Abstracts on Assisted Reproduction 1981-1985

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guidelines, UK, research, DI, licensing, IVF, law: guidelines, UK, research, DI, licensing, IVF, law.

This newspiece reports on the leaked contents of the Warnock report about assisted reproduction licensing and embryo research.

2. Abramowitz S. A Stalemate on Test-Tube Baby Research. Politics, Not Ethics, The Major Constraint. The Hastings Center Report. 1984(February 1984):5-9.

IVF, ethics, social attitudes, research, regulation, USA, embryos, standards, prohibition, policy: IVF, ethics, social attitudes, research, regulation, USA, embryos, standards, prohibition, policy.

This article looks at the history of the de facto ban on embryo research in the USA. It looks at the reasons why Congress won't lift the ban, why the ban should be lifted, the reports of ethics committees and the ways forward in terms of getting the ban lifted.

3. Abyholm T, Stray-Pedersen S. A follow-up study among 285 men with azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia. International Journal of Andrology. 1981;4:421-31.

male infertility, men, medical aspects, adoption, couples, DI, Norway: male infertility, men, medical aspects, adoption, couples, DI, Norway.

This study reports on the success of couples in which the male is infertile to have a child through natural means, DI or adoption. Less of these couples separated or divorced than the national norm.

4. Adler JD, Boxley RL. The Psychological Reactions to Infertility: Sex Roles and Coping Styles. Sex Roles. 1985;12(3-4):271-9.

infertility, psychological, sex roles, coping skills, sexuality, identity, stress, gender, couples: infertility, psychological, sex roles, coping skills, sexuality, identity, stress, gender, couples.

This study of infertile, formally infertile and fertile medical patients found that better self esteem was associated with masculinity and androgeny as sex roles. Also found that there was no difference between the groups in terms of levels of coping.

5. Aicken DR. Issues arising from artificial conception practices. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1985(27 March 1985):186-7.

assisted reproduction, IVF, DI, NZ, religion, legislation, cryopreservation, ethics, surrogacy, regulation, interests of child, doctors, semen donors, couples, egg donors: assisted reproduction, IVF, DI, NZ, religion, legislation, cryopreservation, ethics, surrogacy, regulation, interests of child, doctors, semen donors, couples, egg donors.

This paper looks at assisted reproduction issues the response to these from various overseas committees and from religious thinkers, and the implications for this in a NZ context. It calls for legislation to be enacted in NZ.

6. Aitken J. Submission to - The Government Committee Considering the Social, Ethical and Legal Issues Arising from In Vitro Fertilization. In: Adoption TVSCo, ed. Victoria, Australia: The Victorian Standing Committee on Adoption, Victorian State Government, Australia; 1982.

7. Aitken J. Donor Conceptions: a Conflict of Needs and Rights. Monash Bioethics News. 1983;2(1):12-16.

DI, couples, infertility, egg donors, anonymity, records, family, interests of child, rights, openness, offspring, adoption, secrecy, semen donors: DI, couples, infertility, egg donors, anonymity, records, family, interests of child, rights, openness, offspring, adoption, secrecy, semen donors.

This paper outlines the situation with regard to anonymity in DI, and argues for the rights of involved parties to information about each other.

8. Aitken J. Submission to - The Government Committee Considering the Social, Ethical and Legal Issues Arising from In Vitro Fertilization. In: Victoria TVSCoAaAFCWSo, ed. Victoria, Australia: The Victorian Standing Committee on Adoption, Victorian State Government, Australia; 1983.

9. Alder E. Psychological Aspects of AID. In: Pullen EH, Pullen I, eds. Psychological Aspects of Genetic Counselling: Academic Press Inc.; 1984.

DI, psychological, couples, male infertility, practice, UK, ddoctors, disability, semen donors, treatment, pregnancy rates, selection, class, counselling, adoption, men, women, sexuality, secrecy: DI, psychological, couples, male infertility, practice, UK, ddoctors, disability, semen donors, treatment, pregnancy rates, selection, class, counselling, adoption, men, women, sexuality, secrecy.

This paper gives a general overview of the issues concerning DI in a UK context. Looks at the role of semen donors, and couples and presents a brief study of the attitudes to couples to DI, secrecy, and adoption.

10. Alder E, Templeton AA. Patient reaction to IVF treatment. The Lancet. 1985(January 19, 1985):168.

women, IVF, counselling, secrecy, DI, ethics, embryos, research, social attitudes, UK: women, IVF, counselling, secrecy, DI, ethics, embryos, research, social attitudes, UK.

This letter reporting a study of IVF patients looks at their attitudes to the treatment, who they had told about their treatment, if they would tell the child, their ethical concerns, and their attitudes to embryo research.11. Alder E. Psychological Aspects of IVF. In: Hall EVV, ed. Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Leiden: Boerhaave Committee on Postgraduate Medical Education; 1985.

IVF, psychological, women, infertility, stress, medical aspects, sexuality, couples, psychosocial, secrecy, counselling, doctors: IVF, psychological, women, infertility, stress, medical aspects, sexuality, couples, psychosocial, secrecy, counselling, doctors.

This paper looks at the relationship between stress, infertility, and infertility treatment. In a study of 20 women undergoing IVF treatment, 60% thought secrecy was important. It looks at the women's evaluation of various parts of the procedure, and recommends good preparation of women before treatment, counselling and follow up for women and children after treatment.

12. Allen DG, Alperstein A, Tsalacopoulos G. Artificial insemination by donor at Groote Schuur Hospital. Aouth African Medical Journal. 1985;67:284-7.

DI, ethics, religion, law, medical aspects, secrecy: DI, ethics, religion, law, medical aspects, secrecy.

This article outlines the implementation of a DI programme and semen bank in a South African hospital. It briefly overviews religious, ethical, legal, medical, counselling and secrecy issues in this area.

13. Alwyn JES. Artificial Insemination by Donor. An Infertility Dilemma. St. Mark's Review. 1982(September, 1982):26-7.

DI, infertility, family, fatherhood, motherhood, matching, couples, screening, anonymity, secrecy, law, religion, Christianity, ethics, doctors, single women: DI, infertility, family, fatherhood, motherhood, matching, couples, screening, anonymity, secrecy, law, religion, Christianity, ethics, doctors, single women.

This paper outlines DI practice, and promotes close matching. It notes that medicine favours secrecy, while law opposes it. It condemns single women receiving DI and looks at the ethical issues of DI from a Christian perspective.

14. Amadio C, Deutsch SL. Open Adoption: Allowing Adopted Children to "Stay in Touch" with Blood Relatives. Journal of Family Law. 1983;22:55-89.

law, legal, adoption, secrecy, openness, parenthood, history, USA, stress, psychosocial, interests of child, family: law, legal, adoption, secrecy, openness, parenthood, history, USA, stress, psychosocial, interests of child, family.

This article addresses the legal issues surrounding open adoption in the US. It looks at the issue of offspring access to their biological parents, historically and cross-culturally. It looks at the benefits in psychosocial terms for children who maintain some contact with their biological parents. It looks at open adoption as it relates to various familial relationships.

15. American Fertility Society. Ethical statement on in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility. 1984;41(1):12.

USA, ethics, IVF, practice, guidelines, semen donors, payment, consent, records, research, embryos, cryopreservation, gametes, egg donors: USA, ethics, IVF, practice, guidelines, semen donors, payment, consent, records, research, embryos, cryopreservation, gametes, egg donors.

This guideline looks at issues of IVF practice, embryo research, cryopreservation and sperm and oocyte donation.

16. American Fertility Society. Minimal standards for programs of in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility. 1984;41(1):13.

IVF, standards, practice, health professionals, doctors, research, psychosocial, medical aspects: IVF, standards, practice, health professionals, doctors, research, psychosocial, medical aspects.

This guideline looks at general considerations, personnel and special services and facilities. It favours concern with patients psychosocial needs.

17. Anderson A. Nakasone takes the lead. Nature. 1984;308(29 March 1984):395.

ethics, Japan, religion, Catholic, policy, scientists, IVF: ethics, Japan, religion, Catholic, policy, scientists, IVF.

This newspiece reports on first international conference on life sciences, which was held in Japan.

18. Andrews LB. The Stork Market: The Law of the New Reproductive Technologies. American Bar Association Journal. 1984;70:50-6.

law, USA, IVF, DI, couples, semen donors, egg donors, disability, surrogates, doctors, lawyers, legislation, prohibition, embryos, research, IVF, adoption, assisted reproduction, contracts, paternity, history, payment, advertising, commercialisation, screening, clinics: law, USA, IVF, DI, couples, semen donors, egg donors, disability, surrogates, doctors, lawyers, legislation, prohibition, embryos, research, IVF, adoption, assisted reproduction, contracts, paternity, history, payment, advertising, commercialisation, screening, clinics.

This paper overviews the legal situation with regard to ARTs in the USA and provides advice to lawyers on how to respond to requests for assistance in this area. Describes a number of cases and the implications of these and outlines a number of other potential situations. Notes also the difficulties lawyers may find themselves in in assisting in this area.

19. Andrews LB. New Conceptions: Chapter 7. Artificial Insemination: Parts of Chapter 10. Parenting. New York: St. Martin's Press; 1984.

DI, couples, male infertility, history, semen donors, selection, sperm banks, age, cryopreservation, medical aspects, psychological, process, male infertility, counselling, religion, social attitudes, law, legislation, USA, single women, posthumous: DI, couples, male infertility, history, semen donors, selection, sperm banks, age, cryopreservation, medical aspects, psychological, process, male infertility, counselling, religion, social attitudes, law, legislation, USA, single women, posthumous.

Artificial insemination chapter, is a guide for couple considering DI. Looks at history, donor screening and the lack of it by doctors and sperm banks, issues of age in having children, cryopreservation, and the DI procedure itself. Parenting chapter looks at the trauma of male infertility, counselling, the attitudes of society and religion, legal matters in teh USA, and DI for single women and using sperm posthumously.

20. Andrews LB, Fassler D, Tiefel HO. When Baby's Mother is also Grandma- and Sister. Hastings Center Report. 1985(October 1985):29-31.

ethics, family, IVF, surrogacy, egg donation, rights, psychological, doctors, motherhood, social attitudes, identity, interests of child: ethics, family, IVF, surrogacy, egg donation, rights, psychological, doctors, motherhood, social attitudes, identity, interests of child.

This paper presents a complex situation relating to IVF, egg donation by a daughter and surrogacy. It presents discussion of this by the two former authors. Andrews argues for the prodecures in terms of lack of risk to participants and reproductive rights. Tiefel argues against it in terms of the best interests of the child, who is to take responsibility for it and the role of physicians.21. Annas GJ. Contracts to Bear a Child: Compassion or Commercialism? The Hastings Center Report. 1981;11:23-4.

commercialisaion, surrogacy, law, ethics, policy, interests of child, semen donors, DI, legislation, motherhood: commercialisaion, surrogacy, law, ethics, policy, interests of child, semen donors, DI, legislation, motherhood.

This paper outlines ethical legal and policy issues in surrogacy. It discusses whether it shoul be a private or public issue, and what the best interests of the child are. It discusses the rights of semen donors and the advisability of legislation.

22. Annas GJ. Making Babies without Sex: The Law and the Profits. American Journal of Public Health. 1984;74(12):1415-7.

parenthood, commercialisation, assisted reproduction, technology, law, motherhood, surrogacy, ethics, regulation, USA, UK, Australia, advertising, cryopreservation, social attitudes, interests of the child: parenthood, commercialisation, assisted reproduction, technology, law, motherhood, surrogacy, ethics, regulation, USA, UK, Australia, advertising, cryopreservation, social attitudes, interests of the child.

This paper looks at the ethical, legal and social implications of new reproductive technologies, and at how various western countries have responded to these in terms of regulation. It looks at surrogate advertising, the disposal of frozen embryos, social attitudes and the interests of the child.

23. Annas GJ. Redefining Parenthood and Protecting Embryos: Why We Need New Laws. The Hastings Center Report. 1984(October 1984):50-2.

law, embryos, parenthood, DI, IVF, SET, contraception, egg donation, surrogacy, embryos, USA cryopreservation, commercialisation: law, embryos, parenthood, DI, IVF, SET, contraception, egg donation, surrogacy, embryos, USA cryopreservation, commercialisation.

This paper looks at recent ART developments and provides legal guidelines for dealing with paternity issues, and for dealing with embryos, cryopreservation a d commercialisation issues.

24. Annas GJ. Surrogate Embryo Transfer: The Perils of Patenting. The Hastings Center Report. 1984(June 1984):25-6.

ethics, IVF, SET, surrogacy, medical aspects, doctors, economics, patents, media, social attitudes, infertility, rights, legal, law: ethics, IVF, SET, surrogacy, medical aspects, doctors, economics, patents, media, social attitudes, infertility, rights, legal, law.

This paper describes surrogate embryo transfer and the controversy surrounding the attempt to patent it as a process. It looks at issues of access to knowledge and conflicts of interest between, scientific objectivity and profit.

25. Anonymous. Eugenic Artificial Insemination: A Cure for Mediocrity? Harvard Law Review. 1981;94(8):1850-70.

DI, sperm banks, eugenics, law, USA: DI, sperm banks, eugenics, law, USA.

This paper looks at eugenics in the USA, the practice of using sperm banks and donor insemination from high intelligence individual to upgrade the gene pool (eutelegenesis), the constitutional position on this, and the arguements for and against it.

26. Anonymous. Test-tube babies pilloried again. Nature. 1982;295(4 February):445.

IVF, ethics, doctors, sperm banks, cryopreservation, law, infertility, DI, surrogacy, social attitudes, embryos, social attitudes, UK: IVF, ethics, doctors, sperm banks, cryopreservation, law, infertility, DI, surrogacy, social attitudes, embryos, social attitudes, UK.

This piece outlines recent concerns in the UK about IVF, the use of donor gametes, cryopreservation etc.

27. Anonymous. The future of the test-tube baby. Nature. 1982;299(7 October):475-6.

IVF, embryos, research, Catholic, ethical, infertility, DI, social attitudes, surrogacy, cryopreservation, ethics, policy, UK, scientists: IVF, embryos, research, Catholic, ethical, infertility, DI, social attitudes, surrogacy, cryopreservation, ethics, policy, UK, scientists.

This piece looks at public attitudes in the UK to IVF and embryo research. Argues that opposition to these is 'irrational'.

28. Anonymous. Test-tube babies: Australia more tolerant than UK. The Bulletin. 1982(November 16, 1982).

UK, Australia, IVF, surrogacy, SET, couples, social attitudes: UK, Australia, IVF, surrogacy, SET, couples, social attitudes.

This paper presents the results of surveys in Australia and the UK on the approval and knowledge about IVF and surrogacy procedures. It finds Australians are slightly more liberal.

29. Anonymous. Surrogate Motherhood. Western New England Law Review. 1983;5:663-4.

surrogacy, motherhood, legislation, law, policy, regulation, social attitudes, DI: surrogacy, motherhood, legislation, law, policy, regulation, social attitudes, DI.

Fragment of a discussion about regulating surrogacy, social attitudes and its similarities to DI.

30. Anonymous. Legal restraints proposed for UK / Warnock's law. Nature. 1984(26 July):266.

embryos, IVF, research, ethics, social attitudes, DI, licensing, rights, semen donors, surrogacy, commercialisation, regulation, gentic engineering, clinics: embryos, IVF, research, ethics, social attitudes, DI, licensing, rights, semen donors, surrogacy, commercialisation, regulation, gentic engineering, clinics.

These pieces outline the recommendations of the Warnock report in relation to DI, embryo research, clinic licensing and surrogacy.31. Anonymous. Waller Committee Releases Final Report/ Warnock Committee Reports in Britain/ French Government Committee Reports on the Use of Embryos and Foetal Tissue. Bioethics News. 1984(October):2-3.

Australia, cryopreservation, embryos, research, prohibition, couples, surrogacy, France, UK: Australia, cryopreservation, embryos, research, prohibition, couples, surrogacy, France, UK.

Summary of Waller reports recommendatons on embryo freezing and surrogacy. This piece also outlines the Warnock report and developments in France.

32. Anonymous. Human fertilisation report. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1984(22 August):571.

UK, regulation, licensing, clinics, IVF, DI, cryopreservation, research, embryos, genetic engineering, commercialisation, anonymity, semen donors, egg donors, couples, law, surrogacy, paternity: UK, regulation, licensing, clinics, IVF, DI, cryopreservation, research, embryos, genetic engineering, commercialisation, anonymity, semen donors, egg donors, couples, law, surrogacy, paternity.

This piece outlines the contents of the Warnock report and the changes that would be made to UK law to implement it.

33. Anonymous. Effects of Surrogate Motherhood, Other Child-bearing Options Need Closer Study, Says Researcher / Surrogates Existing Family Should Be Followed In Studies on Surrogate Motherhood. Psychiatric News; 1984.

34. Anonymous. The Warnock Report: A Review. Bioethics News. 1984(11/84):7-9.

technology, surrogacy, commercialisation, embryos, assisted reproduction, research, ethics, regulation, UK: technology, surrogacy, commercialisation, embryos, assisted reproduction, research, ethics, regulation, UK.

This review presents the recommendations of the Warnock committee, and concentrates its comments on surrogacy and the status of the embryo.

35. Anonymous. Artificial fertilization made natural. Nature. 1984;310(26 July):269.

UK, regulation, IVF, DI, doctors, surrogacy, prohibition, cryopreservation, embryos, semen donors, STds, sperm banks, records, openness, research, abortion, eugenics: UK, regulation, IVF, DI, doctors, surrogacy, prohibition, cryopreservation, embryos, semen donors, STds, sperm banks, records, openness, research, abortion, eugenics.

This piece overviews and comments on the proposals of the Warnock committee about information access, surrogacy and embryo research.

36. Anonymous. Confused comment on Warnock. Nature. 1984;312(29 November):389.

UK, regulation, embryos, IVF, research, social attitudes, surrogacy, commercialisation, licensing: UK, regulation, embryos, IVF, research, social attitudes, surrogacy, commercialisation, licensing.

This piece comments on the public and legislator reaction to the Warbock report and issues concerning IVF, embryo research and surrogacy.

37. Anonymous. A welcome report. British Medical Journal. 1984;289(5439):207-8.

UK, regulation, Dim,, IVF, licensing, embruyos, cryopreservation, research, legislation, social attitudes, doctors: UK, regulation, Dim,, IVF, licensing, embruyos, cryopreservation, research, legislation, social attitudes, doctors.

This paper reviews the Warnock report and the outlines the public and potential legislative response to the issues it covers.

38. Anonymous. Warnock proposals in trouble. Nature. 1985;313(7 February):417.

doctors, UK, legislation, social attitudes, licensing, embryos, research, law, lawyers: doctors, UK, legislation, social attitudes, licensing, embryos, research, law, lawyers.

This piece reprots on UK legislative developments in relation to licensing and embryos research and the attitudes of doctors and lawyers to these developments.

39. Anonymous. UK agonizes on embryo research. Nature. 1985;313(7 February):424.

UK, embryos, research, IVF, legislation, lawyers, legislation, DI, surrogacy, openness, licensing: UK, embryos, research, IVF, legislation, lawyers, legislation, DI, surrogacy, openness, licensing.

This piece reports the law societies comments on openness, surrogacy embryo research etc. in relation to the Warnock report and attempts at legislation on these issue in the UK.

40. Anonymous. Surrogate mothers. British Medical Journal. 1985;290(26 January 1985):308.

surrogacy, law, UK, motherhood, interests of child, family, USA: surrogacy, law, UK, motherhood, interests of child, family, USA.

This paper looks at the legal and social implications of the Baby cotton case.41. Anonymous. Reproductive technoLogy and the Procreation Rights of the Unmarried. Harvard Law Review. 1985;98(650):669-85.

law, USA, reproductive rights, social attitudes, single women, single men, lesbian, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, interests of child, surrogates, couples, doctors, DI, IVF, prohibition, family, policy, adoption: law, USA, reproductive rights, social attitudes, single women, single men, lesbian, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, interests of child, surrogates, couples, doctors, DI, IVF, prohibition, family, policy, adoption.

This paper argues that the USA supreme court decisions do favour the idea of a right to repoduce for unmarried as well as married people. It looks at attitudes to providing ARTs for this group, and generally presents an arguement which favours their gaining access to these technologies. It discusses the way the family is viewed and role of the state in protecting public morality and health.

42. Aral AO, Jr. WC. The Increasing Concern With Infertility. Why Now? Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983;250(17):2327-31.

infertility, demographics, couples, USA, history, social attitudes, doctors, clinics, treatment, education, race, age, women, contraception, media, sexuality, environmental factors, STDs: infertility, demographics, couples, USA, history, social attitudes, doctors, clinics, treatment, education, race, age, women, contraception, media, sexuality, environmental factors, STDs.

This paper outlines 4 reasons why the USA is witnessing an increased concern with infertility in terms of the number of couples visiting clinics in realation to this. These are: an increase in the no. of infertile couples, an increase in the no. of couples seeking treatment, an increase in the number of doctors specialising in this area and a more accepting social milieu. Looks at demographic differences in incidences of infertility, and historical reasons for the current situation.

43. Arnold JM, Joyce DN. Artificial insemination by donor (AID). The Practioner. 1982;226:1324-8.

DI. coup.les, history, UK, male infertilitpsychosocial, practice, recruitment, semen donors, screening, consanguinity, pregnancy rates, child development, family, law, doctors, counselling: DI. coup.les, history, UK, male infertilitpsychosocial, practice, recruitment, semen donors, screening, consanguinity, pregnancy rates, child development, family, law, doctors, counselling.

This paper discusses the history of DI and its practice in a UK context. It promotes the importance of counselling couples, and looks at the screening of donors and the development of children conceived as a result of DI. Reocommends that control of DI remain with the medical profession.

44. Asche A. AID, IVF and Genetic Engineering - Beyond the Legal Frontiers. Address Given by the Honourable Mr Justice Asche to the College of Law and Family Law Practitioners Association of New South Wales - "The David Opas Memorial Lecture": College of Law and Family Law Practitioners Association of New South Wales; 1983.

45. Bailey R. The Legal Position of Children Born as a Result of Artificial Insemination and In Vitro Fertilization. In: Blake R, ed. In Vitro Fertilisation and Artificial Insemination By Donor. Proceedings of the Seminar and Public Lecture held by the South Australian Health Commission. Adelaide: South Australian Health Commission; 1984.

law, Australia, offspring, parenthood, semen donors, family, cryopreservation, embryos, single women, surrogacy: law, Australia, offspring, parenthood, semen donors, family, cryopreservation, embryos, single women, surrogacy.

This paper looks at the status of IVF and DI children under South Australian Law. It looks at various state and Commonwealth law. It also looks at a variety of other issues: frozen embryos, single women and ART's, surrogacy.

46. Barker G. Your Search for Fertility. New York: William H. Morrow; 1981.

couples, infertility, assisted reproduction, psychosocial: couples, infertility, assisted reproduction, psychosocial.

not seen.

47. Barker C. Law Conference 1984 - Discussion on Bioethics. New Zealand Law Journal. 1984(July):237-44.

ethics, law, NZ, IVF, commercialisation, oocytes, embryos, adoption, DI, openness, offspring, records, interests of child, Australia, UK, payment, class, race, medicalisation, family, medical aspects, cryopreservation, religion, Christianity, infertility., Maori, regulation, consanguinity, semen donors, secrecy, openness, counselling, insurance: ethics, law, NZ, IVF, commercialisation, oocytes, embryos, adoption, DI, openness, offspring, records, interests of child, Australia, UK, payment, class, race, medicalisation, family, medical aspects, cryopreservation, religion, Christianity, infertility., Maori, regulation, consanguinity, semen donors, secrecy, openness, counselling, insurance.

This is a verbatim report of the 1984 NZ Law Conference discussion on bioethics. It touches on: IVF, commercialisation, embryo destruction, rights of DI offspring to identifying information, interests of child, attitudes of DI parents in Australia to telling the child, donor payment and commercial practice, class, race, discrimination, economics (particularly of IVF, and who it is helping), medicalisation of ART's, Christianity, Maori religion and symbolism, regulation, consanguinity, , destruction of records in NZ, counselling for couples in NZ, and insurance.

48. Barry N. What shall we tell AID babies? Social Work Today. 1984(10th December):8.

surrogacy, infertility, research, embryos, UK, DI, law, social workers, health professionals, telling the child, lesbian, single women, IVF, secrecy, semen donors, psychological, motherhood, social attitudes, abortion, offspring: surrogacy, infertility, research, embryos, UK, DI, law, social workers, health professionals, telling the child, lesbian, single women, IVF, secrecy, semen donors, psychological, motherhood, social attitudes, abortion, offspring.

This paper reports on a meeting of lawyers, social workers and health professionals which discussed the Warnock report. It notes participants disapproving of legal situation and secrecy, discussing the potential psychological effects of ART's, particularly surrogacy and looking at the preconditions for parents telling their children about their DI origins.

49. Barry N. Bearing a gift of life. Social Work Today. 1984(10th December):14-15.

surrogacy, motherhood, social attitudes, family, UK, social workers, abortion, telling the child, adoption, religion, Catholic, family, interests of child: surrogacy, motherhood, social attitudes, family, UK, social workers, abortion, telling the child, adoption, religion, Catholic, family, interests of child.

This is a report of an interview with a surrogate mother in Scotland who conceived a baby by natural means and then handed it over to the commissioning couple. It looks at issues of adultery, social attitudes, how the child will react, etc.

50. Bartels D. The Uses of in vitro Human Embryos: Can the Public Participate in Decision Making? Search. 1983;14(9-10):257-62.

embryos, IVF, social attitudes, infertility, research, ethics, guidelines, genetic engineering, medical aspects, scientists, abortion, organ doning, eugenics: embryos, IVF, social attitudes, infertility, research, ethics, guidelines, genetic engineering, medical aspects, scientists, abortion, organ doning, eugenics.

This paper advocates public participation in the debates over the uses of science in embryo research and genetic engineering. It looks at technical aspects of genetic engineering, IVF as a source of embryos, abortion, organ doning, genetic screening and gene therapy. It discusses ethical issues and means for ensuring public participation in decision making.51. Baruch EH, Jr AFDA. Resetting the Biological Clock. Women and the New Reproductive Technologies. Disssent. 1985(Summer):273-6.

women, feminism, technology, gender, women, men, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, cryopreservation, DI, egg donation, payment, class, poverty, economics, social attitudes, sex selection, rights, disability, abortion, parenthood, family, motherhood, sexuality, single women, single men, scientists, economics: women, feminism, technology, gender, women, men, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, cryopreservation, DI, egg donation, payment, class, poverty, economics, social attitudes, sex selection, rights, disability, abortion, parenthood, family, motherhood, sexuality, single women, single men, scientists, economics.

This paper outlines the benefits for women of ARTs in allowing them to extend their reproductive years and potential. It also looks at the social and economic implications of this. It also discusses genetic screening, sex selection and surrogacy and discusses the positives and negatives of these procedures. It then looks at the uses men could make of ARTs which may have negative effects for women. It argues that new technologies should be regulated rather than prohibited as they can be used for both good and bad.

52. Bates P. Legal Criteria for Distinguishing Between Live and Dead Human Foetuses and Newborn Children. University of New South Wales Law Journal. 1983;6:143-51.

law, legislation, Australia, organ donation, abortion, fetal tissue, women, doctors, pregnancy, UK, embryos, research: law, legislation, Australia, organ donation, abortion, fetal tissue, women, doctors, pregnancy, UK, embryos, research.

This paper notes that there are a variety of different legal defnitions of death, depending on the context. It looks at the Australian law in relation to when life occurs in relation to the birth or conception, and when a new human being is legally said to come into existence. This background was prepared for an ethics committee looking at embryo research.

53. Bates P. Foetal and Neonatal Life, Death and the Law. New Doctor. 1984;31:40-3.

fetal tissue, law, embryos, research, Australia, technology, assisted reproduction, IVF, DI, legislation, ethics, social attitudes, abortion: fetal tissue, law, embryos, research, Australia, technology, assisted reproduction, IVF, DI, legislation, ethics, social attitudes, abortion.

This paper looks at legal definitions of life and death in Australia in relation to ART's. It looks at issues of premature births, and abortion practice.

