Abstracts on Assisted Reproduction 1991-1993

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couples, psychosocial, gender, infertility, counselling, theory, USA: couples, psychosocial, gender, infertility, counselling, theory, USA.

This study investigated the impact that infertility had in terms of depression and marital strain on 185 infertile and 95 presumed fertile couple in the US. Infertile wives in comparision to their husbands felt more stressed, felt more responsible for and in control of their infertility, and engaged in more problem-focused coping. Infertile husbands experienced more stress in their home life than their wives. These differences were not found in the presumed fertile couples. Theoretical and counselling issues are discussed.

2. Abbey A, Andrews FM, Halman LJ. The Importance of Social Relationships for Infertile Couples' Well-Being. In: Stanton AL, Dunkel-Schetter C, eds. Infertility: Perspectives from Stress and Coping Research. New York: Plenum; 1991.

infertility, social support, psychosocial, psychological, couples, treatment, gender, women, men, stress, family, support groups, economics, payment, demographics, methods, social attitudes, stigma, motherhood, sex roles, coping skills, process, sexuality, treatment, media, counselling, insurance,: infertility, social support, psychosocial, psychological, couples, treatment, gender, women, men, stress, family, support groups, economics, payment, demographics, methods, social attitudes, stigma, motherhood, sex roles, coping skills, process, sexuality, treatment, media, counselling, insurance,.

This paper firstly gives a comprehensive overview of theory and research regarding role of social relationships in responding to stress and in particular to infertility. It then presents a study of the way infertile couples percieve that they give and receive support, and the helpfulness of talking to various categories of people about this. Finds that while there are gender differences, and that there are pros on cons associated with talking to ones spouse, friends and family, and other infertile people, that overall couples perceive that they recieve more support than other studies have previously indicated. Discusses the role of counselling in relation to this.

3. Abbey A, Andrews FM, Halman LJ. Infertility and Subjective Well-Being: The Mediating Roles of Self-Esteem, Internal Control and Interpersonal Conflict. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1992;54(May 1992):408-17.

couples, infertility, stress, gender, psychosocial, USA, coping skills, sexuality, parenthood: couples, infertility, stress, gender, psychosocial, USA, coping skills, sexuality, parenthood.

This study of 185 married infertile couples found that infertility had a greater effect on female than male overall life quality. Stress about Infertility was also directly related to levels of self-control, internal control and interpersonal conflict. The article postulates that this difference results from differences in traditional conceptions of motherhood ands fatherhood.

4. Abel S. Women and in vitro fertilisation: personal experiences and social implications: Massey; 1992.

5. Achilles R. Donor Insemination: an Overview: Canadian Royal Commision on New Reproductive Technologies; 1992.

6. Achilles R. Family Ties, Sexuality, and Assisted Reproduction. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexualtiy. 1993;2(3: Fall):167-74.

assisted reproduction, family, social attitudes, single women, lesbian, sexuality, gay men, HIV, DI, doctors, lawyers, IVF, surrogacy, ethics, law, policy, technology, parenthood, couples, infertility, blood bond, offspring, motherhood, fatherhood, anonymity, semen donors, egg donors, media: assisted reproduction, family, social attitudes, single women, lesbian, sexuality, gay men, HIV, DI, doctors, lawyers, IVF, surrogacy, ethics, law, policy, technology, parenthood, couples, infertility, blood bond, offspring, motherhood, fatherhood, anonymity, semen donors, egg donors, media.

This paper looks at alternative family forms made possible by ARTs, and discusses changes in social attitdes, media responses and policy considerations.

7. Achilles R. Protection from What? The Secret Life of Donor Insemination. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):171-2.

secrecy, DI, rights, anonymity, sexuality, male infertility, family, parenthood, North America: secrecy, DI, rights, anonymity, sexuality, male infertility, family, parenthood, North America.

This response to Daniel and Taylors article in the same volume, supports being open with children and their DI origins. Issues of male and female sexuality are raised and support is given for a redefinition of fatherhood that recognises the difference between the genetic and social fathers.

8. Adair V. Experience of Participants in Personal Donor Programmes. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 12th Annual Scientific meeting; The Sydney Hilton Hotel; 1993.

known donors, couples, secrecy, openness, DI: known donors, couples, secrecy, openness, DI.

This study of 15 couples and 18 donors who had been involved in a DI situation where the donor was known to the couple found that the advantages were the lack of secrecy, the knowledge of the participants background and of the situation in which the child would be raised, and genetic connection. The disadvantage was the poosibility of a change in the relationship between donor and recipients. An equal proportion in all groups agreed to the donor being identified to any children born.

9. Al-Shawaf T, Craft I, Travers B. Risks associated with assisted conception. British Medical Journal. 1992;305(4 July 1992).

doctors, IVF, couples, medical aspects, GIFT: doctors, IVF, couples, medical aspects, GIFT.

The first of these letters by Travers relates his wife's negative experiences with IVF and emphasise the medical risks. The second letter by the other author's applauds the proposal to reduce the numbers of eggs implanted in IVF situations. Calls for greater flexibility.

10. Alnot MO. (1992 results of sperm donor procreation. French Federation of CECOS and private cooperative centers) (in French). Contraception, Fertilite, Sexualite. 1993;21(5):371-3.

France, practice, DI, IVF, multiple pregnancy, cryopreservation, embryos sperm banks, parenthood, clinics, semen donors: France, practice, DI, IVF, multiple pregnancy, cryopreservation, embryos sperm banks, parenthood, clinics, semen donors.

