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 59 (1997), 917-23. Hazardous pesticides are commonly used in Kenya, Lancet 350 (1997), 1528; and on the question of banning chemicals, NS (18 Oct 1997), 5; (22 Nov 1997), 24-5. The EPA has asked industry to voluntarily screen high production chemicals, and the EPA will publish its toxicity data EST 31 (1997), 456A, 502A. There are doubts on synergistic effects, Ecologist 27 (1997), 192-6. Ecology studies should be conducted, and a series of papers are in Ecological Applications 7 (1997), 1083-1132. A review of Lear, L., Rachel Carson. Witness for Nature (Holt, NY, 1997, 634pp., US$35) is in Science 278 (1997), 1897. A series of papers on agriculture and environmental sustainability are in Ambio 26 (1997), 410-75.

A review of the environmental accountability measures taken by the company Novo Nordisk in Denmark is Biotechnology & Development Monitor 33 (Dec 1997), 16-9. The US and Canada are studying dioxin emissions from iron and steel factories, EST 31 (1997), 460A; and from a Japanese private incinerator around a US airbase in Atsugi, Japan, Nature 390 (1997), 434. Massachusetts efforts to reduce toxic chemical use are reviewed in EST 31 (1997), 564-7A.

On the economics of mercury mining and the pollution damage, Nature 390 (1997), 112-3. Reporting of metal pollution in fish is increasing in USA, EST 31 (1997), 451A. A review of environmental lead exposure in Africa is Ambio 26 (1997), 399-403. California is starting to destroy dams to allow salmon to migrate despite farm irrigation losses, Newsweek (24 Nov 1997), 52. On access to safe drinking water, SA (Nov 1997), 38; and agriculture and water quality, J. Envion. Qual. 26 (1997), 1198-203, 1203-12.

A book review of Volk, T. Gaia's Body: Toward a Physiology of Earth (Copernicus, 1998, 269pp) is Nature 391 (1998), 550-1. A group of scientists have formed a new society called Gaia Science, Science 279 (1998), 973. On biocentrism, Agar, N. "Biocentrism and the concept of life", Ethics 108 (1997), 147-68. A paper on traditional knowledge and ecosystem sustainability is Kurian, J. "Traditional ecological knowledge and ecosystem sustainability: New meaning to Asian coastal proverbs", Ecological Applications 8 (1, 1998) Supplement S2-5; also on definitions of sustainability, Land Economics 73 (1997), 445-622. A paper on human carrying capacity is J. Applied Ecology 34 (1997), 1325-33. A paper calling for more research into environmental issues is Lubchenco, J. "Entering the century of the environment: A new social contract for science", Science 279 (1998), 491-7; also EST 32 (1998),73A.

El Nino is being blamed for many storms and deaths in the Horn of Africa, Lancet 350 (1997), 1830; and in Peru; and the Galapagos may be changed forever, NS (10 Jan. 1998), 4; and a food crisis in 37 countries is predicted by FAO (18 Feb 1998). Reports on the Kyoto agreement continue, BMJ 316 (1998), 7; NS (17 Jan. 1998), 48; Science 279 (1998), 330-1; EST 32 (1998), 74-5A. There is debate on the US policy to follow the Kyoto agreement, Nature 391 (1998), 619; Science 279 (1998), 669-70.

It is difficult to predict the species range shift in global warming, Nature 391 (1998), 783-8. A letter discussing wheat yield in Australia and climate change is Nature 391 (1998), 447-9. The phase out date of 2001 for methyl bromide may be altered in the USA, EST 32 (1998), 11A. A discussion of carbon dioxide dumping is EST 32 (1998), 20-4A; SA (Jan. 1998), 21-22. On climate modeling, Nature 391 (1998), 351-6, 552; Science 279 (1998), 1003-4. Sea level changes that have been reported may have been related to sloshing seas, NS (31 Jan. 1998), 13. The Akkadian empire ended with a drought, Science 279 (1998), 325.

On climate change and health, Science 279 (1998), 968-9; Lancet 350 (1997), 1825. Air pollution has been reported to hasten the deaths of 24,000 people in the UK, BMJ 316 (1998), 248. A Manila study suggests risk of lung cancer increases by 15% because of air pollution, Lancet 351 (1998), 350. A study of how to measure levels of chemicals in Denmark caused by traffic is Environmental Research 75 (1997), 149-59. Another factor is the increase in suicide rates after natural disasters, NEJM 338 (1998), 373-8. A US map of deaths from excess cold or heat is SA (Feb 1998), 26. On noise pollution, Davies, S., "Praying for silence", NS (17 Jan. 1998), 34-7; Staples, SL. "Public policy and environmental noise: Modeling exposure or understanding effects", AJPH 87 (1997), 2063-7.

A review of a UK White Paper on transport policy is Financial Times (19 Feb 1998). The UK is trying to reduce road traffic by 10% by 2010; BMJ 316 (1998), 242-3. Closing roads may reduce traffic, NS (24 Jan. 1998), 4. Papers on preventing the next oil crunch are in SA (March 1998), 77-95. A life cycle assessment of electric vehicle batteries is EST 32 (1998), 40-6A. The EPA has new ozone and particulate matter standards, EST 32 (1998), 32-9A; and a study of vehicle emissions is EST 32 (1998),450-5. Russia has begun to construct a floating nuclear power station, planned to serve Arctic town of Pevek, with a capacity of 60 megawatts and a 12 year storage of waste, which then will be emptied by towing to the waste processing site, Int. Herald Tribune (19 Feb. 1998), 7.

Global saturation with nitrogen compounds is discussed in Science 279 (1998), 988-9. A review of what causes toxic algal blooms is EST 32 (1998), 26-30A. On water pollution, NS (31 Jan. 1998), 32-5. Mercury in fish is discussed in Science 279 (1998), 459-61, 639-41; EST 32 (1998),8-9A. Evidence suggests there is atmospheric mercury contamination in remote areas, EST 32 (1998), 1-7; and butyltin contamination in marine mammals, EST 32 (1998),193-8A. There may be 20 times more dioxin accumulated in world soils than previously thought, suggesting we do not know about 90% of the sources, EST 32 (1998), 10A. On environmental estrogens, EST 32 (1998), 8A; PCBs, SA (Feb. 1998), 20-2; and lead, FDA Consumer (Jan 1998), 16-9, 21; NatMed 4 (1998), 3. A book review of Lear, L. Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature (Henry Holt & Co., NY., 1997) is SA (Feb. 1998), 98-9. On indoor pollution hazards, SA (Feb. 1998), 86-91.

On ethical issues, a book is Rowell, A., Green Backlash. Global Subversion of the Environmental Movement (Routledge, 1996). A paper is Meaton, J. & Morrice, D. "The ethics and politics of private automobile use", Environmental Ethics 18 (1996), 39-54. A view from Ed Wilson on science and the environment is Science 279 (1998), 2048-9. Calls for the UN eco-fund to open are made in Nature 392 (1998), 640. The US Vice-President suggested that a satellite that broadcasts constantly the whole image of the sunlit surface of the earth be set up, Science 279 (1998), 1845. Some criticism of Canada's revised draft Environmental Protection Act is debated in Nature