54. Batterman R. A Comprehensive Approach to Treating Infertility. Health and Social Work. 1985:46-54.

infertility, psychosocial, social work, counselling, social support, process, stress: infertility, psychosocial, social work, counselling, social support, process, stress.

This article draws on the authors clinical experience in counselling to present an analysis of the crisis of infertility and the emotional stages associated with this. It defines the therapeutic role of the social worker in relation to this.

55. Bayles M. Reproductive Ethics. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall Inc.; 1984.

ethics, contraception, DI, surrogacy, IVF, genetic screening, abortion, social attitudes, policy, disability, cloning, embryo research, genetic engineering, sterilisation, law, adoption, contracts, rights, counselling, embryos, infertility, consent, lesbian, doctors, sex selection, disability, sterilisation, single women, religion, pregnancy: ethics, contraception, DI, surrogacy, IVF, genetic screening, abortion, social attitudes, policy, disability, cloning, embryo research, genetic engineering, sterilisation, law, adoption, contracts, rights, counselling, embryos, infertility, consent, lesbian, doctors, sex selection, disability, sterilisation, single women, religion, pregnancy.

This book uses a case study approach to look at a variety of issues in reproductive ethics. It discusses contraception, DI, surrogacy, IVF, sex selection, genetic screening, abortion, the status of the embryo, rights, and genetic engineering issues.

56. Beardsley T. Societies urge a softer line. Human embryo experiments. Nature. 1984;302(28 April):739.

IVF, doctors, regulation, research, semen donors, embryos, practice, cryopreservation, ethics, UK, couples: IVF, doctors, regulation, research, semen donors, embryos, practice, cryopreservation, ethics, UK, couples.

This newspiece reports on the recommendations of the UK Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and the Medical Research Council to the Warnock Committee. It looks at issues of informed consent for couples undergoing treatment, and donors providing embryos and gametes for research. It also looks at issues of licensing of practice and facilities.

57. Beardsley T. US Congress plans to act. Artificial fertilization. Nature. 1984;310(16 August):533.

USA, IVF, guidelines, law, embryos, commercialisation, cryopreservation, genetic engineering, ethics, medical aspects: USA, IVF, guidelines, law, embryos, commercialisation, cryopreservation, genetic engineering, ethics, medical aspects.

This newspiece reports on a US Congress subcommittee hearing about setting up a commission into IVF, genetic engineering and ARTs generally. Notes discussion on embryo research, the rights of embryos etc.

58. Beck WW. Two hundred years of artificial insemination. Fertility and Sterility. 1984;41(2):193-5.

DI, doctors, ethics, law, secrecy, semen donors, family, social attitudes, parenthood, surrogacy, rights, regulation, history, offspring: DI, doctors, ethics, law, secrecy, semen donors, family, social attitudes, parenthood, surrogacy, rights, regulation, history, offspring.

This paper looks at ethical and social issues involved in DI. It notes various attitudes to the donor and mentions ethical concerns. It advocates secrecy for the donor on the grounds that there will be no DI if this is not maintained, and that openness would be disruptive to family. Also discusses surrogacy and calls for greater regulation in this ART area.

59. Bell JS. Psychological Problems Among Patients Attending an Infertility Clinic. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1981;25(25):1-3.

couples, infertility, psychological, sexuality, stress, gender, psychosocial: couples, infertility, psychological, sexuality, stress, gender, psychosocial.

This pilot study of 10 couples attending an infertility clinic found that respondents had higher stress levels than normal and that some respondents experienced sexual problems.

60. Bell JS. Psychological aspects. In: Hargreave TB, ed. Male Infertility. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1983.

psychological, male infertility, sexuality, stress, sperm quality, couples, doctors, counselling, process, support groups: psychological, male infertility, sexuality, stress, sperm quality, couples, doctors, counselling, process, support groups.

This chapter looks at the psychological conditions which may be related to infertility. It looks at issues of sexuality, couple relationships, and the relationship between decreased sperm quality and stress. It looks at ways of managing infertility, the value of support groups, counselling and the role of doctors. It looks at the emotional process of dealing with infertility.61. Bents H. Psychology of male infertility - a literature survey. International Journal of Andrology. 1985;8:325-36.

male infertility, psychological, stress, sexuality, gender, couples, methods: male infertility, psychological, stress, sexuality, gender, couples, methods.

This paper looks at psychological factors in male infertility. It looks at sexuality, personality, psychosocial and relationship issues. It outlines an appropriate methodology for investigating this area.

62. Berger DM. Psychological Aspects of Donor Insemination. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1982;12(1):49-57.

psychological, DI, couples, selection, women, anonymity, law, psychosocial, family, openness, records, doctors: psychological, DI, couples, selection, women, anonymity, law, psychosocial, family, openness, records, doctors.

This paper reviews several papers which looks at the psychological consequences of DI for the couples involved. It concludes that anonymity may not be as harmless as initially thought. Makes suggestions as to ways in which opennes could be encouraged.

63. Berk A, Shapiro JL. Some Implications of Infertility in Marital Therapy. Family Therapy. 1984;11(1):37-48.

infertility, couples, psychological, psychosocial, sexuality, process, stress, family, social attitudes, counselling, adult development, crisis, treatment: infertility, couples, psychological, psychosocial, sexuality, process, stress, family, social attitudes, counselling, adult development, crisis, treatment.

This paper looks at the psychological impact of infertility on couples, and the ways in which counsellors can respond to this. It looks at social attitudes to infertility, the possibility of psychological causation of infertility, adult development issues, the process of dealing with infertility etc. It outlines strategies that counsellors can take in responding to this issue and presents a case study to illustrate the concerns which might arise.

64. Bernstein AH. Health/family law update. Ferment in family law afficts providers in malpractice cases. Hospitals. 1983(August 16):111, 114, 116.

law, doctors, family, surrogacy, USA, parenthood, abortion: law, doctors, family, surrogacy, USA, parenthood, abortion.

This article presents a series of legal cases about family definition, surrogacy, liability in various situations, abortion, consent etc.

65. Blank RH. Redefining Human Life. Reproductive Technologies and Social Policy. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press; 1984.

policy, assisted reproduction, law, legal, policy, USA, rights, social attitudes, abortion: policy, assisted reproduction, law, legal, policy, USA, rights, social attitudes, abortion.

This book discusses assisted reproduction and social policy in the USA and makes recommendations. Chapter headings are: The Context of Reproductive Issues in the United States; Reproductive Technology: The State of the Art; The Changing Legal Framework of Reproductive Choice; The Changing Context of Fetal Rights; A Framework for Reproductive Policy in the United States; Reproductive Policy: Directions for the Future.

66. Blank RH. The Context of Reproductive Issues in the United States. In: Blank RH, ed. Redefinig Human Life: Westview Press; 1984.

policy, USA, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, technology, ethics, economics, religion, rights, philosophy, abortion, couples, offspring: policy, USA, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, technology, ethics, economics, religion, rights, philosophy, abortion, couples, offspring.

This chapter looks at issues concerning the interaction of technology and society and the notion of rights in American culture. It applies these to reproductive technologies.

67. Blank RH. Making Babies. The State of the Art. The Futurist; 1985.

68. Blatnau R, Bergin J. Sexual selection looms. Future Times. 1985(Winter):9-10.

IVF, genetic engineering, ethics, contraception, embryos, research, surrogacy, commercialisation, payment, social attitudes, law, technology: IVF, genetic engineering, ethics, contraception, embryos, research, surrogacy, commercialisation, payment, social attitudes, law, technology.

This interview with th authors touches on developments in, and social attitudes to; IVF, embryo research, surrogacy and contraception. Stresses inevitability of these technological developments coming to be used.

69. Bombardieri MA, Clapp D. Easing stress for IVF patients and staff. Contemporary Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984(October):1-4.

IVF, stress, couples, health professionals, doctors, process, economics, psychological, telling the child, counselling, support groups, family, social attitudes, psychosocial, guidelines, clinics: IVF, stress, couples, health professionals, doctors, process, economics, psychological, telling the child, counselling, support groups, family, social attitudes, psychosocial, guidelines, clinics.

This paper discusses ways in which health professionals can help intending IVF couples decide whether or not to undertake IVF, what pressures there are in relation to IVF, both from themselves and from others, and ways in which the health professionals involved can make the IVF experiences as pleasant as possible.

70. Bonham D. Advances in the management of infertility. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1984(March 14):146-7.

infertility, DI, semen donors, motivation, payment, cryopreservation, recruitment, NZ, IVF, medical aspects, policy, legislation, commercialisation: infertility, DI, semen donors, motivation, payment, cryopreservation, recruitment, NZ, IVF, medical aspects, policy, legislation, commercialisation.

This paper disucusses IVF and DI in a NZ context and legislation and procedures relating to them.71. Boyarsky R, Boyarsky S. Psychogenic Factors in Male Infertility. Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality. 1983;17(2, February):86H-86T.

male infertility, psychological, stress, sexuality, psychosocial, men, doctors, fatherhood, process: male infertility, psychological, stress, sexuality, psychosocial, men, doctors, fatherhood, process.

While noting that the research is inconclusive, this paper emphasises the various psychological causes of male infertility, and describes other behaviour which may be associated with these psychological causes. It also outlines an appropriate process of mourning in relation to male infertilty.

72. Brahams D. In-Vitro Fertilisation and Related Research. Why Parliament Must Legislate. The Lancet. 1983(September 24):726-9.

IVF, law, legislation, embryos, research, DI, ET, cryopreservation, surrogacy, motherhood, ethics, fatherhood, licensing, interests of child, clinics, doctors, records, policy, payment, parenthood, UK: IVF, law, legislation, embryos, research, DI, ET, cryopreservation, surrogacy, motherhood, ethics, fatherhood, licensing, interests of child, clinics, doctors, records, policy, payment, parenthood, UK.

This paper overviews the ART situation in the UK from a legal perspective and recommends that legislation be enacted to (among other things) establish a licensing system, control the surrogacy and embryo research situation, encourage doctors in providing treatement to consider the best interests of the child, and clear up issues surrounding paternity and cryopreservation.

73. Bramm HG, Tiefel HO. Human In Vitro Fertilisation (letter and reply). Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982;248(18):2240-1.

IVF, interests of child, doctors, pregnancy, abortion, medical aspects, ethics, religion, social attitudes: IVF, interests of child, doctors, pregnancy, abortion, medical aspects, ethics, religion, social attitudes.

A discussion of the dangers of IVF, ethical issues surrounding abortion, and religion vs. science debates.

74. Brand HJ. Psychological stress and infertility: Part 2: Psychometric test data. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1982;55:385-8.

infertility, psychosocial, psychological, stress, women: infertility, psychosocial, psychological, stress, women.

This study of 59 women with unexplained infertility, 32 women with organic infertility, and 5 fertile women found that there were no significant differences as measured by personality questionairres between the women with the various types of infertility. The fertile women (wives of sterile men) were however, more extraverted, and less self-controlled than the infertile women.

75. Brand HJ, Roos SS, Merwe ABVd. Psychological stress and infertility: Part 1: Psychophysiological reaction patterns. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1982;55:379-84.

infertility, psychosocial, psychological, couples, stress, medical aspects, women: infertility, psychosocial, psychological, couples, stress, medical aspects, women.

This study of 59 women with unexplained infertility, 32 women with organic infertility, and 5 fertile women found that there were no significant physiological differences between these women.

76. Brebner CM, Sharp JD, Stone FH. The role of infertility in adoption. London: British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering; 1985.

infertility, couples, adoption, doctors, psychosocial, stress, matching, secrecy, parenthood, process, family, psychological: infertility, couples, adoption, doctors, psychosocial, stress, matching, secrecy, parenthood, process, family, psychological.

This book presents and discusses the results of a study of predominantly infertile or subfertile couples who adopt children. It looks at how they resolve their infertility, how their identities as adoptive parents develop, and the relationships between these.

77. Bresnick ER. A Holistic Approach to the Treatment of the Crisis of Infertility. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 1981(April 1981):181-8.

counselling, infertility, psychological, couples, single women, lesbians: counselling, infertility, psychological, couples, single women, lesbians.

This paper uses case studies of people presenting themselves for counselling for infertility, to demonstrate the negative effect infertility can have on a persons psychological well being and the positive effect therapy can have in regard to this. Three psychological-behavioural categories are outlined to describe the people presenting in these situations, and so that the role of psychological intervention can better be understood.

78. British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering, British Association of Social Workers, Party ASW. AID and after. In: authors: C, McWhinnie AM, Snowden R, Joyce DN, Mitchell GD, eds. Evidence submitted to the Government Inquiry into Human Fertilisation and Embryology. Paper from BAAF study day, 'Openness in AID'. London: British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering; 1984.

79. British Association of Social Workers CoIiHFaEEWC. Report of Committee of Inquiry into Human Fertilisation and Embryology. comments from the British Association of Social Workers: British Association of Social Workers; 1983.

80. British Association of Social Workers. Surrogacy: the great debate. Social Work Today. 1985(14 January):24.

surrogacy, counselling, prohibition, commercialisation, DI, openness, rights, screening, parenthood, legislation, licensing, social workers: surrogacy, counselling, prohibition, commercialisation, DI, openness, rights, screening, parenthood, legislation, licensing, social workers.

This is a summary of the BASW project group which provided recommendations to the Warnock committee. It recommends prohibition of surrogacy, especially commercial arrangements, openness in DI and the right of offspring to their genetic heritage. It approves of the paternity proposals in the Act, and emphasises the role of counselling and social workers part in this.81. British Association of Social Workers' Sexuality Special Interest Group. Evidence Submitted to the Government Inquiry into Human Fertilisation and Embroyology in March 1983 by the British Association of Social Workers' Sexuality Special Interest Group: British Association of Social Workers; 1983.

82. Brodsky AM, Martin DJ, Kelly AM, Bierman K. Survey of Attitudes about Reproductive Technologies. Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Anaheim, USA: Unpublished; 1983.

83. Bromberger B. The Fetus - Law, Ethics, and Experimentation. Pathology. 1985;17:1-3.

law, ethics, embryos, abortion, fetal tissue, research, doctors, scientists, medicalisation, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, history, lesbian, cryopreservation, contraception, semen donors, Australia, egg donors: law, ethics, embryos, abortion, fetal tissue, research, doctors, scientists, medicalisation, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, history, lesbian, cryopreservation, contraception, semen donors, Australia, egg donors.

This paper extols the benefits and outlines the consequences of medical research over recent years, and uses this as a basis for arguing that opponents of assisted reproduction techniques are over-reacting to the relatively minor developments which such procedures represent.

84. Bunkle P. Manufacturing Motherhood/ Letter regarding DI. Broadsheet. 1984(April):12-15, 23.

motherhood, IVF, DI, female infertility, women, contraception, sexuality, feminism, assisted reproduction, technology, multiple pregnancy, paternity, family, media, doctors, law, DI, psychosocial, stress, semen donors, payment, prevention, education, NZ, doctor patient relations, Sweden, regulation, practice, policy: motherhood, IVF, DI, female infertility, women, contraception, sexuality, feminism, assisted reproduction, technology, multiple pregnancy, paternity, family, media, doctors, law, DI, psychosocial, stress, semen donors, payment, prevention, education, NZ, doctor patient relations, Sweden, regulation, practice, policy.

This piece looks at the use of ARTs and in particular IVF and the impact of these upon women. It discusses relations between women and their doctors, the portrayal of infertility and ARTs in the media, ideas of the inevitability of technological progress and the importance of women taking control of and influencing how these technologies are used. Looks at the implications of different sorts of feminism when approaching issues of infertility and ARTs. Second piece looks at DI and raises a number of questions about the practice as a whole, semen donors, their payment, the production of the semen, paternity etc.

85. California (State of USA). Assembly Bill 3771 (Surrogate Parent Act). In: Roos A, ed. Los Angeles: State of California; 1982.

86. Callan VJ. Perceptions of Parents, the Voluntarilty and Involuntarily Childless: A Multidimesional Scaling Analysis. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1985(November):1045-50.

infertility, couples, child freee, social attitudes, parenthood, psychological, psychosocial, gender, Australia: infertility, couples, child freee, social attitudes, parenthood, psychological, psychosocial, gender, Australia.

This paper looks at the attitudes of married and single people with regard to their perception of involuntarily and voluntarily childless couples, and couples who had varying numbers of children in the following direction: parents with many children parents with few children, parents wanting more children and the infertile, andthe voluntarily childless.

87. Capron AM. The New Reproductive Possibilities: Seeking a Moral Basis for Concerted Action in a Pluralistic Society. Law Medicine and Health Care. 1984;12:192-8.

ethics, social attitudes, assisted reproduction: ethics, social attitudes, assisted reproduction.

not seen.

88. Carter JW, Carter M. Sweet Grapes - How to Stop Being Infertile and Start Living Again: Perspective Press; 1984.

infertility, couples, psychosocial, process, counselling, assisted reproduction, adoption, child free: infertility, couples, psychosocial, process, counselling, assisted reproduction, adoption, child free.

not seen, see IVF Coordinators... 1992.

89. Chamberlain ER. Hardy Human Issues. Yesterday and Today; 1984.

90. Charlesworth M. New ways of life and death. Current Affairs Bulletin. 1984(October):4-24.

ethics, technology, DI, IVF, economics, USA, policy, embryos, research, cloning, philosophy, religion, Christianity, Catholic, feminism, eugenics, scientists, fatherhood, motherhood, family, law, Australia, abortion, genetic engineering, legislation, prohibition: ethics, technology, DI, IVF, economics, USA, policy, embryos, research, cloning, philosophy, religion, Christianity, Catholic, feminism, eugenics, scientists, fatherhood, motherhood, family, law, Australia, abortion, genetic engineering, legislation, prohibition.

This paper overviews legal, ethical, and philosophical issues in relation to ART's and looks at such issues as the status of the embryo, the advisability of legislation, policy concerns, and ways in which discussion about these issues can be structured.91. Charlesworth M. The Waller Committee Report: A Commentary. Bioethics News. 1984(October):5-6.

IVF, infertility, embryos, cryopresernation, couples, surrogacy, payment, commercialisation, Australia, France, advertising, law, social attitudes: IVF, infertility, embryos, cryopresernation, couples, surrogacy, payment, commercialisation, Australia, France, advertising, law, social attitudes.

This paper summarises the findings og the Waller commission and compares it to similar French and UK reports.

92. Child Welfare League of America. Report of agency survey on surrogate parenting: Child Welfare League of America; 1983.

93. Christchurch Infertility Society. Rules of the Christchurch Infertility Support Group Incorporated; 1983.

94. Clark M, Witherspoon D, Abramson P, et al. Infertility: New Cures, New Hope / Five Years of Hard Labor / Test-Tube Triumphs. Newsweek; 1982.

95. Clark A, Forbes-Smith P, Bycroft R, Peek J, Shaw M, Graham F. Reproductive and Social History of IVF Patients with Tubal Infertility. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1985;1000(826):380-2.

IVF, NZ, couples, infertility, class, stress, medical aspects, race, age, religion, support groups, selection, doctors: IVF, NZ, couples, infertility, class, stress, medical aspects, race, age, religion, support groups, selection, doctors.

This paper reports on the demographics of the first 100 couples undergoing IVF in Auckland and compares these to subsequent couples. Also describes their motivation and the medical and selection procedures.

96. Clayton CE, Kovacs GT. AID offspring Initial follow-up study of 50 couples. The Medical Journal of Australia. 1982;April 17, 1982:338-9.

DI, secrecy, child development, medical aspects, couples, psychosocial: DI, secrecy, child development, medical aspects, couples, psychosocial.

This study of 50 couples who had under gone DI and their resultant children concludes that in the sample there were no obstetric, paediatric or emotional problems resulting particularly from DI usage. 68% of the couples said they would not tell the child about its origins. There was a greater degree of hyperactivity in these children than in the normal population.

97. Clode D. Media Watch. Social Work Today. 1984(6th August).

media, UK, assisted reproduction, class, infertility, embryos, research, doctors, philosophy, ethics, rights, women, practice, regulation: media, UK, assisted reproduction, class, infertility, embryos, research, doctors, philosophy, ethics, rights, women, practice, regulation.

This is a commentary on UK media responses to the Warnock Report.

98. Cohen S, Wills TA. Stress, social support and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin. 1985;98(2):310-357.

.

.

99. Cohen J, Feehill CB, Fishel SB, et al. In vitro fetilization: a treatment for male infertility. Fertility and Sterility. 1985;43(3):422-32.

IVF, male infertility, gender, couples, doctors: IVF, male infertility, gender, couples, doctors.

not seen. Reference in Strickler, 1992.

100. Collins JA, Wrixon W, Janes LB, Wilson EH. Treatment-Independent Pregnancy Among Infertile Couples. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1983;309(20):1201-6.

infertility, assisted reproduction, couples, doctors, counselling, adoption, medical aspects, pregnancy, pregnancy rates: infertility, assisted reproduction, couples, doctors, counselling, adoption, medical aspects, pregnancy, pregnancy rates.

This study finds that the rates of pregnancy of couples who conceived as a result of ARTs, are not considerably higher than those who conceived not as a result of these treatments. While noting statistical problems it calls for greater clinical testing of ART treatments.101. Collins JA, Garner GB, Wilson EH, Wrixon W, Casper RF. A proportional hazards analysis of the clinical characteristics of infertile couples. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984;148(5):527-32.

couples, infertility, pregnancy rates, medical aspects, demographics, contraception, treatment: couples, infertility, pregnancy rates, medical aspects, demographics, contraception, treatment.

This study of infertile couples applying for treatment found correlations between pregnancy rates and: previous occurence of pregnancy for couple, shorter length of marriage, shorter duration of infertility, the presence of tubal disease, fewer infertility diagnosis, favourable first diagnosis, and length of usage of contraception.

102. Corea G. Reproductive Control: The War Against the Womb. In: Corea G, ed. The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs. London: The Women's Press; 1985.

feminism, women, doctors, technology, assisted reproduction, medicalisation, scientists, genetic engineering, history, men: feminism, women, doctors, technology, assisted reproduction, medicalisation, scientists, genetic engineering, history, men.

This chapter looks at male control of reproductive technology as part of a wider trend of men to technologically control both women, and nature. Expresses concern about genetic engineering developments.

103. Corea G. The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs. London: G. Corea; 1985.

.

.

104. Corea G. Artificial Insemination: 1) Eugenics: Family (Genetic) Planning. 2) The Subversive Sperm: 'A False Strain of Blood' 3) The Socialized Sperm: Institutionalising Artificial Insemination. In: Corea G, ed. The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs. London: The Women's Press; 1985.

DI, feminism, women, doctors, eugenics, history, philosophy, IVF, sperm banks, reproductive rights, cryopreservation, parenthood, law, adoption, lesbian, single women, semen donors, USA, fatherhood, secrecy, social attitudes: DI, feminism, women, doctors, eugenics, history, philosophy, IVF, sperm banks, reproductive rights, cryopreservation, parenthood, law, adoption, lesbian, single women, semen donors, USA, fatherhood, secrecy, social attitudes.

'Eugenics' looks at the history of reproductive control in order to produce 'better children', in terms of the ways men have used these technologies to control women as breeding machines. 'The Subversive Sperm' discusses issues of paternity and legitmacy, the threat of DI to men, and the use of DI by lesbian and single women. ' The Socialized Sperm' looks at the ways law and medicine alters the importance of donors depending on the marital state of women using DI.

105. Corea G. Surrogate Motherhood: Happy Breeder Woman. In: Corea G, ed. The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs. London: The Women's Press; 1985.

surrogacy, motherhood, commercialisation, payment, USA, ET, media, infertility, ethics, economics, Catholic, adoption, single women, lesbian, single men, couples, social attitudes, technology, law, blood bond, counselling, doctors, lawyers, psychological, abortion, legislation, class, DI, gender: surrogacy, motherhood, commercialisation, payment, USA, ET, media, infertility, ethics, economics, Catholic, adoption, single women, lesbian, single men, couples, social attitudes, technology, law, blood bond, counselling, doctors, lawyers, psychological, abortion, legislation, class, DI, gender.

This chapter looks at surrogacy in terms of its use for the exploitation and commdification of women and children. Looks at the pain and low payment involved and the possibility of use of poor and Third world women to have First world babies. Looks at the public reaction to surrogacy and compares it to the reaction to DI. Quotes commercial surrogacy agent, and animal inseminators.

106. Corea G. Eugenics: Family (Genetic) Planning/ The Subversive Sperm. In: Corea G, ed. The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs. London: Women's Press; 1985.

DI, family, eugenics, feminism, male infertility, law, semen donors: DI, family, eugenics, feminism, male infertility, law, semen donors.

Eugenics chapter briefly recounts the rise of eugenics and its intersection with the arrival of artificial insemination. In 'The subversive sperm' author puts forward idea that despite its eugenic potential DI is not as popular as other technologies as it is threatening to male centred ideas of reproduction patriachy etc. Author also examines legal trends towards granting sperm donors more or less status in relation to the marital condition of the women. This is seen as an attempt to recreate nuclear families and marriages.

107. Corea G. Afterword: Who is Hiding the Women of Britain: And Why? In: Corea G, ed. The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs. London: The Women's Press; 1985.

UK, IVF, eugenics, women, assisted reproduction, sex selection, scientists, research, embryos, technology, feminism, family, law, DI, couples, medicalisation, doctors, infertility, lesbian, single women, cryopreservation, egg donation, ET, drugs, regulation: UK, IVF, eugenics, women, assisted reproduction, sex selection, scientists, research, embryos, technology, feminism, family, law, DI, couples, medicalisation, doctors, infertility, lesbian, single women, cryopreservation, egg donation, ET, drugs, regulation.

This paper presents a feminist analysis of the way ARTs ahave developed in the UK, and the development of legislation to deal with them. It is concerned about the ways in which women are excluded from the discourse in favour of embryos and families. Comments on Warnock Report and science and medicine based pressure groups.

108. Correy JF, Whitten W, Watkins RA, Bradfield GF, McCullum H, Gray G. Letter about success rates of IVF/ET programme. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984;24:227.

IVF, Australia, medical aspects, ET, pregnancy: IVF, Australia, medical aspects, ET, pregnancy.

This letter reports on the (low) pregnancy and birth rates of an IVF/ET programme .

109. Corson SL, Batzer FR, Baylson MM. Donor Insemination. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983;12:283-309.

DI, doctors, couples, women, men, semen donors, selection, matching, medical aspects, cryopreservation, law, legislation, USA, secrecy, ethics: DI, doctors, couples, women, men, semen donors, selection, matching, medical aspects, cryopreservation, law, legislation, USA, secrecy, ethics.

This overview of DI in a USA setting, looks at the role of doctors in choosing and matching appropriate couples and donors, and general medical concerns including the relative benefits of fresh and frozen semen. It looks at legal, legislative and constitutional issues in the USA, and contains a professional code of ethics in regard to this situation.

110. Council for Science and Society. Human Reproduction. The Lancet. 1984(June 9):1290.

assisted reproduction, semen donors, DI, ethics, anonymity, parenthood, law, telling the child, counselling, licensing, sperm banks, embryos, social attitudes, surrogacy, sex selection, regulation, cryopreservation, research: assisted reproduction, semen donors, DI, ethics, anonymity, parenthood, law, telling the child, counselling, licensing, sperm banks, embryos, social attitudes, surrogacy, sex selection, regulation, cryopreservation, research.

This summary of a report looks at assisted reproduction issues. Notably favours donor anonymity, but also that the child be told.111. Council for Science and Society WPot. Human Procreation. Ethical Aspects of the New Techniques: Council for Science and Society; 1984.

112. Cox DN, Reading AE. Personality profiles of women attending an artificial insemination by donor clinic. Personality and Individual Differences. 1982;4(2):213-4.

psychological, DI, women: psychological, DI, women.

This study of 43 women attending a DI clinic utilised a psychological test and found that the typical woman in this group was 'a stable controlled individual who has chosen, in conjunction with her partner, what is a socially-acceptable solution to the problem'.

113. Craft I. In vitro fertilization - a fast changing technique: a discussion paper. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1982;75(April):253--7.

IVF, scientists, medical aspects, infertility, stress, embryos, research, ethics, psychosocial: IVF, scientists, medical aspects, infertility, stress, embryos, research, ethics, psychosocial.

This article presents an overview of the contemporary issues in IVF and ARTs, it considers mainly medical, but also psychosocial issues.

114. Creighton H. The Nurse and the Surrogate Mother. Nursing Management. 1985;16(6):40-3.

nurses, surrogacy, motherhood, women, religion, Catholic, policy, health professionals, pregnancy, law, legislation, religion, USA: nurses, surrogacy, motherhood, women, religion, Catholic, policy, health professionals, pregnancy, law, legislation, religion, USA.

This paper discusses legal and religious issues in surrogacy, and discusses how nurses will become involved in surrogacy arrangements and the need for policy and regulation in relation to this.

115. Crowe C. 'Women Want It': In-Vitro Fertilization and Women's Motivations for Participation. Women's Studies International Forum. 1985;8(6):547-52.

infertility, women, motherhood, IVF, Australia, medicalisation, gender, feminism, sexuality, family, blood bond, stress, identity, couples, media, psychosocial, psychological, motivation, identity: infertility, women, motherhood, IVF, Australia, medicalisation, gender, feminism, sexuality, family, blood bond, stress, identity, couples, media, psychosocial, psychological, motivation, identity.

This study looks at women's motivation for participating in an Australian IVF program. It argues that for participation to occur women need to adhere to the discourses of motherhood, fertility and medicalisation. Sees IVF treatment as exemplifying gender relations.

116. Cusine DJ. Legal Implications. Presented at the Eugenics Society Annual Symposium 1983.

law, DI, IVF, ET, counselling, ethics: law, DI, IVF, ET, counselling, ethics.

This paper discusses legal and ethical issues in relation to DI, IVF, ET and genetic counselling.

117. Cusine DJ. In vitro fertilization. Legal and ethical implications. British Journal of Hospital Midicine. 1984;31(February):111, 114.

law, ethics, IVF, doctors, embryos, cryopreservation, UK: law, ethics, IVF, doctors, embryos, cryopreservation, UK.

This paper discusses general issues and issues of negligence and surplus embryos in relation to IVF.

118. D'Andrea KG. The Role of the Nurse Practitioner in Artificial Insemination. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 1982;13(2):75-8.

nurses, DI, couples, counselling, law, infertility, psychosocial, semen donors, screening, USA, clinics: nurses, DI, couples, counselling, law, infertility, psychosocial, semen donors, screening, USA, clinics.

This paper describes a DI programme and the nurses role in it as counsellor, legal advisor and teacher to couples, and screener of donors.

119. Daniell JF. Sex-Selection Procedures. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 1983;28(4: April):235-7.

sex selection, couples, sexuality, medical aspects, DI, social attitudes: sex selection, couples, sexuality, medical aspects, DI, social attitudes.

This paper describes 'do it yourself', abortion related and DI related methods of sex selection, and provides a brief discussion of social attitudes towards this, and the possible effects it might have.

120. Daniels K. Issues and problems for the infertile couple. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1984;97(28 March 1984):185-7.

infertility, adp[tion, couples, gender, sexuality, psychosocial, social attitudes, grief, stress.: infertility, adp[tion, couples, gender, sexuality, psychosocial, social attitudes, grief, stress.

This article addresses issues raised by infertility for couples such as: the social unacceptability of childlesssness, infertility as a problem in relation to other problems, access to information, reproduction vs. sexuality, ideas about gender role, and substitutes and alternatives to natural childbirth such as adoption. It looks at grieving, guilt and blame in relation to infertility and to these associated issues.121. Daniels K. The practice of artificial insemination of donor sperm in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1985;98(10 April):235-9.

DI, NZ, technology, media, doctors, couples, medical aspects, law, psychosocial, selection, semen donors, payment, matching, records, telling the child, parenthood, recruitment, policy: DI, NZ, technology, media, doctors, couples, medical aspects, law, psychosocial, selection, semen donors, payment, matching, records, telling the child, parenthood, recruitment, policy.

This study of doctors about their practice of DI in NZ found that only 20% of obstetricians and gynecologists offer this service. These did discuss legal, and psychosocial issues with the couples, and 65% of them paid the donors. Information was also collected on matching, selection, secrecy, policy concerns etc.

122. Daniluk J, Leader A, Taylor PJ. The Psychological Sequelae of Infertility. In: Gold JH, ed. The Psychiatric Implications of Menstruation; 1985.

psychological, infertility, parenthood, stress, couples, sexuality, psychosocial, process: psychological, infertility, parenthood, stress, couples, sexuality, psychosocial, process.

This paper describes the incidence and effect of infertility on couples, summarises the research into the psychological and psychosocial aspects of this and presents areas for further research.

123. Davies I. Contracts to bear children. Journal of medical ethics. 1985;11:61-5.

surrogacy, motherhood, interests of child, sexuality, law, psychological, UK, payment, economics, policy, regulation, commercialisation, infertility, couples: surrogacy, motherhood, interests of child, sexuality, law, psychological, UK, payment, economics, policy, regulation, commercialisation, infertility, couples.

This paper looks at policy, ethical and legal issues in relation to surrogacy in the UK. It comments on the findings of the Warnock report and presents policy alternatives.

124. Davis JH, Brown DW. Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID) and the Use of Surrogate Mothers - Social and Psychological Impact. The Western Journal of Medicine. 1984;141(1):127-30.

infertility, couples, doctors, DI, surrogacy, interests of child, parenthood, records, openness, anonymity, secrecy, adoption, psychosocial, psychological, offspring, family, counselling, surrogates: infertility, couples, doctors, DI, surrogacy, interests of child, parenthood, records, openness, anonymity, secrecy, adoption, psychosocial, psychological, offspring, family, counselling, surrogates.

This paper looks at the psychosocial issues involved in DI and surrogacy, looking at the impact on all involved parties, especially the resultant offspring. Includes case studies and testimonies of surrogacy situations, experiences of DI offspring, donors etc. Argues for openness, screening, counselling, and the rights of offspring to information about donors upon maturity.

125. De Vires J, Degani S, Eibschitz I, Oettinger M, Zilberman A, Sharf M. The influence of the postcoital test on the sexual function of infertile women. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984;3:101-6.

treatment, women, couples, sexuality, infertility, psychological, practice: treatment, women, couples, sexuality, infertility, psychological, practice.

not seen, See Reading 1991.

126. Deitch R. Ethical Issues in Human Reproduction: Waiting for the Warnock Report. The Lancet. 1984(June 2):1250.

UK, surrogacy, law, commercialisation, embryos, research, ethics, rights: UK, surrogacy, law, commercialisation, embryos, research, ethics, rights.

This paper overviews ART issues in the UK, prior to the Warnock Report.

127. Deitch R. A Government Bill on Surrogate Motherhood? The Lancet. 1985(January 19):178.

UK, surrogacy, legislation, commercialisation: UK, surrogacy, legislation, commercialisation.

Outlines possibility of pre-Warnock Bill to outlaw surrogacy.

128. Delaisi de Parseval G, Janaud A. The father came out of the cold or the 'AID father' (in French with translation). L'Information Psychiatrique. 1981;57(10):1165-74.

male infertilty, fatherhood, DI, couples, social attitudes. France: male infertilty, fatherhood, DI, couples, social attitudes. France.

This study of 15 men looks at the position of the social father in the DI relationship arguing that this man has been ignored.

129. Dennerstein L, Morse C. Psychological Issues in IVF. Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1985;12(4: December):835-45.

psychological, couples, IVF, infertility, sexuality, gender: psychological, couples, IVF, infertility, sexuality, gender.

This study looks at the psychology and sexuality of couples entering an IVF program.

130. Densen-Gerber J. Birth Poll. Omni; 1985.131. Derogatis LR, Melisaratos M. The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report. Psychological Medicine. 1983;13:595-605.

psychosocial, psychological, stress: psychosocial, psychological, stress.

This is a description of a psychological instrument.

132. Deutsch E. Parpalaix et al. v. C.E.C.O.S. Right of the Widow of a Sperm Donor to Have the Sperm of Her Late Husband handed over to Her. Medicine and Law. 1985;4:229.

semen donors, couples, sperm banks, law, France: semen donors, couples, sperm banks, law, France.

This paper describes the case in the title where a man donated his perm to a sperm bank with the intention that this would be handed over to his wife on his death. The sperm bank refused to do this but was forced to by the courts.

133. Dixon. Side Issues: unpublished; 1985.

134. Du Plessix Gray F. Mother Love - Instinct or Gift. Vogue; 1981.

135. Dunne RM. Issues Related to In Vitro Fertilization. St Mark's Review. 1982(September):9-16.

IVF, USA, Australia, UK, medical aspects, couples, technology, infertility, social attitudes, ethics, religion, law, embryos, cryopreservation, sperm banks, abortion, research, scientists, Christianity, ET, surrogacy, cloning, DI, Catholic, Protestant, Judaism, anonymity, family: IVF, USA, Australia, UK, medical aspects, couples, technology, infertility, social attitudes, ethics, religion, law, embryos, cryopreservation, sperm banks, abortion, research, scientists, Christianity, ET, surrogacy, cloning, DI, Catholic, Protestant, Judaism, anonymity, family.

This paper outlines ART developments and the ethical, legal and particularly religious issues and arguments associated with these.

136. Dunstan GR. Developments in human reproduction and their eugenic, ethical implications. Social and ethical aspects. Presented at the Eugenics Society Annual Symposium; UK; 1983.

DI, contraception, eugenics, ethics, cryopreservation, France, UK, telling the child, payment, semen donors, IVF, embryos, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, research, philosophy, USA, regulation: DI, contraception, eugenics, ethics, cryopreservation, France, UK, telling the child, payment, semen donors, IVF, embryos, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, research, philosophy, USA, regulation.

This paper discusses developments in ARTs and the social, ethical and philosophical issues that these raise.

137. Dunstan GR. In-vitro fertilization. British Journal of Hospital Medicine. 1985(September):131.

IVF, legislation, UK, doctors, regulation, scientists, embryos, research, rights, law, religion: IVF, legislation, UK, doctors, regulation, scientists, embryos, research, rights, law, religion.

This paper welcomes the defeat of a bill which would have restricted IVF and embryo research in the UK. It argues that embryos have moral claims, but no legal rights or personality.

138. Dyson A. After Warnock: Questions to the Church. Crucible. 1984(October-December):154-61.

UK, licensing, legislation, ethics, scientists, research, doctors, regulation, law, religion, Christianity, embryos, interests of child, infertility, feminism, gender, DI, IVF, Catholic, abortion: UK, licensing, legislation, ethics, scientists, research, doctors, regulation, law, religion, Christianity, embryos, interests of child, infertility, feminism, gender, DI, IVF, Catholic, abortion.

This paper discusses the Warnock report and looks at the possible types of Christian response to this. Looks at feminist, status of embryo and regulatory issues.

139. Editorial. Test-tube babies pilloried again. Nature. 1982;295(11 February):445.

doctors, IVF, UK, ethics, law, surrogacy, motherhood, sperm banks, cryopreservation, embryos, legislation , licensing, cloning, eugenics: doctors, IVF, UK, ethics, law, surrogacy, motherhood, sperm banks, cryopreservation, embryos, legislation , licensing, cloning, eugenics.

This paper reports on activity in UK medical circles in response to developments in ARTs.

140. Editorial. The future of the test-tube baby. Nature. 1982;299(7 October):475-6.

IVF, UK, ethics, religion, assisted reproduction, embryos, research, cryopreservation, social attitudes: IVF, UK, ethics, religion, assisted reproduction, embryos, research, cryopreservation, social attitudes.

This paper looks at an outcry against IVF in the UK. Argues for the continuation of IVF.141. Editorial. Whither Human Donor Insemination in Britain? The Lancet. 1982;1( 8271, March 6):545-6.

DI, UK, doctors, social attitudes, abortion, adoption, law, ethics, psychosocial, child development, Denmark, infertility, clinic, selection, lesbian, single women, interests of child: DI, UK, doctors, social attitudes, abortion, adoption, law, ethics, psychosocial, child development, Denmark, infertility, clinic, selection, lesbian, single women, interests of child.

This editorial overviews the situation with regard to DI in the UK and the lack of research that has been done particularly in the psychosocial area.

142. Editorial. Life and Death Issues. St Mark's Review. 1982(September):1-7.

ethics, law, IVF, assisted reproduction, scientists, doctors, UK, Australia, DI, religion, Christianity, history, semen donors, payment, anonymity, regulation, cryopreservation, genetic engineering, practice: ethics, law, IVF, assisted reproduction, scientists, doctors, UK, Australia, DI, religion, Christianity, history, semen donors, payment, anonymity, regulation, cryopreservation, genetic engineering, practice.

This paper overviews legal and ethical issues in relation to ARTs, and developments in this field in the UK.

143. Editorial. In vitro fertilisation. Journal of medical ethics. 1983;9:187-8.

IVF, ethics, embryos, sexuality, STDs, social attitudes, infertility, rights, egg donation, DI, Catholic, philosophy, genetic engineering: IVF, ethics, embryos, sexuality, STDs, social attitudes, infertility, rights, egg donation, DI, Catholic, philosophy, genetic engineering.

This editorial looks at issues of ethics in relation to IVF, social attitudes to infertility and philosophical positions in relation to the point at which embryos come to be human.

144. Editorial. Handling the human embryo. Nature. 1984;309(31 May):387.

UK, regulation, DI, doctors, records, anonymity, embryos, research: UK, regulation, DI, doctors, records, anonymity, embryos, research.

This editorial reports on the Dunstan report which came out prior to Warnock. It discusses, embryo research, and regulation of doctors.

145. Editorial. Artificial fertilization made natural. Nature. 1984;310(26 July):269.

IVF, legislation, law, UK, DI, doctors, regulation, embryos, cryopreservation, surrogacy, STDs, screening, research, eugenics, prohibition: IVF, legislation, law, UK, DI, doctors, regulation, embryos, cryopreservation, surrogacy, STDs, screening, research, eugenics, prohibition.

This editorial criticises the Warnock report, arguing for regulation rather than prohibition.

146. Editorial. Human Reproduction: Regulated Progress or Damned Interference. The Lancet. 1984(July 28):202-4.

IVF, assisted reproduction, law, UK, research, embryos, regulation, couples, infertility, DI, egg donation, cryopreservation, surrogacy, commercialisation, social attitudes, licensing, scientists: IVF, assisted reproduction, law, UK, research, embryos, regulation, couples, infertility, DI, egg donation, cryopreservation, surrogacy, commercialisation, social attitudes, licensing, scientists.

This editorial reports the recommendations of the UK Warnock committee and comments that over-regulation can limit the chances of infertile couples, not just restrain scientists.

147. Editorial. Surrogacy falsely in the dock. Nature. 1985;313(10 January):83.

UK, surrogacy, legislation, commercialisation, DI, prohibition, regulation, law, parenthood, social attitudes: UK, surrogacy, legislation, commercialisation, DI, prohibition, regulation, law, parenthood, social attitudes.

This editorial in response to a contemporary call for prohibition of surrogacy in the UK, argues for regulation instead.

148. Edwards RG, Steptoe PC. Current Status of In-Vitro Fertilisation and Implantation of Human Embryos. The Lancet. 1983(3 December):1265-9.

IVF, ET, embryos, medical aspects, age abortion, clinics: IVF, ET, embryos, medical aspects, age abortion, clinics.

This is a medical summary of work on IVF and ET in a clinic in Cambridge University.

149. Edwards RG, Puxon M. Parental consent over embryos. Nature. 1984;310(19 July):179.

embryos, research, law, couples, rights, doctors, scientists, IVF, parenthood, doctors: embryos, research, law, couples, rights, doctors, scientists, IVF, parenthood, doctors.

Discussion of legal issues surrounding responsibilities of parents with regard determining the use of embryos, in relation to responsibilities of doctors and scientists.

150. Edwards RG, Seppala M, Johnston WIH, et al. Helsinki Statement on Human in Vitro Fertilization. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1984;442:571-2.

infertility, IVF, guideline, doctors, scientists, family, ET, DI, egg donation, law, research, embryos, ET: infertility, IVF, guideline, doctors, scientists, family, ET, DI, egg donation, law, research, embryos, ET.

This is an statement about ethical use of embryo research and other ARTs by a group of doctors and scientists, (Members of the Advisory Board of the 3rd World Congress on in Vitro Ferilization and Embryo Transfer).151. Edwards RG, (Ed) MS, (Ed) RE. Introduction: The Scientific Basis of Ethics. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1985;442(Part 15. Ethical and Moral Issues of In Vitro Fertilization):564-70.

ethics, scientists, IVF, doctors, embryos, rights, research, ET, infertility, medical aspects, genetic screening: ethics, scientists, IVF, doctors, embryos, rights, research, ET, infertility, medical aspects, genetic screening.

This paper summarises the statement of the Scientific Committee of the Third World Congress on in Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer (the Helsinki statement) which allowed for embryo research in order to understand genetic diseases and infertility. Defends reputation of scientists and discusses their relations with other interested groups. Includes bibliography of all of authors considerable work on this area of ethics and IVF.

152. Eisenstadt SN, Roniger L. Personal relations, trust and ambivalence in relation to the institutional order/ The construction of trust in the social order and its ambivaleneces: viewed from the development of sociological theory/ The structuring of trust in society: unconditionalities, generalised exchange and the development of interpersonal relations. In: Eisenstadt SN, Roniger L, eds. Personal relations, trust and ambivalence in relation to the institutional order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1984.

blood bond, adoption, family, psychosocial, psychological: blood bond, adoption, family, psychosocial, psychological.

Looks at interpersonal relations in various forms and contexts from an anthropological/sociological perspective.

153. Ely M. Marie Ely. In: Michelson J, Gee S, eds. Coming late to motherhood. Twenty Women tell their stories. Wellingborough, UK: Thorsons; 1984.

lesbian, DI, semen donors, parenthood, women, pregnancy, motherhood, doctors, telling the child, psychosocial, psychological, adult development: lesbian, DI, semen donors, parenthood, women, pregnancy, motherhood, doctors, telling the child, psychosocial, psychological, adult development.

This piece relates the experience of this lesbian women and her experience of trying to conceive, pregnancy, birth and childrearing. It discusses these in relation to her life in general, her relationship with her partner, issues of coordinating motherhood with other commitments in her life, and with her self image.

154. Evans MI. Human In Vitro Fertilization. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1981;245(22):2324-7.

IVF, ethics, USA, law, rights, embryos. doctors, practice, clinics, regulation, cryopreservation, female infertility: IVF, ethics, USA, law, rights, embryos. doctors, practice, clinics, regulation, cryopreservation, female infertility.

General discussion of ethical, legal and practical issues in relation to IVF and embryos.

155. Ewerlšf G. Artificial insemination - legislation and debate. Current Sweden. 1985(329).

Sweden, semen donors, legislation, anonymity, tracing, recruitment: Sweden, semen donors, legislation, anonymity, tracing, recruitment.

This report summarises the report of the Insemination committees report which resulted in legislation being passed which made guaranteed DI offspring access to the identity of their biological fathers. It lists the recommendations of the report in regards to various groups having access to DI and under what conditions. It notes that the report favoured IVF for couples and tolerated unpaid surrogacy. It denies that having children is a universal human right.

156. Fadiman A. The most exclusive women's club in America. Life; 1982.

157. Family Law Council A. Creating Children. A Uniform Approach to Law and Practice of Reproductive Technology in Australia. Canberra, Australia: Attorney General's Department Australian Government Printing Service; 1985.

158. Family Studies Io. A Child is Not the "Cure" for Infertility. In: Harper P, Aitken J, eds. Melbourne: Institute of Family Studies; 1982.

159. Family Studies Io. Letter to All Members of the Victorian Parliament. In: D. E. Edgar D, ed. Melbourne, Australia: Family Studies, Institute of; 1984.

160. Family Studies Io. Comments on the Infertility (Medical Procedures) Bill 1984 and Status of Children (Amendment) Bill 1984. Melbourne, Australia: Institute of Family Studies; 1984.161. Fertility Society of Australia. In Vitro Fertilization Programmes in Australia and New Zealand 1979-84. In: University) NPSUS, ed. Sydney: Fertility Society of Australia/Sydney University; 1984.

162. Flannery FT, Zimmerly JG. In Vitro Fertilization- Sowing the Seeds of Liability. Legal Medicine. 1982:227-37.

IVF, parenthood, disability, law, USA, couples, doctors: IVF, parenthood, disability, law, USA, couples, doctors.

This paper discusses who is liable in cases of newborn disability as a result of IVF under USA law.

163. Foss GL. Artificial Insemination by Donor: A Review of 12 Year's Experience. Journal of Biosocial Science. 1982;14(3):253-62.

medical aspects, DI, women: medical aspects, DI, women.

This study of 450 of courses of DI treatment of women found that there was a 68% success rate. For women over 35 years this figure dropped to 47%.

164. France J. In Vitro Fertiliation: A Brave New World? Presented at the New Zealand Law Conference 1984.

science, IVF, ethics, genetic engineering, law, motherhood, embryos, research, surrogacy, cryopreservation assisted reproduction, couples, medical aspects, women, doctors: science, IVF, ethics, genetic engineering, law, motherhood, embryos, research, surrogacy, cryopreservation assisted reproduction, couples, medical aspects, women, doctors.

This paper describes recent ART developments, and looks at ethical issues in relation to these.

165. Franks DD. Psychiatric Evaluation of Women in a Surrogate Mother Program. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1981;138(10, October):1378-9.

psychological, surrogacy, motherhood, doctors, psychosocial, class, family, motivation, payment: psychological, surrogacy, motherhood, doctors, psychosocial, class, family, motivation, payment.

This study of 10 surrogate mothers found no evidence of psychopathology, and that they were often financially less well off. Also discusses motivation.

166. Frazer B. Ethics and in-vitro fertilisation. British Medical Journal. 1982;285(16 October):1113-4.

ethics, IVF, scientists, doctors, technology, eugenics, genetic engineering, family, parenthood, religion, Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, prohibition, infertility: ethics, IVF, scientists, doctors, technology, eugenics, genetic engineering, family, parenthood, religion, Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, prohibition, infertility.

This letter calls for the prohibitionof IVF by drawing on religious texts and arguing against eugenic like consequences and the division of procreation from marriage.

167. Free Church Federal Council and the British Council of Churches WPsuutao. Choices in Childlessness. The Report of a Working Party set up under the auspices of the Free Church Federal Council and the British Council of Churches; 1982.

168. Freeman EW, Garcia C, Rickels K. Behavioral and emotional factors: comparisons of anovulatory infertile women with fertile and other infertile women. Fertility and Sterility. 1983;40(2):195-201.

female infertility, stress, psychological, sexuality, medical aspects, women: female infertility, stress, psychological, sexuality, medical aspects, women.

This study of 49 women with anovulatory infertility and controls of otherwise infertile and fertile women found that there were no significant psychological differences between the treatment group and the controls and that it could not be determined whether the lower self esteem and inhibited sexual attitudes of the treatment group had resulted from or preceded the infertility.

169. Freeman EW, Boxer AS, Rickels K, Tureck R, Mastroianni L. Psychological evaluation and support in a program of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Fertility and Sterility. 1985;43(1):48-53.

IVF, ET, psychosocial, psychological, couples, infertlity, crisis, stress, clinics, counselling, sexuality: IVF, ET, psychosocial, psychological, couples, infertlity, crisis, stress, clinics, counselling, sexuality.

This study of 200 couples undergoing IVF or ET treatment at a clinic found that respondents were significantly more likely to be depressed or anxious than an average population. Concludes that this is a result of the treatment rather than a pre-existing condition in the sample. See Freeman 1987.

170. Frick-Bruder V, Braendle W, Bettendorf G. The Infertile Couple: A Quantitative Approach to the Evaluation of Each Partner. In: Insler V, Bettendorf G, eds. Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility. New York: Elsevier/North-Holland; 1981.

infertility, couples, women, men, doctors, psychological, family, practice, stress: infertility, couples, women, men, doctors, psychological, family, practice, stress.

This study of couples but particularly women's relationships with doctors over the time of infertility treatment, describes the types of relationships that may be conducive to unexplained infertility. It recommends that doctors avoid being idealized by patients and that the male partner be involved. Psychoanalytical bias.171. Friedman S. Surrogate Parenting. Acta Europaea Fertilitatis. 1984;15(6):441-4.

surrogacy, ethics, medical aspects, couples, parenthood, motherhood, law, payment, USA, clinics, infertility, psychosocial, selection, screening, single men, surrogates partners, family, commercialisation, motivation, psychological, openness, practice, secrecy, telling the child: surrogacy, ethics, medical aspects, couples, parenthood, motherhood, law, payment, USA, clinics, infertility, psychosocial, selection, screening, single men, surrogates partners, family, commercialisation, motivation, psychological, openness, practice, secrecy, telling the child.

This paper looks at the contemporary practice and payment for surrogacy in the USA, and the associated, ethical, medical, legal, psychosocial and secrecy issues.

172. Ganos D, Lipson R, Warren G, Neil B. Surogate Mothering. Case for Discussion. In: Ganos D, Lipson R, Warren G, Neil B, eds. Difficult Decisions in Medical Ethics. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc.; 1983.

surrogacy, contract, couples, motherhood, payment, lawyers, infertility, genetic screening, abortion, ethics, law: surrogacy, contract, couples, motherhood, payment, lawyers, infertility, genetic screening, abortion, ethics, law.

This piece describes a case in which a woman agrees to a surrogacy contract which includes a provision that she will abort the child if it has a genetic disease. The child does and the surrogate refuses to abort the child, continues to demand payment and refuses to accept custody of this child. Raises moral questions in relation to this.

173. Garcia C-R, Freeman EW, Rickels K, et al. Behavioural and emotional factors and treatment responses in a study of anovulatory infertile women. Fertility and Sterility. 1985;44(4):478-83.

infertility, psychosocial, women, drugs, medical aspects, pregnancy, psychologcial, stress, couples: infertility, psychosocial, women, drugs, medical aspects, pregnancy, psychologcial, stress, couples.

This study of women who were given either a drug to induce ovulation or a placebo. It compares the psychosocial states of these women by these two groups and interms of whehter or not they conceived. Finds that women who with drew from the programme had better psychosocial scores, and that those who ovulated but did not achieve pregnancy had scores indicating they were slightly less comfortable with social interaction , and possibly had more conflict with their partners.

174. Garner CH. In Vitro Fertilisation and Embryo Transfer. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 1983;12(2):75-8.

IVF, ET, nurses, education, infertility, couples, USA, medical aspects, counselling, psychosocial, stress, psychological: IVF, ET, nurses, education, infertility, couples, USA, medical aspects, counselling, psychosocial, stress, psychological.

This paper describes IVF, ET, the issues faced by infertile couples, and the nurse's role in responding to these issues.

175. Gersz SR. The Contract in Surrogate Motherhood: A Review of Issues. Law, Medicine and Health Care. 1984;12(3):107.

surrogacy, contract, couples, female infertility, payment, motherhood, law, DI, policy, adoption, commercialisation, prohibition, regulation, legislation: surrogacy, contract, couples, female infertility, payment, motherhood, law, DI, policy, adoption, commercialisation, prohibition, regulation, legislation.

This mainly legal paper looks at surrogacy, compares it to DI and adoption, and discusses the pros and cons of various legal and legislative approaches, and the reponsibilities of contracting parties.

176. Giwa-Osagie OF, Ogunyemi D, Emuveyan EE, Akinla OA. Etiologic Classification and Sociomedical Characteristics of Infertility in 250 Couplews. International Journal of Fertility. 1984;29(2):104-8.

male infertility, female infertility, medical aspects, Nigeria, couples, culture, social attitudes, contraception, DI, drugs, poverty: male infertility, female infertility, medical aspects, Nigeria, couples, culture, social attitudes, contraception, DI, drugs, poverty.

This study of 250 couples in Nigeria who presented for infertility notes the percentage types of infertility. Notes the specific reasons for various types of infertilty in terms of cultural practices such as polygamy, and attitudes to family planning. Compares result to those of studies undertaken in similar African contexts, and to studies undertaken in the West.

177. Gleicher N. The fetus is a graft, both biologically and legally. Fertility and Sterility. 1984;42(6):824-5.

medical aspects, IVF, embryos, women, cryopreservation, law, clinics, pregnancy rates, organ doning, ethics, rights: medical aspects, IVF, embryos, women, cryopreservation, law, clinics, pregnancy rates, organ doning, ethics, rights.

This paper argues that embryos should be defined legally in the same ways as organs for donation.

178. Glezerman M. Two Hundred and Seventy Cases of Artificial Donor Insemination: Management and Results. Fertility and Sterility. 1981;35(2):180-7.

male infertility, medical aspects, psychosocial, couples, semen donors, doctors, counselling, DI: male infertility, medical aspects, psychosocial, couples, semen donors, doctors, counselling, DI.

This study of 270 infertile men found an 85.2% pregnancy rate occurring as a result of their female partners undergoing DI treatment. It was found that of the couples in which the men did not attend an appointment with doctors when requested, the abortion rates and treatment dropout rates were higher and the pregnenacy rates lower than the rest of the sample. Paper advises that the doctor has a heavy responsibility to counsel infertile couples, and to work towards eliminating the importance of the donor from the minds of DI recipients. It cautions against couples using DI to get a child to save their marriages.

179. Goldenring JM. The brain-life theory: towards a consistent biological definition of humaness. Journal of medical ethics. 1985;11:198-204.

ethics, embryos, abortion, IVF, USA, policy, research, doctors: ethics, embryos, abortion, IVF, USA, policy, research, doctors.

This paper argues that life can be defined as the presence of a functioning human brain. In an embryo this is from 8 weeks on. Looks at implications of this for abortion and IVF.

180. Goodman K, Rothman B. Group Work in Infertility Treatment. Social Work with Groups. 1984;7(1):79-97.

support groups, social support, infertility, women, couples, psychosocial, stress, psychological, crisis, social workers, family, parenthood, social attitudes, process, sexuality, doctors, pregnancy, gender, DI, adoption, surrogacy, counselling: support groups, social support, infertility, women, couples, psychosocial, stress, psychological, crisis, social workers, family, parenthood, social attitudes, process, sexuality, doctors, pregnancy, gender, DI, adoption, surrogacy, counselling.

This study of women involved in an infertility support group in a private clinic, looks at difficulties in getting women to join such groups, the stresses and emotional aspects of infertility for women, the stages that these groups went through, the way they responded to alternatives to preganancy and the way the groups dealt with issues of members getting pregnant. Looks at the role of soical workers in this and their relationhips with both the women and the doctors.181. Gorowitz S. On Surrogate Mothers. In: Gannos D, Lipson R, Warren G, Weil B, eds. Progress in Clinical and Biololgical Research. New York: Alan R. Liss INc.; 1983.

surrogacy, motherhood, DI, IVF, ethics, social attitudes, technology, contracts, genetic screening, abortion, adoption, payment, psychological, law: surrogacy, motherhood, DI, IVF, ethics, social attitudes, technology, contracts, genetic screening, abortion, adoption, payment, psychological, law.

This is a reflection on a contived case of surrogacy where there is conflict between the surrogate and the commissioning couple. Looks at ethical and legal positions and options and presents alternatives.

182. Gorowitz S. Enginerering Human Reproduction. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 1985;10:267-74.

assisted reproduction, policy, technology, IVF, ET, reproductive rights, research, embryos, ethics, posthumous, DI, cryopreservation, law, regulation, social attitudes, USA, sexuality, family, scientists: assisted reproduction, policy, technology, IVF, ET, reproductive rights, research, embryos, ethics, posthumous, DI, cryopreservation, law, regulation, social attitudes, USA, sexuality, family, scientists.

This paper presents an overview of the ethical and policy issues raised by ARTs and embryo research and calls for a Warnock style committee in the USA.

183. Graham FM. Infertility. To Medical Practitioners. Therapeutic Notes No. 192. In: Health Do, ed. Welliington, NZ: Department of Health; 1983.

184. Greenfeld D, Mazure C, Haseltine F, DeCherney A. The Role of the Social Worker in the In-Vitro Fertilization Program. Social Work in Health Care. 1984;10(2):71-9.

IVF, social workers, clinics, practice, infertility, counselling, stress, couples, psychosocial, medical aspects, economics, child free: IVF, social workers, clinics, practice, infertility, counselling, stress, couples, psychosocial, medical aspects, economics, child free.

This paper looks at the medical and psychosocial components of an IVF treatment which patients have to respond to, and the role of social workers in this.

185. Grobstein C. From Chance to Purpose. An Appraisal of External Human Fertilization. Reading, Massachusetts, USA: Addison-Wesley; 1981.

IVF, DI, medical aspects, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, policy, regulation, technology, pregnancy, embryos, research, ET, cloning, USA, cryopreservation, ethics, philosophy, identity: IVF, DI, medical aspects, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, policy, regulation, technology, pregnancy, embryos, research, ET, cloning, USA, cryopreservation, ethics, philosophy, identity.

This book describes the medical aspects of IVF, and ethical and policy issues in relation to this. It also gives an extensive coverage of embryo development and the concept of selfhood.

186. Grobstein C. The Moral Uses of 'Spare' Embryos. The Hastings Center Report. 1982(June):5-6.

embryos, ethics, research, IVF, cryopreservation, DI, technology, scientists, abortion: embryos, ethics, research, IVF, cryopreservation, DI, technology, scientists, abortion.

This paper discusses contemporary ART developments, and the ethics and medical aspects of working with embryos.

187. Grobstein C, Flower M, Mendeloff J. External Human Fertilization: An Evaluation of Policy. Science. 1983;222(4620):127-33.

cryopreservation, embryos, policy, USA, Australia, IVF, ethics, family, parenthood, law, doctors, reproductive rights, research, social attitudes, medical aspects, economics: cryopreservation, embryos, policy, USA, Australia, IVF, ethics, family, parenthood, law, doctors, reproductive rights, research, social attitudes, medical aspects, economics.

This paper discusses ethical, legal and policy issues in regard to IVF, and looks at clinical reports on its success, and the cost of and demand for this treatment. Describes current policy and outlines future options in the USA.

188. Grobstein C, Fowler M. Current Ethical Issues in IVF. Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1985;12(4):877-91.

ethics, IVF, policy, UK, Australia, USA, infertility, couples, cryopreservation, embryos, research, genetic engineering, commercialisation, doctors, reproductive rights, family, DI, egg donation, ET, health professionals, blood bond, identity, assisted reproduction: ethics, IVF, policy, UK, Australia, USA, infertility, couples, cryopreservation, embryos, research, genetic engineering, commercialisation, doctors, reproductive rights, family, DI, egg donation, ET, health professionals, blood bond, identity, assisted reproduction.

This is a general overview of ethical and policy issues associated with ARTs mainly in a UK and Australian context.

189. Grobstein C, Flower M, Mendeloff J. Frozen Embryos: Policy Issues. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1985;312(24, June 13):1584-8.

cryopreservation, embryos, policy, USA, Australia, IVF, ethics, family, parenthood, law, doctors, reproductive rights, research, social attitudes, medical aspects: cryopreservation, embryos, policy, USA, Australia, IVF, ethics, family, parenthood, law, doctors, reproductive rights, research, social attitudes, medical aspects.

This paper discusses ethical and policy issues in embryo freezing, and makes recommendations in a USA context.

190. Guttmann AF, Brinsmead M, Stanger J, Oliver M. Psychosocial profile of 180 couples undergoing IVF. Presented at the IVF World Congress; Melbourne, Australia; 1985.

IVF, couples, psychosocial, psychological, stress,: IVF, couples, psychosocial, psychological, stress,.

This study of 180 couples undergoing IVF found that in undergoing psychological tests they were no different to a comparable population.191. Hall EV. Th gynaecologist and artificial reproduction. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985;4:317-20.

doctors, assisted reproduction, couples, infertility: doctors, assisted reproduction, couples, infertility.

not seen. See Brody 1993.

192. Hammond MG, Talbert LM. Infertility: A Practical Guide for the Physician. New Jersey: Medical Economics Books; 1985.

193. Handel WW, Sherwyn BA. Surrogate Parenting. Coming to Grips with the Future. Trial. 1982(April):57-61.

surrogacy, parenthood, advertising, law, USA, couples, payment, adoption, infertility, doctors, DI, family, contracts, policy, commercialisation, ethics: surrogacy, parenthood, advertising, law, USA, couples, payment, adoption, infertility, doctors, DI, family, contracts, policy, commercialisation, ethics.

This paper looks predominantly at the legal issues associated with surrogacy, mainly in California.

194. Handelsman DJ, Dunn SM, Conway AJ, Boylan LM, Jansen RP. Psychological and attitudinal profiles in donors for artificial insemination. Fertility and Sterility. 1985;43(1):95-101.

attitudes, semen donors motivation, information, outcomes, disclosure, anonymity, altruism, payment, demographics, withdrawal, psychological, secrecy: attitudes, semen donors motivation, information, outcomes, disclosure, anonymity, altruism, payment, demographics, withdrawal, psychological, secrecy.

Studies 30 consecutive new volunteers and 45 established donors using the Cattell 16PF personality profile and an attitudinal survey. Donors differed from general population norms and this seemed to reflect their self-selection as donors. The predominant motive for donation was altruism, but secondary motives were common. Financial motivation very low, few students in the population. Donors approved of all current and most hypothetical uses of their sperm but wanted disclosure of information of non-identifying nature only to other participants. Unmarried donors more likely motivated for nonaltruistic reasons and more in favour of disclosures. Attitudes of donors stable over 3 years but increasing minority envisaged circumstances that might lead to their withdrawal.

195. Hanmer J. Sex predetermination, artificial insemination and the maintenance of male-dominated culture. In: Roberts H, ed. Women, Health and Reproduction. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; 1981.

DI, Catholic, Protestant, Judaism, family, history, single women, infertility, law, women, rights, men, feminism, cryopreservation, lesbian, doctors, medical aspects, sex selection, abortion, gender: DI, Catholic, Protestant, Judaism, family, history, single women, infertility, law, women, rights, men, feminism, cryopreservation, lesbian, doctors, medical aspects, sex selection, abortion, gender.

This paper argues for the use of DI, sex selection and abortion by single women and lesbians, as a means by which women can choose to have children of the sex that they want, and thus gain ground in the battle of the sexes. Argues that women should be able to legitimate their children.

196. Hanmer J. Transforming consciousness: Women and the New Reproductive Technologies. In: Corea G, Klein RD, Hanmer J, et al., eds. Man-Made Women: How new Reproductive Technologies affect women. London: Hutchinson and Co. Ltd; 1985.

women, medicalisation, feminism, infertility, men, surrogacy, UK, DI, technology, assisted reproduction: women, medicalisation, feminism, infertility, men, surrogacy, UK, DI, technology, assisted reproduction.

This paper looks at the medicalisation of childbearing and the subjugation of women in this process. Sees ARTs as a part of this .

197. Hanscombe G. The right to lesbian parenthood. Journal of Medical Ethics. 1983;9:133-5.

ethics, rights, lesbian, parenthood, DI, homosexual, health professionals, child development, sexuality, discrimination,: ethics, rights, lesbian, parenthood, DI, homosexual, health professionals, child development, sexuality, discrimination,.

This paper argues for the treatment of leabian women with ARTs. Outlines scientific basis of homosexual normality and gives examples of discrimination.

198. Harper T. Surrogate Motherhood: Should we Follow this US Example. Family Studies Newsletter. 1985;12(April):11-12.

surrogacy, USA, law, commercialisation, assisted reproduction, screening, couples, contracts, counselling, motherhood, psychological, pregnancy, selection, infertility, parenthood, payment, ethics, practice, lawyers: surrogacy, USA, law, commercialisation, assisted reproduction, screening, couples, contracts, counselling, motherhood, psychological, pregnancy, selection, infertility, parenthood, payment, ethics, practice, lawyers.

This paper describes the preactice of a US legal firm in facilitating surrogacy arrangements. It reports on the surrogacy selection and screening of couples and surrogate, counselling, payment, and the way in which the lawyer harasses the surrogate into giving up the baby, on the grounds that it 'not her child'.

199. Harris MB, Turner PH. Gay and Lesbian Parents. Journal of Homosexuality. 1985;12:101-13.

parenthood, gay men, lesbian, homosexuality, child development, motherhood, fatherhood, interests of child, law, sex role: parenthood, gay men, lesbian, homosexuality, child development, motherhood, fatherhood, interests of child, law, sex role.

This study of gay men and lesbian parents found that there was no major differences between their parenting and that of heterosexual parents,except that the former made more of an effort to provide opposite sex role model for their children.

200. Harrison RF, Walzman M, McGuinness E, Gill B, Kidd M. Investigation and treatment of the infertile couple in Ireland. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1981;7:145ff.

Ireland, infertility, couples, doctors, medical aspects: Ireland, infertility, couples, doctors, medical aspects.

not seen.201. Harrison RF, O'Moore AM, O'Moore RR, McSweeney JR. Stress Profiles in Normal Infertile Couples: Pharmacolgical and Psychological Approaches to Therapy. In: Insler V, Bettendorf G, eds. Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility. New York: Elsevier/North Holland; 1981.

couples, infertility, drugs, Ireland, medical aspects, methods, psychological, psychosocial, single women, stress, social attitudes: couples, infertility, drugs, Ireland, medical aspects, methods, psychological, psychosocial, single women, stress, social attitudes.

This study of infertile couples looks at the effect of two drugs on the stress experienced by couples by measuring physiological changes. Found one drug was useful another not, and that this method of measuring stress was unhelpful. It also found positive changes (recorded using psychological tests) in the stress levels of couples (n=2) undergoing Transcendental Meditation. Most of the couples asked to attend however, did not complete the course for a variety of reasons.

202. Harrison RF, O'Moore A, O'Moore RR. Stress and Artificial Insemination. Infertility. 1981;4(4):303-11.

medical aspects, pscychosocial, counselling, process, environment, doctors, DI, infertility, stress: medical aspects, pscychosocial, counselling, process, environment, doctors, DI, infertility, stress.

This study looked at fertile couples with psychosexual problems and infertile couples being treated with DI. It concludes that the stress of hospital settings can reduce the chances of pregnancies.

203. Harrison RF, O'Moore AM, O'Moore RR, Robb D. Stress in Infertile Couples. Presented at the Fertility and Sterility; Dublin, Ireland; 1983.

infertility, couples, stress, clinics, psychological, psychosocial, gender, social attitudes, women, men, Ireland: infertility, couples, stress, clinics, psychological, psychosocial, gender, social attitudes, women, men, Ireland.

This study of infertile couples and controls, some of whom under went autogenic relaxation therapy, found that for the infertile this treatment increased the tendency towards improved psychological health and reduced anxiety and guilt proneness in women.

204. Haseltine FP, Mazure C, L'Aune WD, et al. Psychological Interviews in Screening Couples Undergoing in Vitro Fertilization. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1985;442:504-22.

IVF, couples, selection, psychological, pregnancy rates, infertility, women, men: IVF, couples, selection, psychological, pregnancy rates, infertility, women, men.

This study looks at men and women presenting for IVF, their attitudes, feelings and demographics.

205. Henahan J. Artificial insemination has few untoward effects. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983;250(10):1256.

DI, couples, sexuality, cryopreservation, psychological, offspring, psychosocial, parenthood, the Netherlands, child development, USA: DI, couples, sexuality, cryopreservation, psychological, offspring, psychosocial, parenthood, the Netherlands, child development, USA.

This newspiece reports on 2 studies in the Netherlands by J. Kremer (See Kremer 1984) looking at the sexuality and psychology of couples undergoing DI. It also reports on two studies by J. J. Marik (See Fidell 1989) about couple cohesiveness, and the (positive) development of DI offspring.

206. Henahan JF. Fertilization, embryo transfer procedures raise many questions. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1984;252(7):877-82.

ET, IVF, ethics, cryopreservation, medical aspects, genetics, infertility, age, pregnancy rates, doctors, scientists, embryos, law, surrogacy, assisted reproduction: ET, IVF, ethics, cryopreservation, medical aspects, genetics, infertility, age, pregnancy rates, doctors, scientists, embryos, law, surrogacy, assisted reproduction.

This paper discusses, ethical and legal questions raised by ART developments.

207. Heptinstall D. Questioning 'the ultimate gift'. Community Care. 1985;14 February:22-4.

UK, surrogacy, law, ethics, doctors, commercialisation, payment, motivation,legislation, couples, economics, social work, motherhood, adoption, telling the child, social attitudes: UK, surrogacy, law, ethics, doctors, commercialisation, payment, motivation,legislation, couples, economics, social work, motherhood, adoption, telling the child, social attitudes.

This paper looks at the Baby Cotton case in the UK and controversy over surrogacy. Looks at adoption comparisons, social work issues and law.

208. Hertz DG. Infertility and the Physician-Patient Relationship: A Biopsychosocial challenge. General Hospital Psychiatry. 1982;4:95-101.

infertility, couples, psychological, psychosocial, sexuality, doctors, social attitudes, family, motivation, technology, policy, economics, race, age, gender, men, women, drugs, stress, parenthood, process, doctor patient relations, sterilisation: infertility, couples, psychological, psychosocial, sexuality, doctors, social attitudes, family, motivation, technology, policy, economics, race, age, gender, men, women, drugs, stress, parenthood, process, doctor patient relations, sterilisation.

This paper looks at doctor infertile couple relations and outlines causes of negative relationships, and ways in which such a relationships can develop. Notes particularly how women can view doctors and treatment and generally calls for more doctor empathy. Also looks at psychological causes of inferility and sterility issues.

209. Hill IR. Liability and In-Vitro Fertilization. Medicine, Science and Law. 1985;25(4):270-4.

infertility, couples, IVF, ethics, law, doctors, rights, reproductive rights, UK, lawyers, practice, multiple pregnancy, age, drugs, pregnancy, women, medical aspects.: infertility, couples, IVF, ethics, law, doctors, rights, reproductive rights, UK, lawyers, practice, multiple pregnancy, age, drugs, pregnancy, women, medical aspects.

This paper looks at the legal and medical issues surrounding IVF. It discusses who is liable, and the possible medical complications.

210. Hirsch BD. Parenthood by Proxy. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983;249(16):2251-2.

surrogacy, law, legislation, parenthood, DI, payment, disability, doctors, secrecy, semen donors, screening, surrogate, couples: surrogacy, law, legislation, parenthood, DI, payment, disability, doctors, secrecy, semen donors, screening, surrogate, couples.

This paper looks at the legal difficulties surrounding surrogacy and advises doctors on how to avoid being held liable for complications arising from these arrangements.211. Holden C. Two Fertilized Eggs Stir Global Furor. Nature. 1984(6 July):35.

eggs, cryopreservation, Australia, USA, clinics, records, parenthood, posthumous, IVF, embryos, ethics law,: eggs, cryopreservation, Australia, USA, clinics, records, parenthood, posthumous, IVF, embryos, ethics law,.

This newspiece reports on a case in which a couple died without leaving a will but leaving a considerable fortune and two embryos frozen in an Australian embryo bank. Discusses law and paternity issues.

212. Holder AR. Surrogate Motherhood: Babies for Fun and Profit. Law, Medicine and Health Care. 1984;12(3):115-17.

surrogacy, motherhood, payment, commercialisation, law, USA, adoption, legislation, parenthood, lawyers: surrogacy, motherhood, payment, commercialisation, law, USA, adoption, legislation, parenthood, lawyers.

This is a discussion of legal cases in the USA with regards to surrogacy and its commercialisation.

213. Holmes HB, Hoskins B, Gross M. The Custom-Made Child? - Women Centred Perspectives. New Jersey, USA: Humana Press; 1981.

214. Holtz SB. An Investigation in to the Relationship Between Sexual Guilt and Sex Role and Psychogenic Infertility in Women: Bryn Mawr College; 1983.

215. Houghton D, Houghton P. Coping with Childlessness. London: George Allen and Unwin; 1984.

infertility, support groups, infertility societies, couples, medical aspects, psychosocial, adoption, psychological, process, coping skills, age, women: infertility, support groups, infertility societies, couples, medical aspects, psychosocial, adoption, psychological, process, coping skills, age, women.

This is a general book for infertile couples, looking at medical and psychosocial issues, the process of dealing with infertility and ways of resolving it.

216. Houghton D, Houghton P. Identifying the problem. In: Houghton D, Houghton P, eds. Coping with Childlessness. London: George Allen and Unwin; 1984.

history, infertility societies, support, support groups, UK, infertility, psychosocial, couples, child free, assisted reproduction, policy, adoption, social workers, counselling: history, infertility societies, support, support groups, UK, infertility, psychosocial, couples, child free, assisted reproduction, policy, adoption, social workers, counselling.

This introductory chapter outlines the work and development of the National Association for the Childless (NAC) in the UK, its structure and its relationships with other groups in society.

217. House JS, Kahn RL. Measures and concepts of social support. In: Cohen S, Syme SL, eds. Social Support and Health. London: Academic Press; 1985.

social support, psychosocial: social support, psychosocial.

.

218. Hughes-Onslow J. Nine months to 1984. The Spectator. 1983(30 April):15-16.

IVF, embryos, cryopreservation, research, philosophy, ET, scientists, philosophy, ethics, age, anonymity, social attitudes, cloning, law, genetic engineering, Australia: IVF, embryos, cryopreservation, research, philosophy, ET, scientists, philosophy, ethics, age, anonymity, social attitudes, cloning, law, genetic engineering, Australia.

This article describes the work and philosophy of P. Singer and his medical colleagues at Monash University. It looks at their favouring IVF and various genetic engineering attitudes, and the ethical arguments brought against them.

219. Hulka JF. Donor Insemination: Guidelines for Uncharted Territory. Fertility and Sterility. 1981;35(5: May):500-1.

DI, infertility, couples, doctors, ethics, law, USA, Canada, cryopreservation, sperm banks, anonymity, records, screening, selection, clinic, legislation, USA, semen donors: DI, infertility, couples, doctors, ethics, law, USA, Canada, cryopreservation, sperm banks, anonymity, records, screening, selection, clinic, legislation, USA, semen donors.

This paper overviews recommendations from Canadian, USA and European reports on DI, and discusses issues of cryopreservation, ethics, law, anonymity and legislation.

220. Hull MGR, Glazener C, Kelley N, et al. Population study of causes, treatment and outcome of infertility. British Medical Journal. 1985;291:1693-7.

medical aspects, infertility, IVF, UK treatment, doctors, male infertility, female infertility: medical aspects, infertility, IVF, UK treatment, doctors, male infertility, female infertility.

This paper looks at the specific causes of infertility in a population and the extent of it in this same population. Looks also at ways of treating this.221. Humphrey M. Infertility and alternative parenting. In: Broome A, Wallace L, eds. Psychology and Gynaecological Problems: Tavistock; 1984.

infertility, couples, psychological, sexuality, doctors, adoption, female infertility, male infertility, motherhood, parenthood, DI, fatherhood: infertility, couples, psychological, sexuality, doctors, adoption, female infertility, male infertility, motherhood, parenthood, DI, fatherhood.

This paper looks at the psychological elements in infertility and alternative parenting options for the infertile. It looks at the hypotheses given for female infertility and notes the lack of research done in this area. It looks at DI and adoption, and their effectiveness.

222. Hunt J. The Role of Counselling in an AID Service: Unpublished; 1983.

223. Iglesias T. In vitro fertilisation: the major issues. Journal of medical ethics. 1984;1:32-7.

Catholic, religion, IVF, ethics, embryos, rights, research, cryopreservation, doctors, scientists, philosophy, Judaism, abortion: Catholic, religion, IVF, ethics, embryos, rights, research, cryopreservation, doctors, scientists, philosophy, Judaism, abortion.

This paper is a presentation of arguments against the use of IVF by a Catholic theologian. Looks at ethics, philosophy etc.

224. James B, Hughes PF. Psychological well-being as an outcome variable in the treatment of infertility by Clomiphine. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1982;55:375-7.

infertility, psychological, psychosocial, women, drugs, treatment: infertility, psychological, psychosocial, women, drugs, treatment.

This study of 27 women who had undergone infertility treatment found no indication that the failure of these treatments had a negative affect on the women's sense of well-being.

225. James WH. Artificial Insemination by Donor. A Review of 12 Years' Experience. A Comment. Journal of Biosocial Science. 1984;16(1):153-4.

sex selection, DI, medical aspects, women, psychological, doctors, stress, drugs: sex selection, DI, medical aspects, women, psychological, doctors, stress, drugs.

This paper looks at theories of how sex selection can be achieved and notes the potential effects of drugs, and the stress of the medical procedure on women undergoing DI in relation to this.

226. Jansen RPS. A practical Ethical Framework for in Vitro Fertilizaiton and Related Reproductive Interventions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1985;442:595-600.

ethics, IVF, assisted reproduction, embryos, research, couples, infertility, doctors, scientists, technology, philosophy, social attitudes, cryopreservation: ethics, IVF, assisted reproduction, embryos, research, couples, infertility, doctors, scientists, technology, philosophy, social attitudes, cryopreservation.

This paper outlines various ethical/philosophical positions from which to look at the issues involved in IVF, embryo research, etc.

227. Johnston I. The donor. In: Wood C, Leeton J, Kovacs G, eds. Artificial Insemination by Donor. Melbourne: Brown Prior Andersen; 1981.

recruitment, selection, screening, outcomes, semen donors, Australia, DI, records, matching: recruitment, selection, screening, outcomes, semen donors, Australia, DI, records, matching.

This paper looks at Australian procedures for recruiting and screening donors, payment, medical issues, record keeping and matching donors with social fathers.

228. Johnston I, Lopata A, Speirs A, Hoult I, Kellow G, Plessis YD. In Vitro Fertilization: The Challenge of the Eighties. Fertility and Sterility. 1981;36(6):699-706.

IVF, embryos, research, ethics, medical aspects, reproductive rights, multiple pregnancy, doctors, pregnancy rates: IVF, embryos, research, ethics, medical aspects, reproductive rights, multiple pregnancy, doctors, pregnancy rates.

This paper presents the results of a study of IVF cycles at an Australian hospital over a three year period, looking particularly at medical aspects and pregnancy rates. Also looks at ethical objections to IVF.

229. Johnston WIH, Oke K, Speirs A, et al. Patient Selection for in Vitro Fertilzation: Physical and Psychological Aspects. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1985;442:490-503.

screening, IVF, women, age, pregnancy rates, medical aspects, psychological, crisis, process, couples, counselling, infertility,: screening, IVF, women, age, pregnancy rates, medical aspects, psychological, crisis, process, couples, counselling, infertility,.

This paper looks at the pregnancy rates of various categories of women undergoing IVF. It also discusses the psychological process of dealing with infertility and IVF for couples and gives advice to counsellors in relation to this.

230. Johnstone B. Ethical Aspects of Contemporary Infertility Treatment. Presented at the In Vitro Fertilisation and Artificial Insemination by Donor: Proceedings of the Seminar and Public Lectures; Adelaide; 1984.

ethics, infertility, Christianity, philosophy, law, embryos, research, cryopreservation, sexuality, couples, commodificaiton, parenthood, motherhood, IVF, surrogacy, identity, interests of child, ET, society: ethics, infertility, Christianity, philosophy, law, embryos, research, cryopreservation, sexuality, couples, commodificaiton, parenthood, motherhood, IVF, surrogacy, identity, interests of child, ET, society.

This discussion of assisted reproduction from the basis of Christian philosophy looks at the status of the embryo, the nature of human sexuality and relationships, and issues of commodification and the valuing of human life.231. Jones WR, Denholm EH. Artificial insemination by donor. The Medical Journal of Australia. 1984(September 1):317.

DI, psychological, anonymity, law, telling the child, single women, lesbian, matching, couples, social attitudes, religion, adsoption: DI, psychological, anonymity, law, telling the child, single women, lesbian, matching, couples, social attitudes, religion, adsoption.

This letter reports the results of a study of couples undergoing infertility treatment. It looks at issues of telling the child, secrecy and openness, the importance of religion, DI and adoption, attitudes to access to DI by lesbian and single women, and matching with donors.

232. Jones DG. The Ethics of the New Birth Technologies. unpublished; 1984.

233. Jones DG. New Beginnings for Human Life. In: Jones DG, ed. Brave New People (chapter 5). Leicester, UK: Inter-Varsity Press; 1984.

IVF, technology, infertility, economics, policy, Christianity, embryos, women, media, ethics, sexuality, ET, couples, interests of child, research, guidelines, UK, Australia, doctors, abortion, USA, cryopresevation, law, rights, DI, family: IVF, technology, infertility, economics, policy, Christianity, embryos, women, media, ethics, sexuality, ET, couples, interests of child, research, guidelines, UK, Australia, doctors, abortion, USA, cryopresevation, law, rights, DI, family.

This chapter discusses IVF, embryo research and DI from a christian perspective. It looks at the opinions of various bodies in various countries and outlines the various ethical arguments about the matter.

234. Jones HW. Ethics in in Vitro Fertilization: 1984. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1985;442:577-82.

ethics, IVF, embryos, DI, medical aspects, egg donation, known donors, ET, couples, surrogacy: ethics, IVF, embryos, DI, medical aspects, egg donation, known donors, ET, couples, surrogacy.

This paper gives a general overview of ethical issues with regard to a variety of ARTs.

235. Joyce D, Vassilopoulos D. Sperm - Mucus Interaction and Artificial Insemination. Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1981;8(3):587-610.

DI, medical aspects, history, USA, UK, cryopreservation, pregnancy rates, family, secrecy, couples, practice, child development: DI, medical aspects, history, USA, UK, cryopreservation, pregnancy rates, family, secrecy, couples, practice, child development.

This paper looks at DI practice and the lack of negative impact of its use on child development and family functioning. Contains refernces to a variety of studies on DI child development.

236. Joyce DN. The implications of greater openness concerning AID. AID and After: Papers from BAAF, BASW, and a Scottish Working Party. London: British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering; 1984.

adoption, DI, secrecy, openness,: adoption, DI, secrecy, openness,.

entry incomplete - held on Ken's shelves.

237. Justice Do, (Law Reform Division), New Zealand Government. New Birth Technologies. An Issues Paper on AID, IVF, and Surrogate Motherhood.: Justice, Department of, (Law Reform Division), New Zealand Government; 1985.

238. Juva M. Ethical and Moral Issues of in Vitro Fertilization. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1985;442:585-7.

ethics, IVF, ET, infertility, cryopreservation, couples, interests of child, records, telling the child, Finland, egg donation, DI, embryos, research, poverty, Christianity: ethics, IVF, ET, infertility, cryopreservation, couples, interests of child, records, telling the child, Finland, egg donation, DI, embryos, research, poverty, Christianity.

This paper looks at the ethics of IVF, the use of donor gametes, surrogacy, embryo research etc. from the Protestant Christian viewpoint of the author.

239. Kay MA. Anthropology of Human Birth. Philadelphia, USA: F. A. Davis; 1982.

240. Keane NP, Porslin NA, Chadwick CS. Surrogate Motherhood: Past, Present and Future. In: Ganos D, Lipson R, Warren G, Weil B, eds. Difficult Decisions in Medical Ethics. New York, USA: Alan R. Liss Inc.; 1983.

surrogacy, motherhood, lawyers, couples, payment, surrogates, legislation, DI, law, prohibition, family, infertility, parenthood, adoption, motivation, known surrogates, USA: surrogacy, motherhood, lawyers, couples, payment, surrogates, legislation, DI, law, prohibition, family, infertility, parenthood, adoption, motivation, known surrogates, USA.

This paper written by a USA lawyer who advocates surrogacy looks at ways of dealing with USA state laws which restrict surrogacy. It presents his experience in surrogacy and discusses various cases he has been involved in.241. Keeton K, Baskin Y. Birthtech. Do the mothers of tomorrow want test-tube babies and surrogate dads? OMNI. 1985(December):91-7.

women, technology, IVF, family, scientists, assisted reproduction, cryopreservation, social attitudes, DI, SET, female infertility, pregnancy, medical aspects, embryos, egg donation, commodification: women, technology, IVF, family, scientists, assisted reproduction, cryopreservation, social attitudes, DI, SET, female infertility, pregnancy, medical aspects, embryos, egg donation, commodification.

This article reports the result of an international survey of women on various issues related to assisted reproduction including acceptability of IVF in various situations to the characteristics they would chose for an anonynous donor. Article is positive in tone.

242. Kelly AC. Psychological Interviews with Ovum Transfer Candidates. Anaheim, California, USA: APA; 1983.

243. Kemeter P, Eder A, Springer-Kremser M, Feichtinger W. A Psychosocial Questionnaire in Infertile Women and the Outcome of IVF/ET. Presented at the IVF World Congress; Melbourne, 1985; 1985.

psychosocial, IVF, women, ET, psychological, abortion, counselling: psychosocial, IVF, women, ET, psychological, abortion, counselling.

This study of women undergoing IVF/ET treatment found that women who had spontaneous abortions after receiving this treatment had different types of relationships with their mothers to the other groups receiving the treatment and to the controls. Recommends counselling for depressed women presenting for these treatments.

244. Kemeter P, Eder A, Springer-Kremser M. Psychosocial Testing and Pretreatment of Women for in Vitro Fertilization. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1985;442:523-31.

psychosocial, infertility, couples, medical aspects, counselling: psychosocial, infertility, couples, medical aspects, counselling.

This mainly medical paper also looks at psychosocial issues in relation to women undergoing IVF, and their various types of infertility.

245. Kern PA, Ridolfi KM. The Fourteenth Amendment's Protection of a Women's Right to Be a Single Parent through Artificial Insemination by Donor. Women's Rights Law Reporter. 1982;7(3):251-84.

women, single women, lesbian, law, USA, men, fatherhood, motherhood, interests of child, DI, known donors, semen donors, rights, legislation, reproductive rights, family, doctors, history, sperm banks, identity, anonymity, paternity, parenthood, couples, abortion, ethics, policy, child development, sterilisation, economics, social attitudes: women, single women, lesbian, law, USA, men, fatherhood, motherhood, interests of child, DI, known donors, semen donors, rights, legislation, reproductive rights, family, doctors, history, sperm banks, identity, anonymity, paternity, parenthood, couples, abortion, ethics, policy, child development, sterilisation, economics, social attitudes.

This paper argues on constitutional grounds for the rights of single women to both have access to DI services and for them to have a better standing in relation to donors in regards to custody disputes than is currently the case. In doing this it looks at judicial rulings in various cases and at the historical developments of attitudes to family composition. It also makes comparisons to abortion and sterilisation rulings and promotes the consideration of the best interests of the child in dispute situations.

246. Keye WR. Female sexual activity, satisfaction and function in infertile women. Infertility. 1982;5:275-85.

infertility, sexuality, counselling, couples, men, women, psychological, stress, assisted reproduction, medical aspects: infertility, sexuality, counselling, couples, men, women, psychological, stress, assisted reproduction, medical aspects.

not seen. see Keye 1984.

247. Keye WR. Psychosexual Responses to Infertility. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984;27(3):760-6.

infertility, psychological, sexuality, couples, stress, doctors, process, couples, assisted reproduction, psychosocial, process, doctor patient relations: infertility, psychological, sexuality, couples, stress, doctors, process, couples, assisted reproduction, psychosocial, process, doctor patient relations.

This paper looks at the psychosexual effects of infertility on couples and provides guidelines for doctors on how to deal with this. It addresses issues of using appropriate language and outlines a process that couples go through in relation to infertility. It looks at sexuality in relation to psychological factors, and presents a list of topics which it may be helpful for doctors to discuss with their patients.

248. Kirby MD. Test-tube man. The Medical Journal of Australia. 1981;2(1):1-2.

IVF, technology, scientists, Australia, law, USA, cloning, Catholic, DI, social attitudes, doctors, ethics: IVF, technology, scientists, Australia, law, USA, cloning, Catholic, DI, social attitudes, doctors, ethics.

This paper looks at the unchecked development of ARTs in an Australian context, and calls for public debate on this development.

249. Kirby MD. Bio-ethics and Test Tube Babies. St. Mark's Review. 1982(September):22-5.

ethics, IVF, law, technology, Australia, Catholic, cryopreservation, legislation, embryos, social attitudes: ethics, IVF, law, technology, Australia, Catholic, cryopreservation, legislation, embryos, social attitudes.

This paper looks at status of embryos issues in an Australian context.

250. Kirby MD. Bioethics of IVF - the state of the debate. Journal of medical ethics. 1984;1:45-8.

ethics, IVF, embryos, law, medical aspects, pregnancy, ET, scientists, doctors, technology, identity, family, consanguinity, DI, eugenics, guidelines, rights, women, surrogacy, commercialisation, payment, regulation: ethics, IVF, embryos, law, medical aspects, pregnancy, ET, scientists, doctors, technology, identity, family, consanguinity, DI, eugenics, guidelines, rights, women, surrogacy, commercialisation, payment, regulation.

This paper raises a series of questions about IVF, surrogacy, the role of the family, and the status of the embryo.251. Kirby MD. From Hagar to Baby Cotton - Surrogacy, '85. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1985;25(3):151-8.

surrogacy, UK, Australia, legislation, interests of child, law, payment, infertility, social attitudes: surrogacy, UK, Australia, legislation, interests of child, law, payment, infertility, social attitudes.

This paper outlines the situation with regard to surrogacy in the UK and Australia, and discusses the importance of public consultation on this matter.

252. Kleinberg J. Jane Kleinberg. In: Michelson J, Gee S, eds. Coming late to motherhood. Twenty Women tell their stories. Wellingborough, UK: Thorsons; 1984.

AIH, parenthood, motherhood, doctors, disability, psychosocial, psychological, adult development, pregnancy, women, social support: AIH, parenthood, motherhood, doctors, disability, psychosocial, psychological, adult development, pregnancy, women, social support.

This piece relates the experience of this women whose husband is a paraplegic and for whom AIH was necessary for her to become pregnant. It relates her experience of trying to conceive, pregnancy, birth and childrearing and discusses the way these commitments were coordinated with her career and her relationship with her husband. Also discusses the difficulties involved for a paraplegic man in raising a child.

253. Kliger BE. Evaluation, therapy, and outcome in 493 infertilie couples. Fertility and Sterility. 1984;41(1):40-6.

infertility, couples, doctors, assisted reproduction: infertility, couples, doctors, assisted reproduction.

This study reports success rates of infertile couples by various types of infertility, by length of time trying, and by age.

254. Kovacs GT, Clayton CE, McGowan P. The attitudes of semen donors. Clinical Reproduction and Fertility. 1983;2(1):397-399.

attitudes, anonymity, information, motivation, demographics, semen donors, offspring, tracing, records, payment, secrecy: attitudes, anonymity, information, motivation, demographics, semen donors, offspring, tracing, records, payment, secrecy.

25 current donors surveyed, ages given and marital status but not occupations. Sixteen felt they would donate without payment, the others said they would not mind but would be less motivated. 8 donors said they would donate even if their name was released to parents; 13 would not and 4 not sure. 12 donors felt that they may donate even if the offpsring could contact them when a legal adult. Authors conclude that at present anonymity cannot be removed if DI services are to continue.

255. Koval R. Women, Birth, and Power. New reproduction techniques promise choice - but what will they deliver? Australian Society. 1985(July):6-8.

women, assisted reproduction, technology, sex selection, infertility, feminism, genetic engineering, commodification, doctors, pregnancy, rights, embryos, disability, IVF, surrogacy, social attitudes, commercialisation, Australia: women, assisted reproduction, technology, sex selection, infertility, feminism, genetic engineering, commodification, doctors, pregnancy, rights, embryos, disability, IVF, surrogacy, social attitudes, commercialisation, Australia.

This piece discusses developments in ARTs from a moderate feminist standpoint, looking at genetic engineering, ectogenesis, sex selection, commercial surrogacy issues, and the impact of these technologies on societal attitudes.

256. Kremer J, Frijling BJ, Nass JLM. Psychosocial Aspects of Parenthood by Artificial Insemination Donor. The Lancet. 1984(17 March):628.

DI, psychosocial, parenthood, law, The Netherlands, stress, ethics, history, religion, adoption, men, women, couples, stigma., fatherhood, secrecy, telling the child, family: DI, psychosocial, parenthood, law, The Netherlands, stress, ethics, history, religion, adoption, men, women, couples, stigma., fatherhood, secrecy, telling the child, family.

This study of couples attitudes to DI looks at issues of stigma, self esteem, whether couples would consider their parenthood different with a natural child, effect of DI on marriage, who couple have told, whether they will the the child, attitudes to inter-country adoption, and whether the decision to undergo DI was a good one.

257. Krimmel HT. The Case against Surrogate Parenting. Hastings Center Report. 1983(October):35-9.

surrogacy, surrogates, ethics, motherhood, egg donors, semen donors, parenthood, attitude, interests of child, single women, single men, couples, family, adoption, commodification, organ donation, disability, commercialisation, payment, eugenics, abortion, genetic screening, selection, sex selection, family, social attitudes, psychosocial, USA, DI, consanguinity, openness, class, poverty: surrogacy, surrogates, ethics, motherhood, egg donors, semen donors, parenthood, attitude, interests of child, single women, single men, couples, family, adoption, commodification, organ donation, disability, commercialisation, payment, eugenics, abortion, genetic screening, selection, sex selection, family, social attitudes, psychosocial, USA, DI, consanguinity, openness, class, poverty.

This ethical paper argues against surrogacy predominatnly on the grounds that it (and DI) involves people bringing children into the world who they have no intention of parenting. It argues this leads to commodification and commercialisation. Discusses issues of disability, consanguinity etc.

258. Kritchevsky B. The Unmarried Woman's Right to Artificial Insemination: A Call for an Expanded Definition of Family. Harvard Women's Law Journal. 1981;4:1-42.

law, single women, USA, legislation, DI, family, rights, technology, lesbian, doctors, motherhood, women, anonymity, semen donors, parenthood, ethics, religion, interests of child, prohibition, social attitudes: law, single women, USA, legislation, DI, family, rights, technology, lesbian, doctors, motherhood, women, anonymity, semen donors, parenthood, ethics, religion, interests of child, prohibition, social attitudes.

This paper looks at a variety of DI cases in the USA in relation to its use by single and lesbian women. Looks at issues of legitimacy, the nature of the family, parental and child rights etc. and argues for single women to have the right to DI.

259. Lalos A, Lalos O, Jacobsson L, Schoultz Bv. The psychosocial impact of infertility two years after completed surgical treatment. Acta Obstetric and Gynecology, Scandinavia. 1985;64:599-604.

psychosocial, infertility, counselling, process, couples, gender, social support: psychosocial, infertility, counselling, process, couples, gender, social support.

This study of 24 couples who had all two years previously undergone unsucessful surgery to cure their infertility found that there was a significant deterioration in the quality of their marital and sexual relations. Women had more stress problems than men both prior to and after the operations. Feelings of grief had intensified for men two years after the operation. Also reports on attitudes to children and family members.

260. Lalos A, Lalos O, Jacobsson L, Schultz Bv. Psychological Reactions to the Medical Investigation and Surgical Treatment of Infertility. Gynecological Obstretric Investigation. 1985;20:209-17.

psychological, sexuality, female infertility, stress, treatment, men, women, counselling, psychosocial, parenthood, family, medical aspects, doctors, male infertility: psychological, sexuality, female infertility, stress, treatment, men, women, counselling, psychosocial, parenthood, family, medical aspects, doctors, male infertility.

This longitudinal study of couples in which the women had tubal damage and who were receiving infertility treatment looked at the psychosocial affects of this situation. Looks at the affects of this on their sexual lives, the need for counselling, the role of doctors in assisting couples in this area etc.261. Lalos A, Jacobsson L, Lalos O, Schoultz Bv. The wish to have a child. A pilot-study of infertile couples. Acta psychiatry Scandanavia. 1985;72:476-81.

female infertility, motivation, couples, medical aspects, psycholgical, Sweden, adoption, pregnancy: female infertility, motivation, couples, medical aspects, psycholgical, Sweden, adoption, pregnancy.

This study looks at 30 couples in which the woman has undergone surgery for infertility, and compares them to control groups. The most frequent motivation for having a child was that it was an expression of love. Interpersonal reasons generally predominated over socio-cultural. philosophical or intrapsychic reasons. Adoption was favoured by the respondents but very few of the infertile couples sought it. Flesh and blood was important.

262. Laurance J. The moral pressure to have children. New Society; 1982.

263. Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, Appraisal and Coping. New York, USA: Springer Publishing Company; 1984.

stress, coping skills, psychosocial, psychological, process, methods, counselling, history: stress, coping skills, psychosocial, psychological, process, methods, counselling, history.

This book looks at stress and coping issues and theory, the history of these, and how people are assessed and treated.

264. Leader A, Taylor PJ, Daniluk J. Infertility: Clinical and Psychological aspects. Psychiatric Annals. 1984;14(6 (June)):461-7.

infertility, couples, psychological psychosocial, crisis, stress, doctors, treatment, health professionals, medical aspects, counselling, sexuality, treatment: infertility, couples, psychological psychosocial, crisis, stress, doctors, treatment, health professionals, medical aspects, counselling, sexuality, treatment.

This paper outlines the psychological issues which arise for couples facing infertility and gives advice to doctors and counsellors on how to help couples respond to these issues.

265. Learner E. The social and psychological implications of donor sperm and ova. Presented at the Ethical implications in the use of donor sperm, eggs and embryos in the treatment of human infertility.; Melbourne; 1983.

assisted reproduction, psychosocial, counselling, health professionals, couples, egg donors, semen donors, family, social attitudes, secrecy: assisted reproduction, psychosocial, counselling, health professionals, couples, egg donors, semen donors, family, social attitudes, secrecy.

This speech looks at the implications of the use of donor sperm and ova for the couples, healthy family development, and the donors. It looks at the role of the medical profession, social attitudes to donation, and donor attitudes to giving out information about themselves and having future contact with the offspring.

266. Learner E. The Implications of Reproductive Technology in the 21st Century. Presented at the 54th ANZAAS Congress 1984.

assisted reproduction, IVF, cryopreservation, Australia, genetic engineering, technology, contraception, abortion, social attitudes, drugs, history, infertility, research, embryos, surrogacy, sex selection, genetic screening, cloning, women, interests of child, identity, law, psychosocial, parenthood, family, feminism, parenthood, consent, rights, disability, scientists, practice, ethics, religion: assisted reproduction, IVF, cryopreservation, Australia, genetic engineering, technology, contraception, abortion, social attitudes, drugs, history, infertility, research, embryos, surrogacy, sex selection, genetic screening, cloning, women, interests of child, identity, law, psychosocial, parenthood, family, feminism, parenthood, consent, rights, disability, scientists, practice, ethics, religion.

This paper outlines contemporary developments in ARTs and genetic engineering, and looks at ethical and social implications of these. It calls for the questioning of the science dominance of these developments and discusses the problems in involving the general public in the decision making process.

267. Leavy RL. Social support and psychological disorder: a review. Journal of Community Psychology. 1983;11:3-21.

.

.

268. Ledward RS, Symonds EM, Eynon S. Social and Environmental Factors as Criteria for Success in Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID). Journal of Biosocial Science. 1982;14:263-75.

DI, couples, class, family, stress, psychosocial, economics, education, adoption, telling the child, race, social workers, selection, practice, clinics: DI, couples, class, family, stress, psychosocial, economics, education, adoption, telling the child, race, social workers, selection, practice, clinics.

This study of the first 366 couples to attend a Nottingham DI clinic gives extensive description of their demographics and of the reasons for not accepting some couples for treatment. It discusses whether couples would tell the child and notes success in pregnancy is associated with proximity to the clinic, male social class, female employment and other factors.

269. Leeton J, Backwell J. A preliminary psychosocial follow-up of parents and their children conceived by artificial insemination by donor (AID). Clinical Reproduction and Fertility. 1982;1:307-310.

DI, couples, secrecy, child development, psychosocial, secrecy, Australia: DI, couples, secrecy, child development, psychosocial, secrecy, Australia.

This study of 43 Australian couples who received DI reports that all the resultant children are developing normally, that all but one of the couples are stable and that the majority thought DI had improved their marriages. 84% of the couples did not plan to tell their children about their DI origins.

270. Leeton JF. Medical Aspects of the Use of Donor Sperm, Eggs, and Embryos. Presented at the Ethical Implications in the Use of Donor Sperm, Eggs and Embryos in the Treatment of Human Infertility; Monash University, Clayton Victoria, Australia; 1983.

infertility, semen donors, egg donors, DI, ethics, medical aspects, Australia, IVF, embryos, assisted reproduction,: infertility, semen donors, egg donors, DI, ethics, medical aspects, Australia, IVF, embryos, assisted reproduction,.

This article describes the development of ART's in Australia, giving case studies. It addresses ethical and medical issues in these areas and notes the positive aspect of assisted reproduction while drawing attention to negative aspects like long waiting lists.271. Leiblum SR, Barbrack C. Artificial Insemination by Donor: A Survey of Attitudes and Knowledge in Medical Students and Infertile Couples. Journal of Biosocial Science. 1983;15:165-72.

infertility, couples, DI, health professionals, social attitudes, single women, known donors, secrecy, gender, counselling, religion, doctors, lesbian, adoption: infertility, couples, DI, health professionals, social attitudes, single women, known donors, secrecy, gender, counselling, religion, doctors, lesbian, adoption.

This study of 29 members of infertile couples and 114 medical students found that respondents were generally well informed. It looks at attitudes to a wide range of issues and found that DI was more approved of by the infertile couples and by women. It found majority approval for DI use by single women but not lesbians, a general approval of secrecy, and opposition to the use of known donors. Implications for counselling are discussed.

272. Ludbrook R. Moral and Legal Minefield. Family Law (NZ) ? 1984:9.

UK, regulation, IVF, ET, surrogacy, law, semen donors, egg donors, parenthood, licensing, research, infertility, ethics, family, legislation, France, commercialisation: UK, regulation, IVF, ET, surrogacy, law, semen donors, egg donors, parenthood, licensing, research, infertility, ethics, family, legislation, France, commercialisation.

This is a brief look at the UK Warnock report and other developments in ART legal issues internationally.

273. MacCormack CP. Ethnography of Fertility and Birth. London, UK: Academic Press Inc.; 1982.

274. MacNaughton C. Aiding and abetting. Nursing Mirror. 1981(January 22):30-31.

DI, couples, medical aspects, ethics, law, male infertility, selection, adoption, psychological, process, screening, oppaternity, consent, interests of child, secrecy, religion, semen donors: DI, couples, medical aspects, ethics, law, male infertility, selection, adoption, psychological, process, screening, oppaternity, consent, interests of child, secrecy, religion, semen donors.

This paper presents a general overview of medical, legal ethical and religious issues in relation to DI. Also looks at selection of couples and screening of donors.

275. MacNaughton MC. Artificial Insemination by Donor. Scottish Medical Journal. 1982;27(27 April):109-10.

DI, couples, medical aspects, couples, consent, screening, semen donors, law, paternity, UK, ethics, secrecy, religion: DI, couples, medical aspects, couples, consent, screening, semen donors, law, paternity, UK, ethics, secrecy, religion.

This is a brief overview of the medical , ethical, legal and religious issues involved in DI.

276. MacNaughton MC. Ethical problems of in vitro fertilization. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1985;78(October):799-800.

IVF, ethics, sexuality, couples, cryopreservation, posthumous, egg donation, embryos, research, UK: IVF, ethics, sexuality, couples, cryopreservation, posthumous, egg donation, embryos, research, UK.

This letter outlines the arguments for and against IVF and embryo research.

277. Mahlstedt PP. The psychological component of infertility. Fertility and Sterility. 1985;443(3):335-46.

infertility case studies, psychosocial, intrapsychic, relationship, stigma, couples, sexuality, counselling, support: infertility case studies, psychosocial, intrapsychic, relationship, stigma, couples, sexuality, counselling, support.

This article looks at the social and psychological aspects infertility, and in particular loss, depression, grief, self esteem and sexuality issues . It discusses relationships between infertile couples and the stigma of infertility and looks at why the psychological components of infertility have been downplayed, and what can doctors can do to help.

278. Manley A, Lin-Fu JS, Miranda M, Noonan A, Parker T. Special health concerns of ethnic minority women.: Department of Health and Social Services (USA); 1985.

279. Mao K, Wood C. Barriers to treatment of infertility by in-vitro fertrilzation and embryos transfer. Medical Journal of Australia. 1984;140(28 April):532-3.

infertility, psychosocial, IVF, ET, couples, economics, Australia, counselling, practice, stress, age, adoption, pregnancy rates, insurance, psychological: infertility, psychosocial, IVF, ET, couples, economics, Australia, counselling, practice, stress, age, adoption, pregnancy rates, insurance, psychological.

This study of couples withdrawing from an IVF programme in Australia finds that the main reasons for couples doing so were the economic costs and psychosocial stresses. Recommends counselling and govt insurance cover of services.

280. Martin DJ. MMPI Profiles of Ovum Transfer Donors and Recipients. Harbor/UCLA Medical Center, California, USA. see notes: Unpublished; 1983.281. Mascola L, Colwell BY, Couch JA. Should Sperm Donors be Screened for Sexually Transmitted Diseases? The New England Journal of Medicine. 1983(October 27):1058.

STDs, DI, semen donors, screening, USA: STDs, DI, semen donors, screening, USA.

This paper outlines the extent of DI use and the incidence of transmission of STDs in relation to this. Argues for screening for these.

282. Mati JKG, Oladapo A, Burkman RT, Magarick RH, Huber D. Reproductive Health in Africa. Proceedings of a symposium on reproductive health in Africa held in Nairobi Kenya, Feb. 1982. Baltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins Program for International Education in Gynecology and Obstetrics; 1984.

283. Mattei JF, LeMarec BE. Genetics aspects of artificial insemination by donor (AID). Indications, surveillance and results. Clinical Genetics. 1982;23:132-8.

DI, medical aspects, screening, child development, France: DI, medical aspects, screening, child development, France.

This study of 2,502 births resulting from DI treatment in France found that only 45 of the offspring had malformations, this being lower than that in the general population. Paper also discusses donor screening.

284. Matthews CDM, Traub AIC-o. Artificial insemination (workshop). Presented at the 11th World Congress on Fertility and Sterility; Dublin, Ireland; 1983.

DI, doctors, family, couples, parenthood, interests of child, lesbian, child development, secrecy, openness, law, counselling, social attitudes, Japan, USA, UK, Australia, semen donors: DI, doctors, family, couples, parenthood, interests of child, lesbian, child development, secrecy, openness, law, counselling, social attitudes, Japan, USA, UK, Australia, semen donors.

This is a summary of a workshop on DI, in which there were presentations made about change in nature of requests for DI, motivations of donors, development of DI offspring, and secrecy/openness issues.

285. Mazor MD, Simons HF. Infertility -- medical, emotional, and social considerations. New York: Human Sciences Press; 1983.

286. Mazzola P, Stangel JJ. Artificial insemination performed by husband. Fertility and Sterility. 1984;41(4):654.

DI, psychosocial, couples, practice, medical aspects, doctors: DI, psychosocial, couples, practice, medical aspects, doctors.

This letter outlines the practice of allowing husbands to inseminate their wives in DI, and describes the experience of the husbands in this and the benefits for them and the couple.

287. McCormack MK, Leiblum S, Lazzarini A. Attitudes Regarding Utilization of Artificial Insemination by Donor in Huntington Disease. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1983;14:5-13.

DI, attitudes, social attitudes, family, age, gender, screening, disability, genetic screening, couples, psychosocial, psychological, male infertility: DI, attitudes, social attitudes, family, age, gender, screening, disability, genetic screening, couples, psychosocial, psychological, male infertility.

This study of the attitudes of people suffering from Huntingon disease to DI, finds differences by age and gender, and differences between the personal willingness to use DI and its suitablility as a way of avoiding Huntington disease. Discusses this in relation to issues of attitudes to maale infertility.

288. McCormick RA. Bioethics in the Public Forum. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly Fund Quarterly/ Health and Society. 1983;61(1):113-26.

policy, ethics, IVF, Catholic, USA: policy, ethics, IVF, Catholic, USA.

This is a discussion of the author's involvement in a USA policy consultation on IVF, and on the role that an ethicist has to play in this situation.

289. McCusker MP. The Subfertile Couple. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 1982(May/ June):157-62.

infertility, couples, psychosocial, treatment, counselling, doctor patient relations, women, men, stigma, social attitudes, sexuality, medical aspects, nurses, doctors, family, male infertility, female infertility, environmental factors, economics, parenthood, Judaism, stress, feminism, psychological, adult development: infertility, couples, psychosocial, treatment, counselling, doctor patient relations, women, men, stigma, social attitudes, sexuality, medical aspects, nurses, doctors, family, male infertility, female infertility, environmental factors, economics, parenthood, Judaism, stress, feminism, psychological, adult development.

This paper discusses how nurses can respond to the needs of couples in the time when they are first trying to achieve pregnancy and are not yet sure of their fertility. It discusses the causes of male and female infertility, the psychosocial and sexual issues for couples, the various ways of determining fertility and the importance of educating couples so that they better understand sexual and fertility.

290. McDonald M. Adoption and AID - Issues and Concerns. Presented at the Adoption and AID - Issues and Concerns. Proceedings of a Seminal. 3rd April 1982; Crown Street Hospital, Sydney; 1982.

adoption, infertility, ethics, religion, Christianity, psychosocial, DI, social workers, process, law, women, couples, offspring, Catholic, Australia, selection, Judaism, history, social attitudes, doctors, cryopreservation, sperm banks, clinics, semen donors, counselling, telling the child , rights, blood bond, family: adoption, infertility, ethics, religion, Christianity, psychosocial, DI, social workers, process, law, women, couples, offspring, Catholic, Australia, selection, Judaism, history, social attitudes, doctors, cryopreservation, sperm banks, clinics, semen donors, counselling, telling the child , rights, blood bond, family.

This collection of papers looks at the ethical, religious, psychosocial, legal and historical aspects of DI and adoption from the perspectives of the couples, assessing social workers, and offspring. It looks at issues of processing infertility, whether offspring should have access to donor identity and the nature of familial bonding.291. McGowan MP, Baker HW, Kovacs GT, Rennie G. Selection of high fertility donors for artificial insemination programmes. Clinical Reproduction and Fertility. 1983;2(4):269-274.

sperm quality, selection, semen donors, pregnancy rates, medical aspects, frozen sperm: sperm quality, selection, semen donors, pregnancy rates, medical aspects, frozen sperm.

Studied outcomes of donations by 177 donors selected for good sperm quality. Compared most fertile 25 with least fertile 25 and found the only significant difference was sperm morphology. Conclude that using more stringent criteria for selection of donors on basis of sperm morphology and discarding donors who do not produce pregnancies within 12 cycles should improve overall pregnancy rates.

292. McGrade JJ, Tolor A. The reaction to infertiity and the infertility investigation: A comparison of the responses of men and women. Infertility. 1981;4(1981):7-27.

gender, men, women, infertility, practice, doctors, psychosocial, stress: gender, men, women, infertility, practice, doctors, psychosocial, stress.

not seen.

293. McGuire M, Alexander NJ. Artificial insemination of single women. Fertility and Sterility. 1985;43(2):182-4.

DI, single women, motherhood, doctors, ethics, family, social attitudes, sex role, fatherhood, economics, class, reproductive rights, child development, psychological, psychosocial, lesbian, sexuality, law, identity, access, homosexuality, gender, stress, medical aspects, pregnancy, social support, USA: DI, single women, motherhood, doctors, ethics, family, social attitudes, sex role, fatherhood, economics, class, reproductive rights, child development, psychological, psychosocial, lesbian, sexuality, law, identity, access, homosexuality, gender, stress, medical aspects, pregnancy, social support, USA.

This paper comprehensive discusses the practice of using DI with lesbian and single women. It looks at the causes of homosexuality and studies about the influence on children of being raised in single mother and lesbian households. Also looks at legal issues in relation to access of women to DI services. Is in favour of access to services by these women.

294. McNab T. Infertility and men: A study of change and adaptive choices in the lives of involuntarily childless men: Fielding Institute, Berkely, California; 1984.

295. McWhinnie A. Analysing Parenting. Presented at the Joint University Council/BASW First Annual Joint Conference. From Research - Into Practice 1985.

parenthood, interests of child, adoption, child development, family, social work, gender, motherhood, fatherhood,: parenthood, interests of child, adoption, child development, family, social work, gender, motherhood, fatherhood,.

This paper reports on a in progress study of families with biological children to work out what parents do with children each day and how this differs by age of children, demographics of parents etc.

296. Medical Research Council. Research related to human fertilisation and embryology. British Medical Journal. 1982;285(20 November):1480.

UK, guidelines, IVF, research, embryos, scientists, ethics, consent, semen donors, egg donors, genetic engineering: UK, guidelines, IVF, research, embryos, scientists, ethics, consent, semen donors, egg donors, genetic engineering.

This paper outlines the guidelines of the UK Medical Research Council into standards of and ethics in relation to IVF and embryo research.

297. Meerabeau L. Infertility under the microscope. Nursing Times. 1985(April 24):20.

infertility, UK, legislation, interests of child, economics, IVF, infertility societies, eugenics, multiple pregnancy, ethics , embryos , research: infertility, UK, legislation, interests of child, economics, IVF, infertility societies, eugenics, multiple pregnancy, ethics , embryos , research.

This paper looks at the plight of the infertile and the impact of a proposed Unborn Child (Protection) Bill in UK parliament on IVF provision.

298. Menning BE. Donor insemination: the psychosocial issues. Contemporary Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1981;18:155-72.

psychosocial, DI, couples, stress, infertility: psychosocial, DI, couples, stress, infertility.

Technology has made it possible for many infertile couples to have children. Technology has not, however, provided the answers to the emotional and psychology problems of those contemplating DI. The author explores the many issues involved.

299. Menning BE. The Psychosocial Impact of Infertility. Nursing Clinics of North America. 1982;17(1):155-63.

psychosocial, infertility, couples, USA, family, infertility societies, process, stress, pregnancy, medical aspects, family, social attitudes, DI, Catholic, secrecy, telling the child: psychosocial, infertility, couples, USA, family, infertility societies, process, stress, pregnancy, medical aspects, family, social attitudes, DI, Catholic, secrecy, telling the child.

This paper looks at the effects of infertility on couples, the process they go through in coming to terms with this and with issues such as miscarriage and DI.

300. Miall CE. Perceptions of informal sanctioning and the stigma of involuntary childlessness. Deviant Behaviour. 1985;6(4):383-403.

social attitudes, infertility, couples, family, stress: social attitudes, infertility, couples, family, stress.

not seen.301. Micioni G, Jeker L, Vita SD, Binachi G, Zeeb M, Campana A. Aspects psychologiques de la demande d'insemination artificielle avec donor. Donnes sur 740 couples (The psychological aspects of the request for AID. A study of 740 couples) In French. J. Gynecol. Obstet. Biol. Reprod. 1985;14:695-702.

couples, psychological, psychosocial, DI, practice, stress, selection: couples, psychological, psychosocial, DI, practice, stress, selection.

This is a study of 740 couples who underwent psychological interviews for DI. Looks at the issues that came up for couples and the importance of the consultaion in terms of evaluating the couple psychologically, and clarifying the needs, doubts and expectations that couples have when they decide to undertake DI.

302. Mikesall S, Falk R. The Utilization of Assessment of Marital Satisfaction and Interpersonal Perceptions with in Vitro Fertilization Couples to Develop Intervention Strategies to Reduce the Psycholgical Impact of the Stress of Infertility. Fertility and Sterility. 1984;41(2):585-95.

stress, couples, IVF, infertility, psychological, practice, sexuality: stress, couples, IVF, infertility, psychological, practice, sexuality.

This study looks at the interaction styles of couples undergoing IVF and identifies the types of couples who are more psychologically vulnerable to the stresses of infertility. Also finds that IVF couples did not differ in general from couples with no children except in the area of sexual dissatisfaction.

303. Miller R, Lefcourt HM. The Assessment of Social Intimacy. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1982;46(2):514-8.

family, methods, psychological, psychosocial, family, social support, stress, couples: family, methods, psychological, psychosocial, family, social support, stress, couples.

This paper describes a scale for measuring social intimacy. Describes levels of social intimacy among married and unmarried respondents. Comments upon effect of social support.

304. Miller WB. Chance, Choice and the Future of Reproduction. American Psychologist. 1983;38(11):1198-1205.

sexuality, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, social attitudes, sex selection, contraception, religion, pregnancy, blood bond, abortion, technolopgy, family, reproductive rights, history, genetic engineering, eugenics: sexuality, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, social attitudes, sex selection, contraception, religion, pregnancy, blood bond, abortion, technolopgy, family, reproductive rights, history, genetic engineering, eugenics.

This article discusses the development of human reproduction and the increasing role of choice in terms of the development of contraception, infertility treatments and genetic screening/selection technologies. Sees the acceptance of these later 'genetic engineering' strategies as becoming accepted in the way that contraceptive based family planning decisions are made now.

305. Milson IB, P. A study of parental attitudes after donor insemination (AID). Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 1982;61:125-128.

attitude, donor insemination, adoption, parents,couples, secrecy, Sweden.: attitude, donor insemination, adoption, parents,couples, secrecy, Sweden.

A questionnaire was anonymously completed by 92 couples returning to obtain a second child by insemination. They were prepared to recomend the method to other couples in the same situation. The majority of the subjects chose not to inform the child, and anyone else about the child's origins. Insemination was preferred to adoption.

306. Missenden RT. A Biblical Ethical Inquiry into Some Problems Relating to Human Engineering. unpublished; 1984.

307. Mission of St James and St John. Comments on the Infertility (Medical procedures) Bill 1984 and Status of Children (Amendment) Bill 1984. In: Nichols AED, ed. unpublished; 1984.

308. Mitchell GD. In vitro fertilisation: the major issues - a comment. Journal of medical ethics. 1983;9:196-9.

IVF, ethics, scientists, doctors, philosophy, family, infertility, surrogacy, egg donation, DI, secrecy, interests of child, paternity, surrogacy, prohibition, rights, commercialisation, single women, lesbian, openness: IVF, ethics, scientists, doctors, philosophy, family, infertility, surrogacy, egg donation, DI, secrecy, interests of child, paternity, surrogacy, prohibition, rights, commercialisation, single women, lesbian, openness.

This paper responds to an earlier paper by P. Singer and D. Wells. It looks at differing philosophical positions and provides arguements against the use of donor gametes based upon the importance of social relations in ethics. It is followed by a response from P. Singer.

309. Mohr J. Is Practical Utilization of New Technological Possibilities Inevitable? Progress in clinical and biological research. 1983;129:319-31.

technology, ethics, DI, eugenics, medical aspects, infertility, couples, cloning, genetic engineering, social attitudes, genetics: technology, ethics, DI, eugenics, medical aspects, infertility, couples, cloning, genetic engineering, social attitudes, genetics.

This paper outlines various medical techniques (including DI) for achieving eugenic ends and argues against the inevitability of new technologies being used in particular ways.

310. Mooney J. A.I.D. New Hope for Childlesss Couples. Cleo; 1981.311. Moore J. Science the Servant. Nursing Times. 1984(August 15):18-19.

UK, law, ethics, doctors, scientists, infertility, assisted reproduction, nurses, couples, interests of the child, selection, surrogacy, IVF, egg donation, licensing, anonymity, embryos, research, genetic engineering, technology: UK, law, ethics, doctors, scientists, infertility, assisted reproduction, nurses, couples, interests of the child, selection, surrogacy, IVF, egg donation, licensing, anonymity, embryos, research, genetic engineering, technology.

This is a summary of the recommendations of the Warnock report and a discussion of them from a nursing perspective.

312. Mosher WD, Pratt WF. Reproductive impairments among married couples, United States: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Health Research, Statistics, and Technology, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland, USA; 1982.

313. Mosher WD. Reproductive impairments in the United States, 1965-1982. Demography. 1985;22:415-29.

infertility, sterilisation, USA, demographics, history, fertility: infertility, sterilisation, USA, demographics, history, fertility.

not seen, interperetations of USA demographic data in relation to infertility. See Mosher 1987, Reading 1991.

314. Mushin D, Spensley J, Barreda-Hanson M. Children of IVF. In: Wood C, Trounson A, eds. Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynecology. London: W. B. Saunders; 1985.

interests of child, IVF, child development, parenthood, psychosocial, psychological, family, sexuality, social attitudes, medical aspects, DI, egg donation, practice: interests of child, IVF, child development, parenthood, psychosocial, psychological, family, sexuality, social attitudes, medical aspects, DI, egg donation, practice.

This paper outlines potential issues in the development of IVF children and their families. It presents preliminary results of a study of such families and finds that there are no developmental problems directly attributable to IVF, although their are a higher no. of low birth weight offspring from IVF and this has been linked to developmental problems. Discusses implication of this study for practice of IVF.

315. Neffe J. In vitro fertilization. Nature. 1985;315(6 June):446.

IVF, law, guidelinies, doctors: IVF, law, guidelinies, doctors.

This piece reports that doctors in Germany think that they should have an input into setting guidelines for IVF and this should not just be left to lawyers and politicians.

316. Neffe J. West German rules proposed. Nature. 1985;318(5 December):401.

Germany, IVF, couples, openness, DI, telling the child, law, research, embryos, cloning, prohibition, doctors: Germany, IVF, couples, openness, DI, telling the child, law, research, embryos, cloning, prohibition, doctors.

This piece reports on the recommendations of a government commission into IVF and embryo research in Germany. Recommends offspring conceived by donor gametes should have access to donor identity at 16, restricts IVF to married couples and is restrictive in its approach to embryo research.

317. Nicholas MK, Tyler JPP. Characteristics, attitudes and personalities of AI donors. Clinical Reproduction and Fertility. 1983;2(1):389-396.

semen donors, attitudes, personality, Australia, payment, altruism, motivation, demographics, recruitment, blood, DI: semen donors, attitudes, personality, Australia, payment, altruism, motivation, demographics, recruitment, blood, DI.

First 50 men recruited assessed for attitudes and characteristics. aimed to compare them with a group of blood donors. Results show that donors are stable and moderately extroverted and from wide range of occupations. Their marital and parental status had no particular relationship to their desire to donate and most did so for altruistic reasons. Most lived close to clinic and preferred to donate during normal working hours. The inconvenience of doanting appeared to be the most important factor in considering new approaches to recruiting semen donors.

318. Norbeck JS, Tilden VP. Life Stress, Social Support, and Emotional Disequilibrium in Complications of Pregnancy: A Prospective, Multivariate Study. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour. 1983;24(March):30-46.

stress, social support, psychoso cial, psychological, pregnancy, women, age, demographics, methods: stress, social support, psychoso cial, psychological, pregnancy, women, age, demographics, methods.

This study of 117 pregnant women found that life stress and social support were related to emotional disequilibrium. Also looks at relationship between these factors and pregnancy complications.

319. Notman MT. Fertility, Infertility and Sexuality. In: Nadelsen CC, Marcotte DB, eds. Treatment Interventions in Human Sexuality. New York: Plenum; 1983.

infertility, sexuality, pregnancy, psychological, women, motivation, stress, medical aspects, motherhood, fatherhood, contraception, abortion, infertility, treatment, doctors, DI, counselling, psychosocial, sterilisation: infertility, sexuality, pregnancy, psychological, women, motivation, stress, medical aspects, motherhood, fatherhood, contraception, abortion, infertility, treatment, doctors, DI, counselling, psychosocial, sterilisation.

This paper looks at female sexuality as it is effected by various aspects of reproduction: contraception, pregnancy, post-pregnancy, infertility and sterilisation. Looks briefly at male role in infertility also.

320. O'Moore AM, O'Moore RR, HArrison RF, Murphy G, Carruthers ME. Psychosomatice Aspects in Idiopathic Infertility: Effects of Treatment with Autogenic Training. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1983;27(2):145-51.

couples, infertility, stress, psychosocial, psychological, gender, pregnancy, medical aspects: couples, infertility, stress, psychosocial, psychological, gender, pregnancy, medical aspects.

This study of couples at an infertility clinic finds that Autogenic Training (stress reduction exercises) did reduce the couples stress levels.321. O'Rourke SM. Family Law in a Brave New World: Private Ordering of Parental Rights and Responsibilities for Donor Insemination. Berkely Women's Law Journal. 1985;1:140-74.

family, law, DI, parents, offspring, single women, legislation, rights, policy, records, secrecy, doctors, interests of child: family, law, DI, parents, offspring, single women, legislation, rights, policy, records, secrecy, doctors, interests of child.

This paper looks at new family forms (single women with DI chidren for e.g.) resulting from DI and other ART's, and particularly at issues of parental responsibility and family privacy. Looks at legislative and policy responses, issues of recrdkeeping and secrecy. Argues for policy to based on the private contracts between parties. Addresses interest of child issues.

322. Olshansky EF, Sammons LN. Artificial Insemination: An Overview. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 1985(Novemeber/December (Supplement)):49-54.

DI, psychological, law, ethics, nurses, lesbian, social attitudes, history, anonymity, cryopreservation, screening, medical aspects, couples, counselling, sexuality, secrecy, paternity, record keeping, telling the child, eugenics, consanguinity, psychosocial: DI, psychological, law, ethics, nurses, lesbian, social attitudes, history, anonymity, cryopreservation, screening, medical aspects, couples, counselling, sexuality, secrecy, paternity, record keeping, telling the child, eugenics, consanguinity, psychosocial.

This paper outlines the medical aspects of DI; and psychological, leagal and ethical concerns in this area. Looks at issues of secrecy, telling the child, record keeping, lesbian access to DI, consanguinity, screening etc. Looks at role of nurses in this area.

323. Overall C. Introduction. The Future of Human Reproduction. In: Overall C, ed. The Future of Human Reproduction. Toronto: The Women's Press; 1984.

Canada, assisted reproduction, contraception, abortion, genetic screening, DI, surrogacy, IVF, pregnancy, embryos, research, feminism, women, motherhood, gender, infertility, family, race, class, commodification, scientists, rights, regulation, lesbian, disability: Canada, assisted reproduction, contraception, abortion, genetic screening, DI, surrogacy, IVF, pregnancy, embryos, research, feminism, women, motherhood, gender, infertility, family, race, class, commodification, scientists, rights, regulation, lesbian, disability.

This introduction to this feminist collection of writings outlines that it is concerned with a wide range of reproductive issues. It also looks at gendered power relations, the role of science, the desire for and commodification of children, racial,class, disability and sexual orientation issues.

324. Owens D. The desire to father: Reproductive ideologies and involuntarily childless men. In: McKee L, O'Brien M, eds. The Father Figure. London: Tavistock Publications; 1982.

fatherhood, men, infertility, social attitudes, family ,stigma, motherhood, couples, rights: fatherhood, men, infertility, social attitudes, family ,stigma, motherhood, couples, rights.

This paper looks at the social context within which infertility and childlessness are viewed. It looks at definitions of fatherhood, the pressure on men to have children, the reasons for wanting children and the way couples respond to the inability to have children.

325. Ozar DT. The Case Against Thawing Unused Frozen Embryos. Hastings Center Report. 1985(August):7-12.

ethics, embryos, cryopreservation, law, Australia, USA, rights, paternity: ethics, embryos, cryopreservation, law, Australia, USA, rights, paternity.

This paper outlines the Rios case in which a wealthy couple died leaving a frozen embryo in an Australian sperm bank. It then outlines the various arguments for and against unfreezing this embryo and looks more generally at USA law and at ethical arguments relating to the status of the embryos, paternity, inheritance etc..

326. Pace-Owens S. In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer. Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Neonatal Nursing. 1985(November/December (Supplement)):44-8.

couples, nurses, IVF, ET, economics, selection, medical aspects, technology, pregnancy, process: couples, nurses, IVF, ET, economics, selection, medical aspects, technology, pregnancy, process.

This paper outlines a programme in which nurses using a computer database assist couples undergoing IVF treatments in regard to understanding the situation and providing information etc.

327. Page E. Donation, Surrogacy and Adoption. Journal of Applied Philosophy. 1985;2(2):161-172.

law, UK, interests of child, couples, surrogates, parenthood, motherhood, fatherhood, embryos, philosophy, ethics, pregnancy, semen donors, egg donors, IVF, DI, egg donation, rights, surrogacy, adoption, legislation, contracts, commodification, commercialisation, regulation: law, UK, interests of child, couples, surrogates, parenthood, motherhood, fatherhood, embryos, philosophy, ethics, pregnancy, semen donors, egg donors, IVF, DI, egg donation, rights, surrogacy, adoption, legislation, contracts, commodification, commercialisation, regulation.

This paper discusses the Warnock commission's approach to various types of surrogacy. It discusses the transferability of parental rights and duties in various situations and argues that a separate system should be established to respond to surrogacy situations rather than leaving surrogacy to be dealt with inappropriately be the adoption regulations.

328. Parker DC. Legal Aspects of Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer. Family Law. 1982;12:103-7.

law, DI, IVF, ET, couples, UK, ethics, paternity, parenthood, interests of child, semen donors, anonymity, secrecy, single women, lesbian, payment, contracts, consent, disability, embryos, matching, doctors, rights, assisted reproduction: law, DI, IVF, ET, couples, UK, ethics, paternity, parenthood, interests of child, semen donors, anonymity, secrecy, single women, lesbian, payment, contracts, consent, disability, embryos, matching, doctors, rights, assisted reproduction.

This paper looks at legal issues in the UK with regard particularly to DI and from the perspective of the couple, doctor, semen donor and offspring. Notes great legal confusion and calls for legislative action. Also notes payment rates of donors.

329. Parker PJ. Motivation of Surrogate Mothers: Initial Findings. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983;140(1):117.

surrogacy, motivation, surrogates, payment, pregnancy, psychological, class, education, religion, abortion: surrogacy, motivation, surrogates, payment, pregnancy, psychological, class, education, religion, abortion.

This study of 125 women applying to be surrogate mothers found that they were motivated by the payment, the desire to be pregnant, and the desire to 'give' a baby. Also discussed is the possible motivation of surrogates wanting to resolve psychological conflict.

330. Parker D. Surrogating Mothering: An Overview. Family Law. 1984:140-4.

law, surrogacy, USA, UK, family, motherhood, contracts, pregnancy, abortion, payment, commercialisaion, adoption, reproductive rights, commodification, legislation, parenthood, fatherhood, lawyers, ethics, rights: law, surrogacy, USA, UK, family, motherhood, contracts, pregnancy, abortion, payment, commercialisaion, adoption, reproductive rights, commodification, legislation, parenthood, fatherhood, lawyers, ethics, rights.

This paper looks at the law concerning surrogacy in the USA and particularly the UK. It discusses the likely outcomes in a variety of situations, looks at the validity of contracts and the issues concerning commercialisation.331. Parker PJ. Surrogate Motherhood, Psychiatric Screening and Informaed Consent, Baby Selling and Public Policy. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law. 1984;12(1):21-39.

surrogacy, surrogates, psychologcial, screening, consent, commodification, policy, couples, matching, ethics, adoption, interests of child, family, law, USA, reproductive rights, prohibition, clinics, payment, legislation, commercialisation: surrogacy, surrogates, psychologcial, screening, consent, commodification, policy, couples, matching, ethics, adoption, interests of child, family, law, USA, reproductive rights, prohibition, clinics, payment, legislation, commercialisation.

This paper looks at the considerations that psychiatrists need to undertake in their role of screening and matching surrogates and couples. Looks at the ethical, legal and policy aspects of this and at concerns around the issues of consent and commercialisation.

332. Pfeffer N, Wollett A. The Experience of Infertility. London??: Virago; 1983.

infertility, couples, women, men, consumers, professionals, organisations, treatment, investigations.: infertility, couples, women, men, consumers, professionals, organisations, treatment, investigations.

The card in the filing system contains a review of the book by Graham Cooper. Book provides firsthand personal accounts of infertility, information about investigations and treatments, explores aspects of miscarriage and still-birth, as well as the effect of infertility on the mother-child relationship when the much wanted child finally arrives. Contains an Appendix of organisations. Reviewer says the book is important in that it draws attention to the fact that fertility investigations and treatments are a male domain, and professionals need to learn to listen to the perspective of patients.

333. Philipp EE, Carruthers GB. Infertility: William Heinemann; 1981.

medical aspects, doctors, health professionals, clinics, practice, assisted reproduction: medical aspects, doctors, health professionals, clinics, practice, assisted reproduction.

A textbook for health professionals dealing with infertility. Draws on Authors experiences in a UK hospital clinic. not seen.

334. Phillips M. A Testing Time. British Medical Association News Review. 1984;6:29.

economics, multiple pregnancy, medical aspects, practice, policy: economics, multiple pregnancy, medical aspects, practice, policy.

not seen, See Mason, 1990. Concerns costs of keeping multiple premature children alive after multiple embryo implantation.

335. Pies C. Considering Parenthood. A Handbook for Lesbians. San Francisco: Spinster Aunt Lute; 1985.

lesbian, oparenthood, DI, social attitudes, women: lesbian, oparenthood, DI, social attitudes, women.

not seen.

336. Pinkerton CR. Artificial Insemination for the Single Woman. The Lancet. 1982(April 24):968.

DI, single women, child development, psychological, parenthood, family, doctors: DI, single women, child development, psychological, parenthood, family, doctors.

This letter questions the comparing of children raised in single parents families which came into being as a result of the death or divorce, with those raised deliberately as a result of DI with single women. Also gives more general discussion of the topic of DI and single women.

337. Pizulli FC. Statement of the Bioethics Commitee of the Los Angeles Conty Bar Association regarding Assembly Bill 3771 (Surrogate Parent Act). unpublished; 1982.

338. Porter NL, Christopher FS. Infertility: Towards An Awareness of a Need Among Family Life Practitioners. Family Relations. 1984;33:309-15.

infertility, family, couples, health professionals, doctors, counselling, stress, treatment, process, female infertility, male infertility, DI, surrogacy, ethics, law, psychosocial, psychological, contracts, IVF, economics, parenthood, infertility societies, education, economics, support groups: infertility, family, couples, health professionals, doctors, counselling, stress, treatment, process, female infertility, male infertility, DI, surrogacy, ethics, law, psychosocial, psychological, contracts, IVF, economics, parenthood, infertility societies, education, economics, support groups.

.

339. Poston DL, Kramer KB, Trent K, Yu M. Estimating Voluntary Childlessness in the Developing Countries. Journal of Biosocial Science. 1983;15:441-52.

infertility, child free, women, class, couples, social attitudes, USA, Bangladesh, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Guyana, Jamaica, Kenya, Korea, Lesotho, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Sri Lanka: infertility, child free, women, class, couples, social attitudes, USA, Bangladesh, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Guyana, Jamaica, Kenya, Korea, Lesotho, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Sri Lanka.

This paper concludes that voluntary infertility in third world countries is very minimal. Provides categories for describing women's attitudes to, and state of childlessness.

340. Powledge T. Unnatural selection: on choosing childen's sex. In: Holmes HB, Hoskins BB, Gross M, eds. The Custom-made Child? Clifton: Humana Press; 1981.

sex selection, eugenics, commodification, couples, offspring: sex selection, eugenics, commodification, couples, offspring.

not seen. Reference in Strickler, 1992.341. Pratt WF, Mosher WD, Bacharach CA, Horn MC. Understanding U.S. fertility: Findings from the National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle III. Population Bulletin. 1984;39:3-40.

infertility, sterilisation, USA, fertility, demographics, USA: infertility, sterilisation, USA, fertility, demographics, USA.

not seen, see Reading 1991, Mosher 1987.

342. Pullen I. Genetic counselling - a contemporary approach. British Journal of Hospital Medicine. 1985;34(December):358-60.

genetics, counselling, medical aspects, process, couples, psychological, sterilisation, DI, genetic screening, IVF, ET: genetics, counselling, medical aspects, process, couples, psychological, sterilisation, DI, genetic screening, IVF, ET.

This paper outlines the role of genetic counsellors, and the positives and negatives associated with the range of options available to couples who are likely to pass on hereditary conditions.

343. Quigly MM, Andrews LB. Human in vitro fertilization and the law. Fertility and Sterility. 1984;42:348.

law, IVF, legislation, couples, interests of child, doctors: law, IVF, legislation, couples, interests of child, doctors.

not seen, See Mason, 1990.

344. Ratnam SS, Chye NS. The Ethics of Medical Progress: In-Vitro Fertilisation - The Singapore Experience. Presented at the Silver Jubilee Singapore Medical Assoication National Medical Convention 1985; Singapore; 1985.

IVF, Singapore, ethics, commercialisation, pregnancy rates, doctors, religion, embryos, cryopreservation, media: IVF, Singapore, ethics, commercialisation, pregnancy rates, doctors, religion, embryos, cryopreservation, media.

This paper reports on the attitudes of medical students and subfertile patients to the ethical acceptability of IVF. Approximately three quarters of both groups did not consider IVF ethically wrong.

345. Rawson G. Human artificial insemination by donor and the Australian community. Clinical Reproduction and Fertility. 1985;3:1-19.

DI, Australia, single women, social attitudes,: DI, Australia, single women, social attitudes,.

.

346. Reading AE. Psychological Preparation for Surgery: Patient Recall of Information. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1981;25:57-62.

women, psychological, methods, counselling, practice, doctor patient relations: women, psychological, methods, counselling, practice, doctor patient relations.

This study of women undergoing minor gynaecological operations found that they were able to recall information presnted to them between 30 minutes and three hours earlier. Recal was greater with male interviewers. Discusses this in relation to patient preparation issues.

347. Reading AE, Sledmere CM, Cox DN. A Survey of Patient Attitudes Towards Artificial Insemination by Donor. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1982;26(4):429-33.

DI, psychological, stress, counselling, women: DI, psychological, stress, counselling, women.

This study of 58 women attending a DI clinic looks at their psychological profiles before treatment and 6 months later. It found no overall trends in anxiety and no differences between women who continued the programme and those who did not. It found that the women had a somewhat conforming personality type. It also questioned the women about improvements that could be made in the treatment process and received replies about procedural matters and about the desirability of counselling.

348. Regnier F, Rouzioux J. Contemporary aspects of medical ethics in France. Journal of medical ethics. 1983;9:170-4.

France, DI, ethics, abortion, contraception, doctors, technology, social attitudesCatholic, law, legislation, consent, payment, psychosocial, guidelines, history, practice: France, DI, ethics, abortion, contraception, doctors, technology, social attitudesCatholic, law, legislation, consent, payment, psychosocial, guidelines, history, practice.

This paper looks at the historical and social contributions to the current status of doctors in France and the way in which this engenders conflict when doctors have to make decisions in the areas of abortion and contraception; DI; the right to commit suicide; and drug trails on healthy people. Addresses the issues surrounding codes of practice for doctors.

349. Reidy M. Ethical Issues in Reproductive Medicine. Dublin: Gill and McMillan; 1982.

350. Renvoize J. Going Solo. Single Mothers by Choice. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; 1985.

single women, feminism, family, gender, lesbian, motherhood, fatherhood, identity, child development, DI, rights, interests of child, social attitudes: single women, feminism, family, gender, lesbian, motherhood, fatherhood, identity, child development, DI, rights, interests of child, social attitudes.

This book is about the increase in the numbers of women choosing to be single mothers. It looks at this in relation to feminism, and men and biology and the rights of men. It looks at the reasons given by these women and the state of the family. It looks at how to get pregnant including DI. It looks at the practical problems of single parenthood, and the effects of single motherhood on children and the questions they ask.351. Ridgeway V, Mathews A. Psychological preparation for surgery : A comparison of methods. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1982;21:271-80.

stress, docotors, medical aspects, psychosocial, psychological, counselling: stress, docotors, medical aspects, psychosocial, psychological, counselling.

not seen , see Reading 1991.

352. Robertson JA. Procreative Liberty and the Control of Conception, Pregnancy, and the Childbirth. Virginia Law Review. 1983;69(3):405-64.

abortion, adoption, adult development, assisted reproduction, birth, blood bond, child free, contraception, couples, doctors, economics, egg donors, ethics, eugenics, family, feminism, genetic engineering, genetic screening, infertility, interests of child, law, motivation, parenthood, pregnancy, prohibition, psychological, regulation, reproductive rights, rights, scientists, selection, semen donors, sex roles, single men, single women, social attitudes, sterilisation, stress, surrogacy, technology, women, USA: abortion, adoption, adult development, assisted reproduction, birth, blood bond, child free, contraception, couples, doctors, economics, egg donors, ethics, eugenics, family, feminism, genetic engineering, genetic screening, infertility, interests of child, law, motivation, parenthood, pregnancy, prohibition, psychological, regulation, reproductive rights, rights, scientists, selection, semen donors, sex roles, single men, single women, social attitudes, sterilisation, stress, surrogacy, technology, women, USA.

This paper discusses reproductive rights, in regard to USA law. It looks at this in relation to conception, pregnancy, childbearing and child rearing for both couples and single people. Looks at the right to use assisted reproduction in various situations.

353. Robertson JA. Surrogate Mothers: Not So Novel After All. Hastings Center Report. 1983(October):28-34.

surrogacy, surrogates, adoption, rights, couples, payment, contracts, interests of child, family, identity, blood bond, DI, egg donatrion, doctors, ethics, policy, regulation, law, prohibition: surrogacy, surrogates, adoption, rights, couples, payment, contracts, interests of child, family, identity, blood bond, DI, egg donatrion, doctors, ethics, policy, regulation, law, prohibition.

This piece outlines the benefits and problems of surrogacy, gives guidelines for doctors, discusses issues of genetic continuity the interest of the child, payment etc. Contends that with surrogacy it is not a question of whether it should be done but how it should be done.

354. Robinson S, Pizer HF. Having a Baby Without a Man. The Woman's Guide to Alternative Insemination. New York: Fireside; 1985.

DI, women, reproductive rights, pregnancy, medical aspects, genetic screening, semen donors, known donors, payment, history, cryopreservation, screening, family, HIV, sperm banks, doctors, drugs, sex selection, psychosocial, single women, lesbian, parenthood, law, religion, education, motherhood, parenthood: DI, women, reproductive rights, pregnancy, medical aspects, genetic screening, semen donors, known donors, payment, history, cryopreservation, screening, family, HIV, sperm banks, doctors, drugs, sex selection, psychosocial, single women, lesbian, parenthood, law, religion, education, motherhood, parenthood.

This book looks at many concerns which arise when women utilise DI without a male partner. It describes the female repoductive system and how to go about DI, the choosing and screening of donors, sex selection, and psychological, psychosocial, legal etc. issues. Also discusses issues of payment, known and anonymous donors and the decision to parent.

355. Rodgers J. Life on the cutting edge. Psychology Today. 1984(October):58-67.

organ donation, psychosocial, couples: organ donation, psychosocial, couples.

A discussion of the psychosocial difficulties associated with organ donation.

356. Rose S, Lewontin RC, Kamin LJ. Sociobiology: The Total Synthesis. Not In Our Genes: Penguin; 1984.

ethics, scientists, history, culture, social attitudes, gender, religion, adoption, sexuality: ethics, scientists, history, culture, social attitudes, gender, religion, adoption, sexuality.

This chapter gives a critical description of sociobiology and its development as a scientific discipline.

357. Rosenkvist H. Donor insemination. A prospective socio-psychiatric investigation of 48 couples. Danish Medical Bulletin. 1981;28(4):133-148.

DI, psychosocial, Denmark, couples, counselling, doctors, stress, gende, psychologicalr: DI, psychosocial, Denmark, couples, counselling, doctors, stress, gende, psychologicalr.

This article presents an overview of various aspects of DI internationally, noting that it tends to have positive psychosocial consequences for those involved. It then presents the results of a study on 48 Danish couples which looks at their psychological make-up and the success of DI in relation to this. Women were found to be more emotional than men and to come under more resultant stress. It recommends that counselling be made available to couples prior to their starting DI treatment.

358. Rousseau S, Lord J, Lepage Y, Campenhout JV. The expectancy of pregnancy for "normal" infertile couples. Fertility and Sterility. 1983;40(6):768-72.

infertility, couples, doctors, treatment, assisted reproduction, pregnancy rates: infertility, couples, doctors, treatment, assisted reproduction, pregnancy rates.

This study found that thee was a 65% cumulative pregnancy rate for couples with unexplained infertility. It promotes certain treatment procedures and cautions against the use of ARTs when the probability of success without these is so high.

359. Rowland R. The Complexity of Psychological Issues Involved in Artificial Insemination by Donor. unpublished; 1983.

360. Rowland R. A Child at any Price? An Overview of Issues in the Use of the New Reproductive Technologies and the Threat to Women. Women's Studies International Forum. 1983;8(6):539-46.

women, assisted reproduction,: women, assisted reproduction,.

not seen, see Mendelsohn.361. Rowland R, Ruffin C. Community attitudes to artificial insemination by husband or donor, in vitro fertilisation and adoption. Clinical Reproduction and Fertility. 1983;2:195-206.

DI, IVF, donated gametes, adoption, social attitudes, Australia: DI, IVF, donated gametes, adoption, social attitudes, Australia.

entry not complete.

362. Rowland R. Attitudes and opinions of donors on an artificial insemination by donor (AID) programme. Clinical Reproduction and Fertility. 1984;2(4):249-59.

attitudes, semen donors, motivation, demographics, information, offspring, payment, tracing, secrecy, anonymity, Australia: attitudes, semen donors, motivation, demographics, information, offspring, payment, tracing, secrecy, anonymity, Australia.

Presents data from a study of 67 donors at Queen Victoria Hospital, Melbourne. Questionnaires and structured interviews. Data reveal some stereotypes about semen donors not valid; they do not donate primarily for monetary reasons and they are not only medical students. Majority would not object if information about them, apart from their name, were given to the couple for the child, and over half would not mind meeting the child at the age of 18. Argues that legislation would need to take into account donors' viewpoints, and that a system could be designed to accommodate all the varied needs of couples, donors, and offspring.

363. Rowland R. The social and psychological consequences of secrecy in artificial insemination by donor (AID) programmes. Social Science and Medicine. 1985;21:391-396.

secrecy, offspring, infantalising, psychosocial, DI, policy, practice, recipients, semen donors, Australia, adoption, rights: secrecy, offspring, infantalising, psychosocial, DI, policy, practice, recipients, semen donors, Australia, adoption, rights.

This article looks at the reasons for secrecy in DI, and makes comparisons between DI and adoption with regard to this issue. The results of a study of 67 donors and 93 couples at an Australian clinic are presented. It is found that donors are divided over the importance of secrecy. Conclusion is that arguments for secrecy have often not taken into account the opinions of donors and recipents as participants.

364. Rowland R. A Child at Any Price? An overview of issues in the use of the new reproductive technologies. Women Studies International Forum. 1985;8(6):539-46.

infertility, women, doctors, medical aspects, medicalisation, IVF, poverty, rights, feminism, technology, social attitudes, assisted reproduction, cloning, sex selection, eugenics, genetic engineering, ethics, parenthood, pregnancy rates, economics, commodification, identity, psychological, family, abortion, contraception, class: infertility, women, doctors, medical aspects, medicalisation, IVF, poverty, rights, feminism, technology, social attitudes, assisted reproduction, cloning, sex selection, eugenics, genetic engineering, ethics, parenthood, pregnancy rates, economics, commodification, identity, psychological, family, abortion, contraception, class.

This paper critisises various developments in ARTs and genetic engineering as being oppressive of women, and controlled by medics and technocrats who are interested in financial gains and eugenic control. Spells out the dangers of various biotechnological advances including, ectogenesis, male pregnancies, cloning, IVF, sex selection.

365. Rowley PT. Genetic Screening: Marvel or Menace? Science. 1984;225(July):138-44.

genetic screening, ethics, eugenics, medical aspects, psychological, genetics, DI, screening, counselling, openness, education, USA, race, law, doctors, scientists, prevention, policy: genetic screening, ethics, eugenics, medical aspects, psychological, genetics, DI, screening, counselling, openness, education, USA, race, law, doctors, scientists, prevention, policy.

This paper discusses genetic screening of embryos, babies and adults in various contexts, and discusses the psychological medical and social consequences of these. Notes the recommendations of a USA Commission on the subject and makes its own policy recommendations.

366. Royal College of Nursing. The unborn generations - humanity or convenience? Nursing Mirror. 1983(June 1):23-9.

ethics, nurses, scientists, technology, IVF, prevention, genetic screening, sex selection, eugenics, medical aspects, consent, couples, Catholic, cryopreservation, surrogacy, single women, economics, embryos, research, scientists, sperm banks, family, sociasl attitudes, policy, psycholgical, women, men, regulation, parenthood, paternity, motherhood, lesbian, law, commodification: ethics, nurses, scientists, technology, IVF, prevention, genetic screening, sex selection, eugenics, medical aspects, consent, couples, Catholic, cryopreservation, surrogacy, single women, economics, embryos, research, scientists, sperm banks, family, sociasl attitudes, policy, psycholgical, women, men, regulation, parenthood, paternity, motherhood, lesbian, law, commodification.

This is the tethics section of the Royal Colleg e of Nursing's report on ethics to the Warnock Committee. It discusses various social, psychological, legal and ethical aspects of IVF, DI, cryopreservation, surrogacy etc. (and places thes in a useful chart format). Also raises questions about the wider implications of such practices for the nature of the family and the way we perceive human life.

367. Rozovsky LE, Rozovsky FA. Human Fertility Controls in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 1982;73(May/June):158-9.

Canada, policy, DI, IVF, assisted reproduction, law, regulation, doctors, legislation, consent, paternity: Canada, policy, DI, IVF, assisted reproduction, law, regulation, doctors, legislation, consent, paternity.

This piece is a discussion of the potential legal difficulties with ARTs and a discussion of the various regulatory and legislative options for controlling ARTs in a Canadian context.

368. Rubin S. Letter to Editor. School paper of Louisiana State University - Northridge. 1981(September).

DI, offspring, semen donors, advertising, doctors, law, policy, parenthood, adoption, ethics, psychological, psychosocial: DI, offspring, semen donors, advertising, doctors, law, policy, parenthood, adoption, ethics, psychological, psychosocial.

This letter relates the experiences of the author upon her discovery of her DI conception, and her objection to DI in general and to advertising for donors in particular. It seeks to persuade potential donors and DI couples not to think about the long term consequences of DI and not involve themselves in the procedure.

369. Rubin S. A Spermdonor Baby Grows Up. In: Zimmerman J, ed. The Technological Woman: Interfacing with Tomorrow. New York: Praeger; 1983.

semen donors, offspring, anonymity, telling the child, secrecy, regulation, sperm banks, payment, family, law: semen donors, offspring, anonymity, telling the child, secrecy, regulation, sperm banks, payment, family, law.

This article is the account by a DI offspring, of what she thinks about DI practice, and how she feels about being the product of DI. She is disapproving of her inability to gain access to her biological father, the law which allows this , her parents for witholding the information from her for thirty years and DI as a practice as such.

370. Samuels A. Artificial Insemination and Genetic Engineering: The legal problems. Medical Science and Law. 1982;22(4):261-8.

law, DI, couples, adoption, genetic engineering, consent, siecrecy, anonymity, records, drugs, egg donation, ET, surrogacy, IVF, cryopreservation, research, disability, rights, reproductive rights, eugenics, UK: law, DI, couples, adoption, genetic engineering, consent, siecrecy, anonymity, records, drugs, egg donation, ET, surrogacy, IVF, cryopreservation, research, disability, rights, reproductive rights, eugenics, UK.

This paper discusses the arguments for and against DI, and the legal issues in this area for couples, doctors, the donor and the offspring. It also discusses other forms of assisted reproduction and in a UK context. Makes recommendationsfor legal changes in this area.371. Sandberg EC. Only an attitude away: The potential of reproductive surrogacy. Presented at the Fity-fith Annual Meeting of the Pacific Coast Obstetical and Gynecological Society; Honolulu, Hawaii, USA; 1984.

surrogacy, doctors, DI, medical aspects, surrogates, pregnancy, female infertility, women, contracts, commodification, commercialisation, law, known surrogates, poverty, class, motherhood, psychosocial, sexuality, parenthood, social attitudes: surrogacy, doctors, DI, medical aspects, surrogates, pregnancy, female infertility, women, contracts, commodification, commercialisation, law, known surrogates, poverty, class, motherhood, psychosocial, sexuality, parenthood, social attitudes.

This paper extols the benefits of surrogacy and other ARTs noting and arguing against the objections which are raised to. Author is coming from a perspective which emphasises the biological nature of relationships and the paramouncy of technological determinism.

372. Sarrell PM, DeCherney AH. Psychotherapeutic Intervention for Treatment of Couples with Secondary Infertiity. Fertility and Sterility. 1985;37:137-45.

counselling, couples, doctors, infertility, psychological, psychosocial: counselling, couples, doctors, infertility, psychological, psychosocial.

not seen.

373. Scarlett BF, Singer P, Kuhse H. The moral status of embryos. Journal of medical ethics. 1984;2:79-81.

ethics, embryos, IVF, pregnancy: ethics, embryos, IVF, pregnancy.

This criticism of a paper by Singer and Kuhse and their response to this criticism discuss the moral status of embryos and particularly in relation to the disposal of 'excess' embryos.

374. Schenker JG. Jewish and Moslem Aspects of in Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1985;442:601-7.

Judaism, Islam, IVF, ET, technology, ethics, law, religion, family, infertility, DI, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, egg donation, embryo donation, Christianity, surrogacy, egg donors, surrogates, research: Judaism, Islam, IVF, ET, technology, ethics, law, religion, family, infertility, DI, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, egg donation, embryo donation, Christianity, surrogacy, egg donors, surrogates, research.

This paper outlines the Jewish and Moslem approaches to IVF, ET, egg donation, embryo donation, surrogacy and embryo research.

375. Schild S, Black RB. Social Work and Genetics. A Guide to Practice. Monographic Supplement No.1 to Social Work in Health Care (a journal). New York: The Haworth Press, Inc.; 1984.

376. Schwartz GE. Testing the Biopsychosocial Model: The Ultimate Challenge Facing Behavioral Medicine? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1982;50(6):1040-1053.

medical aspects, systems theory, psychosocial, psychological, doctors: medical aspects, systems theory, psychosocial, psychological, doctors.

This article suggests that medicine is moving from a single-category single-cause single-effect model to one which recognises multiple interactions in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. It calls this new approach the biopsychosocial model which it sees as being based on systems theory. It looks at the philosophy of science and the relation of existing disciplines to this new development.

377. Scott R. Legal Issues in IVF. Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1985;12(4):893-910.

law, IVF, embryos, history, couples, infertility, scientists, cryopreservation, social attitudes, interests of child, family, rights, assisted reproduction, legislation, research, policy, doctors, commercialisation, anonymity, openness, screening, France, USA, Canada, UK, Israel, Australia, egg donation: law, IVF, embryos, history, couples, infertility, scientists, cryopreservation, social attitudes, interests of child, family, rights, assisted reproduction, legislation, research, policy, doctors, commercialisation, anonymity, openness, screening, France, USA, Canada, UK, Israel, Australia, egg donation.

This paper outlines the legislation regarding IVF, embryo research and related procedures in a variety of Western countries. It also outlines the range of social, medical and policy areas that effective legislation should attempt to address.

378. Scott R. The Relationship Between Law and Medicine (Regulating Artificial Conception). Presented at the Fourth World Conference onIn-Vitro Fertilization; Melbourne; 1985.

law, assisted reproduction, embryos, social attitudes, scientists, research, legislation, Australia, IVF, regulation, records, DI, anonymity, rights openness, surrogacy: law, assisted reproduction, embryos, social attitudes, scientists, research, legislation, Australia, IVF, regulation, records, DI, anonymity, rights openness, surrogacy.

This paper looks at the history of the development of legislation in Australia in relation to ARTs and embryo research.

379. Seibel MM, Taymor ML. Emotional aspects of infertility. Fertility and Sterility. 1982;37(2):137-145.

infertility, psychological, sexual, psychosocial, methods, medical aspects, counselling, adoption, gender: infertility, psychological, sexual, psychosocial, methods, medical aspects, counselling, adoption, gender.

This article discusses those causes of infertility which are linked to the emotional state of the couples. These causes 18 years ago were seen to account for 40-50% of infertility. Now they are seen to account for less than 5% of such cases. This article reviews the literature in this area in relation to: psychological factors for men and women, psychosexual function, autonomic control of the reproductive tract, and psychoneuroendocrinology. It also discusses counselling, habitual abortion and adoption.

380. Sellar J. Surrogacy ban by Victoria state. Nature. 1984;311(27 September):288.

Australia, surrogacy, legislation, cryopreservation, IVF, embryos, research, commercialisation: Australia, surrogacy, legislation, cryopreservation, IVF, embryos, research, commercialisation.

This piece reports on the contents of the intended legislation which is to follow the Waller report in Victoria, Australia.381. Sellar J. In vitro fertilization law too late. Nature. 1984;309(10 May):105.

IVF, law, legislation, ethics, assisted reproduction, cryopreservation, Australia: IVF, law, legislation, ethics, assisted reproduction, cryopreservation, Australia.

This piece reports surrounding the introduction of the Infertility (Medical Procedures) Bill in Victoria, Australia.

382. Shapiro CH. The Impact of Infertility on the Marital Relationship. Social Casework. 1982(September):387-393.

psychosocial, infertility crisis, social workers, stress, counselling, grief,: psychosocial, infertility crisis, social workers, stress, counselling, grief,.

This article looks at infertility as a point of crisis and as a mourning process. It describes the mourning process utilising Kubler-Ross's time-line and addresses how social workers can respond at different points in this process. It also presents advice on appropriate counselling approaches.

383. Shardlow S. Birth rights and wrongs. Social Work Today. 1985(14 January):14-16.

social workers, assisted reproduction, UK, infertility, couples, counselling, DI, IVF, egg donation, embryos, doctors, regulation, clinics, practice, semen donors, matching: social workers, assisted reproduction, UK, infertility, couples, counselling, DI, IVF, egg donation, embryos, doctors, regulation, clinics, practice, semen donors, matching.

This piece critisises the Warnock report for not including greater mention of social work and counselling. It outlines the importance of these activities in working with couples in ART situations and discusses various ways in which social workers could be involved in the clinic practices.

384. Sharron H. MediaWatch. Social Work Today. 1985(25 February):12.

media, ethics, family, abortion, surrogacy, embryos, research, couples, UK, feminism, religion, Christianity, adoption: media, ethics, family, abortion, surrogacy, embryos, research, couples, UK, feminism, religion, Christianity, adoption.

This piece looks at the media coverage of the the Warnock report, abortion and overseas adoption issues in the UK media.

385. Shea MC. Embryonic life and human life. Journal of Medical Ethics. 1985;11:205-9.

IVF, embryos, assisted reproduction, philosophy, prohibition, ethics, research, abortion, sex selection, genetic screening, UK, disability: IVF, embryos, assisted reproduction, philosophy, prohibition, ethics, research, abortion, sex selection, genetic screening, UK, disability.

This paper argues that an embryo should be treated only as human being when its component elements come to act together as an organism. It contends that embryos prior to this point are at a transitional stage between human and non-human and that they can be used for experimentation but only in certain circumstances.

386. Shifman P, Shain M. First Encounter of Israeli Law with Artificial Insemination. Israel Law Review. 1981;16(2):250-9.

DI, Israel, Judaism, paternity, law, regulation, sperm banks, clinics, records, licensing, anonymous, doctors, practice, consent, semen donors, couples, screening: DI, Israel, Judaism, paternity, law, regulation, sperm banks, clinics, records, licensing, anonymous, doctors, practice, consent, semen donors, couples, screening.

This paper discusses the legal and religious situation regarding DI in Israel and makes suggestions with regard regulating this area. The second half of the paper is a series of directives to clinics and doctors about operating a sperm bank and DI clinic from the Director General of the Ministry of Health. These discuss consent, anonymity, screening and general practice issues.

387. Shrednick A. Emotional Support Prgrams for in Vitro Fertilization. Fertility and Sterility. 1983;40(5):704.

psychosocial, IVF, ET, couples, social support, support groups: psychosocial, IVF, ET, couples, social support, support groups.

This piece recommends the formation of support groups for infertile couples to help them through the stress of infertility and its treatment.

388. Simon JA. Psychological Evaluation of Ovum Transfer and Other Reproductive Technology Participants: Medical Aspects. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center: Unpublished; 1984?

389. Singer PW, Deane. In Vitro Fertilisation: The Major Issues. Journal of Medical Ethics. 1983;9:192-5.

IVF, adoption, eggs, embryo, moral status of embryo, surrogate motherhood, alocattion of funding.: IVF, adoption, eggs, embryo, moral status of embryo, surrogate motherhood, alocattion of funding.

The authors discusses issues relating to IVF, such as funding priorities, naturalness of IVF, the use and storage of fertilised eggs, and surrogate motherhood. In their opinion IVF is an ethically justifiable method of assisting infertile couples, considering allocation of funds, teological points of view on the matter, moral aspects of surrogate motherhood and access to IVF. They also state that IVF is similar to adoption in many aspects.

390. Singer P. In vitro fertilisation and moral equivalence. Journal of medical ethics. 1984;2:101-3.

IVF, ethics, embryos, research, abortion: IVF, ethics, embryos, research, abortion.

Thi letter discusses the implications of sentience and self-awareness for issues of research on and the termination of embryos.391. Singer P, Wells D. The Reproduction Revolution: New Ways of Making Babies. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1984.

assisted reproduction, ethics, IVF, surrogacy, genetic engineering, regulation, legislation: assisted reproduction, ethics, IVF, surrogacy, genetic engineering, regulation, legislation.

This book outlines the various new ART's and associated developments concerning genetic engineering and their implications. It provides guidelines on how to appoach these issues.

392. Singer P, Holmes HB. Making Laws on Making Babies/ And in the Netherlands, Guidelines for IVF. Hastings Center Report. 1985(August):5-6.

law, ethics, Australia, IVF, embryos, research, legislation, couples, egg donation, DI, payment, prohibition, cryopreservation, consent, commercialisation, prevention: law, ethics, Australia, IVF, embryos, research, legislation, couples, egg donation, DI, payment, prohibition, cryopreservation, consent, commercialisation, prevention.

These two pieces outline the situation with regarding, respectively the Victorian Infertility (Medical Procedures) Act (1984), and the report of a governmental advisory board in the Netherlands. Both, besides describing general overviews of these developments, particularly discuss the composition of committees concerned with overseeing these matters.

393. Singer P. The Ethics of the Reproduction Revolution. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1985;442:588-94.

ethics, IVF, interest of child, adoption, economics, assisted reproduction: ethics, IVF, interest of child, adoption, economics, assisted reproduction.

This is a discussion of the ethics of ARTs and in particular of IVF.

394. Singh JR, Neki JS. Psychogenic factors in some genetic and non-genetic forms of infertility. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1982;20:119-23.

psychological, male infertilility, female infertility, couples, India, stress: psychological, male infertilility, female infertility, couples, India, stress.

This study of fertile couples and infertile couples with genetic and non-genetic forms of infertility finds no differences between them which indicate that psychological disturbances cause infertility rather than being a result of it.

395. Slade P. Sexual Attitudes and Social Role Orientations in Infertile Women. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1981;25(3):183-6.

infertility, women, psychological, sex role, sexuality: infertility, women, psychological, sex role, sexuality.

This study of women who were infertile for non-medical reasons, and a control group of fertile women found that the infertile women felt more guilty about and generally had a more negative attitude to sexuality than did the fertile women. Attitudes to sex role are also discussed.

396. Small EC, Turksoy RN. A View of Artificial Insemiantion. Adv. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1985;12:105-23.

DI, IVF, USA, history, religion, Catholic, Judaism, treatment, couples, psychologcial, lesbian , single women, consent, screening, interests of child, surrogacy, ET: DI, IVF, USA, history, religion, Catholic, Judaism, treatment, couples, psychologcial, lesbian , single women, consent, screening, interests of child, surrogacy, ET.

This paper looks at DI from legal, religious, psychological and medical perspectives. Describes the screening of donors and discusses the impact of DI on the offspring. Has an addendum on surrogacy, IVF and ET.

397. Smith PK. Ethics and in-vitro fertilisation. British Medical Journal. 1982;284(May 1):1287.

ethics, IVF, Catholic, religion, consent, embryos, payment, economics, couples, stress, disability, law, interests of the child: ethics, IVF, Catholic, religion, consent, embryos, payment, economics, couples, stress, disability, law, interests of the child.

This piece argues for the acceptance of IVF and crticises the approach of the Catholic church and religions in general. Also looks at the needs of couples, the rights of embryos, and various legal and economic concerns.

398. Smith GP. The Razor's Edge of Human Bonding: Artificial Fathers and Surrogate Mothers. Western New England Law Review. 1983;5:639-62.

USA, law, DI, fatherhood, motherhood, surrogacy, infertility, legislation, anonymity, openness, secrecy, doctors, adoption, regulaiton, motivation, surrogates, payment, policy, paternity, pregnancy, contracts, couples, commercialisation, parenthood: USA, law, DI, fatherhood, motherhood, surrogacy, infertility, legislation, anonymity, openness, secrecy, doctors, adoption, regulaiton, motivation, surrogates, payment, policy, paternity, pregnancy, contracts, couples, commercialisation, parenthood.

This is a general discussion of law and legislation in the USA as it relates to DI and surrogacy.

399. Snowden R, Mitchell GD. The Artificial Family. A Consideration of Artificial Insemination by Donor. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd; 1981.

DI, psychosocial, couples, family, semen donors, secrecy, adoption, marriage, law, semen donors, lesbian, single women: DI, psychosocial, couples, family, semen donors, secrecy, adoption, marriage, law, semen donors, lesbian, single women.

This book concentrates on the political and social implications of DI and presents the results of studying over 1000 DI situations. It looks at the roles of the various participants the legal situation and addresses issues of secrecy and DI being used with single women and lesbians.

400. Snowden R, Mitchell GD, Snowden EM. Artificial Reproduction: A Social Investigation. London: George Allen and Unwin; 1983.

family, DI, stress, sexuality, social attitudes, assisted reproduction, parenthood, regulation, couples: family, DI, stress, sexuality, social attitudes, assisted reproduction, parenthood, regulation, couples.

This book looks at the social implications of assisted reproduction concentrating on DI. It presents the results of a study of DI families and addresses such issues as sexuality, stress and secrecy. It concludes by making recommendations about regulation in this area.401. Soane B. Book Review : The Artificial Family. Journal of Biosocial Science. 1982;14(1):125-126.

donor insemination, children, family.: donor insemination, children, family.

Soane describes the most important aspects of the book, as being the questions it raises concerning DI, legitimacy of children born through this technique, and family relationships.

402. Somerville MA. Birth Techonology, Parenting and "Deviance". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 1982;5:123-53.

children, deviance, deviant parents, assisted reproduction, rights.: children, deviance, deviant parents, assisted reproduction, rights.

Issues of who should reproduce and who should be given the custody of children are discussed, considering single, homosexual, transexual, lesbian, mentally retarded, or mentally ill parents as falling whithin the definition of deviance. Social inhibition of reproduction are also approached, together with rights to reproduce, including the use of reproductive technologies, in which she points out violations of rights of these people labelled as deviant. Rights of the child are also discussed.

403. Speirs J. In the Beginning. Social Work Today. 1982;14(15):14.

Warnock Report, IVF, embryo transfer, AID, embryo, social worker, counselling.: Warnock Report, IVF, embryo transfer, AID, embryo, social worker, counselling.

The paper reports the goverment inquiry (Warnock Report) and questions the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of social workers towards IVF, embryo transfer, AID, anonymity of donor and secretiveness of information about the child's origins. It also considers counselling as a relevant aspect aspects of social work in these matters.

404. Stanway A. Infertility. A Common-Sense Guide for the Childless. Wellingborough, UK: Thorsons; 1984.

infertility, couples, social attitudes, medical aspects, female infertility, male infertility, DI, psychological, psychosocial, IVF, adoption, child free: infertility, couples, social attitudes, medical aspects, female infertility, male infertility, DI, psychological, psychosocial, IVF, adoption, child free.

This book has a medical bias, describing the causes and treatments for infertility, the emotional impact of infertility on the couple and options such adoption and living child free.

405. Steinberger E, Rodriguez-Rigau LJ, Smith KD. The Infertile Couple: A Quantitative Approach to the Evaluation of Each Partner. In: Insler V, Bettendorf G, eds. Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility. New York: Elsevier/North-Holland; 1981.

infertility, couples, doctors, medical aspects, practice: infertility, couples, doctors, medical aspects, practice.

This medical paper presents evidence to demonstrate the importance of assessing infertile couples as a unit rather than separately.

406. Steptoe PE, Robert. Pregnancy in an Infertile Patient After Transfer of an Embryo Fertilised in Vitro: British Medical Journal; 1983.

407. Steptoe P. Historical Aspects of IVF. Annals , New York Academy of Sciences. 1985;442:573-576.

IVF, embryo transfer, ethics: IVF, embryo transfer, ethics.

The paper describes the beginning ofthe authors work in the use of IVF and embryo transfer applied to human subjects, its limitations, ethical problems and the influence of the publicity on their work.

408. Stewart CR, Daniels KR, Boulnois JDH. The development of a psychosocial approach to artificial insemination of donor sperm. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1982;95(December 8):853-6.

Psychosocial, Couples, Assessment, Selection, Counselling, Multidisciplinary teams, Biology,: Psychosocial, Couples, Assessment, Selection, Counselling, Multidisciplinary teams, Biology,.

This paper emerges from the experiences of the author as a member of a multidisciplinary team operating in a hospital based obstetrics and gynaecology unit. This team was trying to develop a model within which the psychosocial assessment of couples applying for AID could be carried out. The paper presents guidelines in five areas which it believes should be considered in the AID assessment process and addresses medical and counselling issues associated with this.

409. Strauss SA. Artificial "Donor" Insemination: A south African Court Declares the Child Illegitimate. Medicine & Law. 1983;2(1):77-79.

DI, child, divorce,legal status of the child.: DI, child, divorce,legal status of the child.

The paper reports a case in which a couple decided to divorce after conceiving a child by donor insemination. In the divorce order, custody of the child was awarded to the father. When the mother re-married, she applied for a court order declaring that the father was not natural and lawful. There was resistance to the application by the father. The judge declared the child as illegitimate.

410. Strong C. Unjustified AID for the poor?: The Hastings Cebter Report; 1983.411. Strong CS, Jay s. The Single Woman and Artificial Insemination by Donor. The Hournal Of Reproductiver Medicine. 1984;29((5) May):293-299.

DI, single women, lesbians: DI, single women, lesbians.

The paper discusses artificial insemination for single women, relating to the physician's obligations and the best interests of the child. Objections regarding the absence of a father, time available to spend with the child and risk of decreased time for child-adult interaction, sexual identity of children raised by lesbians and financially disadvantaged environment are not supported by available data. In considering the physician's role, it points out that he/she has the right to refuse DI for single women on ethical grounds, however, one good reason for providing it is the hope of adding to the happiness and fulfilment of the women who makes the request and of the child who will be conceived.

412. Stroud J. Thicker than water. Social Work Today. 1983;14(37):20-21.

adoption, DI, law, biological relatives: adoption, DI, law, biological relatives.

The author examines questions related to adoption and help available to find their "natural" relatives. She shows that legislation and attitudes are changing in order to facilitate the process and suggests that children born of DI might face the same dilemmas when trying to find their biological relatives.

413. Sverne TseSIC. Children conceived by Artificial Insemination. Summary of a report of the Insemination Committee: Swedish Insemination Committee; 1983.

414. Sweden. Swedish Law on Artificial Insemination, No 1140/1984; 1984.

415. Sweden. Section 6 of Swedish Parental Code as ammended by Government Bill 1984/85:2, p 7.; 1984.

416. Swedish Insemination Committee S, T. (special examiner). Children Conceived by Artificial Insemination: Swedish Insemination Committee; 1983.

417. Swedish Supreme Court. Per-Erik N. v. Johan N. Nyt Juridiskt Arkiv (Annual Supreme Court Reporter, Sweden). 1983:320.

law, Sweden, paternity, DI, couples, fatherhood consent,: law, Sweden, paternity, DI, couples, fatherhood consent,.

N. see Bogdan 1986. Swedish case in which a husband who had consented to his wife's use of DI was allowed to avoid all obligations to the child upon the dissolution of their marriage.

418. Taub S. Surrogate Motherhood and the Law. Connecticut Medicine. 1985;49((10) October):671-674.

DI, child,law, surrogate motherhood, surrogacy contracts, reproductive technologies.: DI, child,law, surrogate motherhood, surrogacy contracts, reproductive technologies.

The author discusses the position of the law in the USA regarding surrogacy contracts. About half of the states have statutes concerning artificial insemination, which gives the child legitimacy, with the same rights as a child conceived naturally. However surrogacy contracts are not enforceable and even if the agreements don't violate any law, a court would still consider them illegal for being against public policy. Among the arguments against prohibition are the fact that people who are desperate for a child will enter them anyway ,and that there are many questions unanswered, leaving the court to decide on the best interests of the child. In case the law decides to make such contracts enforceable it still could make restrictions on the use of reproductive technologies if it is demonstrated to cause any harm to the parties, the institution of the family or to society.

419. Taylor PJ. Infertility: An Overview. Annals Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC). 1983;16((5) July):425-429.

Infertility, male infertility, sperm.: Infertility, male infertility, sperm.

This paper presents an overview of infertility problems, with possible solutions using hormones, laparoscopy and more advanced techniques for assessing sperm function.

420. Taylor PJ. Infertility: An Overview. Annals of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. 1983;16:425-9.

medical aspects, psychosocial, doctors, psychological, treatment, practice, doctor patient relations: medical aspects, psychosocial, doctors, psychological, treatment, practice, doctor patient relations.

This paper looks mainly at contemporary medical advances in the treatment of infertility and offers opinions on their effectiveness. Also briefly discusses psychosocial issues for couples and the ways doctors can best help couples in their distress.421. Templeton AA, Penney GC. The incidence, characteristics, and prognosis of patients whose infertiliy is unexplained. Fertility and Sterility. 1982;37(2):175-82.

infertility, medical aspects, pregnancy rates: infertility, medical aspects, pregnancy rates.

This study of couples with organic and unexplained infertility, found no demographic differences between the two groups. Also found that a majority of couples with unexplained infertility conceived within 9 years.

422. Templeton AA. The Female Partner. In: Springer-Verlag, ed. Male Infertility. Berlin; 1983.

Infertility, female infertility, causes of infertility, conception process.: Infertility, female infertility, causes of infertility, conception process.

This section describes course of investigation of female infertility, dividing the process of conception into : insemination, sperm transport, ovulation, oocyte pick-up and transport, fertilisation and implantation. Unknown causes of infertility are also discussed.

423. Templeton AA, Triseliotis J. AID and Adoption. In: Hargreaves TB, ed. Male Infertility. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1983.

DI, adoption, male infertility, doctors, practice, selection, couples, men, women, counselling, pregnancy rates, screening, semen donors, motivation, family, telling the child, infertility, openness: DI, adoption, male infertility, doctors, practice, selection, couples, men, women, counselling, pregnancy rates, screening, semen donors, motivation, family, telling the child, infertility, openness.

This paper outlines DI and adoption and makes a comparison of the two particularly in the area of information sharing. Also discusses couple selection, donor screening and the importance of counselling.

424. Templeton AA, Glasier A, Angell RR, Aitken RG. What Potential Ovum Donors Think. The Lancet. 1984(May 12):1081-2.

egg donors, egg donation, research, sterilisation, embryos, IVF: egg donors, egg donation, research, sterilisation, embryos, IVF.

This study of women undergoing sterilisation found that a majority favoured research on embryos, but there was more divsion and uncertainty with regard to willingness to donate eggs for treating infertile women and for research.

425. Teper S, Symonds EM. Artificial Insemination by Donor: Problems and Perspectives. Presented at the Proceedings of the Annual Symposium of the Eugenics Society; London; 1983.

DI, eugenics, abortion, practice, UK, France, Sweden, cryopreservation, pregnancy rates, male infertility, psychological, psychosocial, medical aspects, ethics, social attitudes, parenthood, couples, interests of child, child development, secrecy, openness, telling child, regulation, licensing, family: DI, eugenics, abortion, practice, UK, France, Sweden, cryopreservation, pregnancy rates, male infertility, psychological, psychosocial, medical aspects, ethics, social attitudes, parenthood, couples, interests of child, child development, secrecy, openness, telling child, regulation, licensing, family.

This is a comprehensive review of DI and the studies which have been conducted into various aspects of this. Concentrates mainly on a UK context but also looks at the situation in other countries. Looks at psychological and psychosocial issues from a couple perspective, child development issues, and regulatory concerns.

426. Thompson W, Boyle DD. Counselling Patients for Artificial Insemination and Subsequent Pregnancy. Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1982;9(1):211-25.

medical aspects, screening, male infertility, DI, matching, law, counselling, psychological, stress,: medical aspects, screening, male infertility, DI, matching, law, counselling, psychological, stress,.

This article looks at the issues in the title, covering specifically, medical issues, selection of couples, screening of donors, matching donors with fathers, secrecy issues, ethics, law and religion.

427. Thomson CJH. Australia: IVF and More. The hastings Centre Report. 1984(December):14-15.

IVF, DI, public discussion, ethics, Australia: IVF, DI, public discussion, ethics, Australia.

The paper informs that new reproductive technologies in Australia, especially IVF and DI, have caught the attention of the media, which conveys information and promotes acceptance. It also states that public discussion has been focused on economic and legal aspects, however there has been a delay to attempt to discuss its ethical implications. According to the author, the causes for this delay are the low academic causes of theology, problems of power in the federal and state sphere, political changes, low public profile on ART and apparent lack of interest in ethical issues.

428. Tiefel HO. Human in Vitro Fertilization. JAMA. 1982;2457(23):8.

abortion, assisted reprodution, clinics, ethics, feminism, embryos, female infertility,infertility, interests of child, IVF, reproductive rights, research, women.: abortion, assisted reprodution, clinics, ethics, feminism, embryos, female infertility,infertility, interests of child, IVF, reproductive rights, research, women.

This paper discusses ethical issues in AHR, embryo research and the rights of woman in relation to it. It also discusses the status of the embryo and the rights and needs of couples to have children. Concludes that non-therapeutic research is unjustifiable.

429. Trounson AO, Wood, C.; Leeton, J.F. Freezing of embryos: an ethical obligation. Medical Journal of Australia. 1982(October):332-3.

embryo, cryopreservation, ethics, couples, IVF, ressearch.: embryo, cryopreservation, ethics, couples, IVF, ressearch.

The paper discusses the importance of freezing embryo for IVF, its increased chances of success by comparison to transfer of non frozen embryos, the opinion of the couples, the role of the ethical committees, and some issues involving future research.

430. Trounson AA. IVF problems of the future. British Journal of Hospital Medicine. 1984;31:104-110.

IVF, infertility, cryopreservation, ovum donation, ethics: IVF, infertility, cryopreservation, ovum donation, ethics.

The paper describes various types of infertility, such as idiopathic, tubal and male infertility and suggest to be taken into account when using the IVF technique. It also describes new IVF techniques being introduced, such as percutaneous ovum recovery, cryopreservation, ovum donation; and presents difficulties with IVF, like multiple births , consistency of results, ectopic pregnancy, and ethical problems.431. Trudinger BJP, Ivana. Attitudes to the Management of Hypertenseion in Pregnancy: a Survey of Australian Fellows. The Australian & New zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1982;22(4):191-197.

Hypertension, pregnancy, clinical practice, diastolic blood pressure, therapy, Australia.: Hypertension, pregnancy, clinical practice, diastolic blood pressure, therapy, Australia.

Fellows of The Royal Australian College of Obstetrician and Gynaecologists were surveyed to detemine current practice in the management of hypertensive disease during pregnancy. Results show that there are no single correct management for clinical problems.There is a resonabily uniform view that diastolic blood pressure above 100 is hazardous to the mother. Methyldopa received the widest support as for the choice of anty-hypertensive drugs. The study also indicates clear differences in practice between regions.

432. Tyler JP, Nicholas M, Crockett N, Driscoll G. Some attitudes to artificial insemination by donor. Clinical Reproduction and Fertility. 1983;2(2):151-60.

social attitudes, Australia, DI, records, law, adoption, records, infertility, semen donors, couples: social attitudes, Australia, DI, records, law, adoption, records, infertility, semen donors, couples.

A preliminary survey to assess and quantify attitudes to DI was made with the help of an article in a national magazine - most respondents had a vested interest in infertility. 3 conclusions. There are many potential donors in the community and recruitment techniques need to be improved; a non-identifying central register of donor informations may be tolerated; couples did not see DI children as being like adopted children.

433. Udry R. The Effects of Normative Pressures on fertility. Population &Environment. 1982;5((2) Summer):109-123.

parity, pregnancy prediction, fertility: parity, pregnancy prediction, fertility.

This paper presents a study of couples, using sets of interviews in order to identify effects of normative pressures from family and friends on whether or not the couple had a pregnancy whithin one year. According to the results , normative pressures predict pregnancy best at zero parity, with progressively attenuated predictions at higher parity. It reports that wives report higher likelihood of taking into consideration the normative responses of others when making childbearing decisions than husbands report.

434. Utian WH, Goldfarb JM, Rosenthal Mb. Psychological aspects of infertility. In: Dennerstein, Burrows, eds. Handbook of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology: Elsevier Biomedical Press; 1983.

infertility, psychological, stress, couples, sexuality, process, gender, medical aspects, DI, secrecy: infertility, psychological, stress, couples, sexuality, process, gender, medical aspects, DI, secrecy.

This paper reviews the research into the effect of infertility on the psychological state of couples and vice versa. It looks at sexuality, the process of dealing with infertility stress, and the issues surrounding DI and associated secrecy. It also looks at the effects of sterilization.

435. Utian WHea. Successful Pregnancy After IVF And Embryo Transfer from an Infertile Woman to a Surrogate: The New England Journal of Medicine; 1985.

436. Van Hall EV, Trimbos-Kemper GCM. The management of 'unexplained infertility'. Infertility. 1982;5:105ff.

doctors, infertility, couples: doctors, infertility, couples.

not seen.

437. Van Hall EV. The infertile couple and the gynaecologist: psychosocial and emotional aspects. Presented at the Fertility and Sterility; Dublin, Ireland; 1983.

male infertility, female infertility, women, doctor patient relations, doctors, couples, psychosocial, psychological, stress, DI, IVF, ET, men, sexuality, support groups, social attitudes, pregnancy, gender: male infertility, female infertility, women, doctor patient relations, doctors, couples, psychosocial, psychological, stress, DI, IVF, ET, men, sexuality, support groups, social attitudes, pregnancy, gender.

This paper looks at doctor patient relations in the cases of male, female and unexplained infertility. It looks at doctors attitudes and the effects of these on couples and women, at couples reactions to pregnancy if it does occur, and at general social attitudes to gender and infertility.

438. Veiel HOF. Dimensions of social support: a conceptual framework for research. Social Psychiatry. 1985;20(4):156-162.

.

.

439. Vernon GML, Michael R. The Power of Adoption: Birthright or Birthright? International Journal of Sociology of the Family. 1984;14(Spring):127-141.

adoption, child, family, symbol, meaning,.: adoption, child, family, symbol, meaning,.

The authors discuss the creation of families by adoption, in which not only the child is adopted, but also spouses. They point out that family is a social concept, not a biological one. Symbol and meaning are related to the ability to creat "we" identities and are prerequisites of family creation and child adoption.

440. Verp MSC, M. R.; Simpson, J.L. Necessity of formal genetic screening on artificial insemination by donor. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983;62(4 October):474-478.

genetic screening, DI, donors: genetic screening, DI, donors.

In order to determine the necessity of formal genetic screening investigation of donors, the authors analysed the outcome of artificial insemination pregnancies in which donors were screened woth medical and family history, but not subjected to formal analysis. Less than 10% of potential donors were disqualified for genetic reasons. Overt abnormalities evident at birth were not more frequent in DI than in controls. They conclude that extensive formalised genetic screening is probably not necessary, provided a through medical history is obtained.441. Verp MS, Cohen MR, Simpson JL. Necessity of formal genetic screening in artificial insemination by donor. Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1983;62:474-9.

genetic screening, medical history, donor,: genetic screening, medical history, donor,.

study found that extensive genetic screening probably not necessary provided thorough medical history obtained.

442. Virro MR, Shewchuk AB. Pregnancy outcome in 242 conceptions after artificial insemination with donor sperm and effects of maternal age on the prognosis for successful pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984;148(March 1):518-24.

medical aspects, pregnancy, pregnancy rates, DI, age, women: medical aspects, pregnancy, pregnancy rates, DI, age, women.

This focus of this medically focussed study is as is described in the title.

443. Walters W, Singer P. Test-Tube Babies: A guide to moral questions, present techniques and future possibilities. Melbourne: Oxford University Press; 1982.

444. Walters LR. Ethical Aspects of Surrogate Embryo Transfer. JAMA. 1983;250(16):2183-2184.

surrogacy, embryo transfer, individuals, family.: surrogacy, embryo transfer, individuals, family.

The author discusses surrogate embryo transfer and its impact on the individuals, the social consequences, considering the family, the medical system and the commercial sphere.

445. Waltzer HB, D B. Anonymity and donor insemination. Am J. Psychiatry. 1981;138(2):262.

donor insemination, offspring, anonymity, infertility: donor insemination, offspring, anonymity, infertility.

The letter and reply discuss the advantages of anoymity, once there were no records of donors, and also the advantages of information sharing, which has been beneficial to working through the couple's reaction to infertility. Record keeping of donors is also recommended.

446. Waltzer H. Psychological and Legal Aspects of Artificial Insemination (A.I.D.): An Overview. American Journal of Psychotherapy. 1982;36(1):91-101.

DI, law, psychological, psychosocial, selection, doctors, support, assisted reproduction, history, infertility, family, adoption, semen donors, offspring, sex role attitudes, sexuality, single women, motivation, interest of child, telling the child, law, consent, paternity, USA: DI, law, psychological, psychosocial, selection, doctors, support, assisted reproduction, history, infertility, family, adoption, semen donors, offspring, sex role attitudes, sexuality, single women, motivation, interest of child, telling the child, law, consent, paternity, USA.

This paper presents an overview of studies of couples in terms of the relationship between their psychological state and infertility. It also discusses DI from the perspective of the other participants and looked at the legal issues.

447. Ward k. Infertility management: ethical considerations. The practitioner. 1983;227(May):869-872.

IVF, DI, embryo, ethics, family: IVF, DI, embryo, ethics, family.

The author raises questions about the institution of the marriage and sex, the rights of the embryo and the risks of genetic experimentation, social implications about kinship and legitimacy, consent and accountability in medical practice. He defends anonymity of donor and concludes that remedies for infertility, such as IVF and DI are matters of social welfare and public policy.

448. Warnock C. Recommendations of the Warnock Committee. The Lancet. 1984(July 28):217-218.

Warnock, IVF, DI, surrogacy: Warnock, IVF, DI, surrogacy.

The Warnock committee reports recommendations on ART, including donor insemination, in vitro fertilisation, and surrogacy, suggesting a licencing body to regulate both research and fertility services.

449. Warnock M. The Warnock Report. British Medical Journal. 1985;291(20 July):187-189.

embryo, embryo research, regulations.: embryo, embryo research, regulations.

The author discusses the use of embryos in research, arguments against and in favour, and makes recommendations and suggests regulation in this area.

450. Warnock M. Moral thinking and government policy: The Warnock Committee on Human Embryology. Health and Society. 1985;63(3):504-522.

embryo, surrogacy, moral aspects, DI.: embryo, surrogacy, moral aspects, DI.

The paper argues that the use of embryos for research and treatment are morally acceptable, as well as surrogacy and DI. When considering rights of the embryo, the author suggests that it is just a question of value, namely whether or not the embryo is a person. She defends her point of view based upon the utilitarian nature of the use of embryos.451. Weil BJ. Surrogate mothering. NY: Alan R. Liss; 1983.

surrogate mothering, moral aspects, child: surrogate mothering, moral aspects, child.

The authors discuss the moral aspects of surrogacy, the enforceability of commercial surrogate contracts, definition of parenthood and abortion.

452. Weir H. Artificial Insemination By Donor: A Study of Couples and Donors From the Dunedin Cllinic. Unpublished. 1983:1-23.

Artificial Insemination, donor, couples, adoption, ethics, secrecy and anonymity: Artificial Insemination, donor, couples, adoption, ethics, secrecy and anonymity.

The author describes the context in which donor insemination is used, the feelings involved in the experience of infertility, the limitations of the adoption process, the issues of secrecy and anonymity of donors, as well as ethical issues.

453. Weltzien J. A Study of the Psychological Factors Associated with Infertility: Depression, Locus of Control , Quality of Marital Interaction: University of Houston; 1983.

454. Wilson T. Developing scales to assess male reactions to infertility: University of Utah, College of Nursing; 1981.

455. Wolf DG. Lesbian Childbirth and Artificial Insemination: A Wave of the Future. In: Kay MA, ed. Anthropology of Human Birth. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co.; 1982.

lesbian, DI, pregnancy, gender, USA, feminism, history, law, clinics, family, known donors, motivation, doctors: lesbian, DI, pregnancy, gender, USA, feminism, history, law, clinics, family, known donors, motivation, doctors.

This paper looks at the rise of lesbian culture in the USA and the effect of this on birth practices. It looks at reasons for DI use, the role of social support and the use of clinics and anonymous donors or the use of known donors. It looks at donor motivation. It also looks at the process of pregnancy and childbirth, and the implication of these for doctors.

456. Wood C, Leeton J, Kovacs G. Artificial Insemination by Donor. Melbourne: Brown Prior Anderson Pty Ltd; 1981.

457. Woollett A. Childlessness: Strategies for Coping with Infertility. International Journal of Behavioural Development. 1985;8:473-82.

infertility, couples, coping skills, adult development, medicalisation, psychological, psychosocial, social support, support groups, parenthood, social attitudes, assisted reproduction, stress, sexuality, child free, identity: infertility, couples, coping skills, adult development, medicalisation, psychological, psychosocial, social support, support groups, parenthood, social attitudes, assisted reproduction, stress, sexuality, child free, identity.

This study of 50 couples with fertility problems utilised a semi-structured interview technique and found that while a variety of coping strategies were used there was no correlation between the types of strategies used, and the length of time they'd been infertile or the outcome of their treatements. Common themes included: recognition of disruption caused by infertilty, finding reason for infertility, dealing with negative identity of childlessness and coping with loss.

458. Worsnop D, Mack H, Robbie M, Pick A, Song LY, McGuire P. Human artificial insemination: donors in Melbourne. From our medical schools. Australian Family Physician. 1982;11(3):218-24.

DI, semen donors, social attitudes, recruitment, doctors, clinics, matching, records, Australia: DI, semen donors, social attitudes, recruitment, doctors, clinics, matching, records, Australia.

This paper looks at donors in 3 clinics in Melbourne. It looks at the percentages of donors who were recruited by different means, at the characteristics and demographics of these donors, at donor/husband matching, and at the percentage of donors lost in the process of getting to the point of donation. It also looks at issues of record keeping and consanguinity.

459. Zelizer VA. Pricing the Priceless Child. The Changing Social Value of Children. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press; 1985.

interests of child, offspring, history, USA, law, parenthood, payment, social attitudes, insurance: interests of child, offspring, history, USA, law, parenthood, payment, social attitudes, insurance.

This book looks at the changing values placed on children in USA history.

460. Zimmerman SL. Alternatives in Human Reproduction for Involuntary Childless Couples. Family Relations. 1982;31:233-41.

infertility, couples, assisted reproduction, DI, IVF, surrogacy, family, psychosocial, secrecy, anonymity, adoption, psychological, child development, women, semen donors, process, social attitudes, sexuality, stigma, fatherhood, posthumous, blood bond, economics, insurance, rights, practrice, doctors, law, policy: infertility, couples, assisted reproduction, DI, IVF, surrogacy, family, psychosocial, secrecy, anonymity, adoption, psychological, child development, women, semen donors, process, social attitudes, sexuality, stigma, fatherhood, posthumous, blood bond, economics, insurance, rights, practrice, doctors, law, policy.

This paper gives a general overview of issues concerning infertility, couples responses to this, and ARTs. It looks in particular at the process of dealing with infertility, how doctors can help in this matter, public attitudes to ARTs, policy issues in relation to insurance, reproductive rights etc., the development of DI offspring , issues of secrecy, genetic connectedness, and the changing understanding of family.