This is a analysis of the activities of French ART providers. It discusses the extent of DI and IVF practice, and of embryo and semen storage, the numbers of semen donors coming forward and the outcome of IVF pregnancies. It also discusses issues surrounding the existence of parentless embryos.11. Alpern KD. The Ethics of Reproductive Technology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992.

12. American Fertility Society. Revised guidelines for the use of semen donor insemination. Fertility and Sterility. 1991;56(3):396.

AFS, guidelines, revised ,DI, semen donors, screening, USA.: AFS, guidelines, revised ,DI, semen donors, screening, USA.

.

13. American Fertility Society. Guidelines for in vitro fertilization, gamete intrafallopian transfer, and related procedures. Fertility and Sterility. 1991;56(2):1991.

standards, IVF, GIFT, assisted reproduction, health professionals, research, medical aspects, practice, embryos, cryopreservation, clinics: standards, IVF, GIFT, assisted reproduction, health professionals, research, medical aspects, practice, embryos, cryopreservation, clinics.

This guideline sets out AFS standards on issues of personnel, safety and equipment in ART clinics.

14. American Fertility Society. Course X accreditation of andrology and ART laboratories: understanding the legislation, administration, and implementation. Twenty-sixth annual post-graduate course. Birmingham, Alabama, USA: American Fertility Society; 1993.

15. American Society of Human Genetics Social Issues Committee. American Society of Human Genetics Social Issues Committee Report on Genetics and Adoption: Points to Consider. American Journal of Human Genetics. 1991;48:1009-1010.

adoption, records, USA, law, policy, secrecy, openness, legislation, couples, rights,: adoption, records, USA, law, policy, secrecy, openness, legislation, couples, rights,.

This paper presents the results of the deliberations of its authoring committee on the issue of access to biological information. It asserts the right of everyone to have access to their genetic background, and the rights of privacy of the biologic and social parents to participate in this process by the mutually agreed upon bi-directional sharing of information.

16. Andrews LB. The Emotional and Legal Challenges of Surrogacy. Insights into Infertility. A Newsletter... 1992;Winter 1992:4.

surrogacy, law, social attitudes, media, USA, interests of child: surrogacy, law, social attitudes, media, USA, interests of child.

This article looks at surrogacy in the USA, social and media attitudes and legal responses. It looks at couples responsibilities and emotional reactions to surrogacy and at the interests of the child.

17. Andrews FM, Abbey A, Halman LJ. Is fertility-problem stress different? The dynamics of stress in fertile and infertile couples. Fertility and Sterility. 1992;57(6):1247-53.

infertility, couples, stress, psychosocial, sexuality,: infertility, couples, stress, psychosocial, sexuality,.

This study of 157 infertile and 57 presumed fertile couples found that infertility stress was similar to other stress for males, but was different for females in that it had especially negative effects on their senses of sexual identity and self efficacy. Infertility stress did have a negative effect on marital relations and overall life quality for both males and females.

18. Annas GJ. Crazy Making: Embryos and Gestational Mothers. Hastings Center Report. 1991(January-February 1991):35-7.

embryos, surrogacy, motherhood, IVF, ET, USA, law, ethics, interests of child, pregnancy: embryos, surrogacy, motherhood, IVF, ET, USA, law, ethics, interests of child, pregnancy.

This paper looks at recent US cases which have dealt with the disposition of 'leftover' embryos, and the designation of motherhood.

19. Annas GJ, Wilder BL, Berry M, Field RI, Livingston B. Gestational Versus Genetic Mothers. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1992(July 23, 1992):286-8.

surrogacy, motherhood, family, law, USA: surrogacy, motherhood, family, law, USA.

This is a series of letter in response to an earlier article by Annas, and Annas' response to these letters. Covers issues in keywords.

20. Anonymous. Declining fertility: egg or uterus. The Lancet. 1991;338(August 3, 1991):285-6.

women, female infertility, post menopausal, IVF, GIFT, ethics, medical aspects: women, female infertility, post menopausal, IVF, GIFT, ethics, medical aspects.

This paper looks at the relationship between womens' age and infertility and the various causes of infertility. It notes the ethical and social issues surrounding post menopausal births.21. Anonymous. Doctor Found Guilty in Fertility Case. New York Times. New York, USA; 1992.

22. Anonymous. Fertility treatment and discrimination against unattached women. Bioethics News. 1993;12(2):12.

single women, access, treatment, policy, clinics, doctors, law, legislation, Australia: single women, access, treatment, policy, clinics, doctors, law, legislation, Australia.

This piece reports on a ruling that a South Australian clinic could refuse to unblock a womens' tubes on the grounds that she was unwilling to have her boyfriends fertility tested. Reports reaction to this in relation to South Australian Equal Opportunity Act.

23. Anonymous. French bioethics bill. Bioethics News. 1993;12(2):10.

France, legislation, ethics, surrogacy, organ donation, IVF, telling the child, secrecy, IVF, genetic engineering, research, embryos, commodification, cryopreservation: France, legislation, ethics, surrogacy, organ donation, IVF, telling the child, secrecy, IVF, genetic engineering, research, embryos, commodification, cryopreservation.

This piece outlines the contents of the most recent French bioethics bill which addresses, offspring access to information about donors, commodification, genetic engineering, surrogacy, embryo research, cryopreservation.

24. Aristotle. On the Relationship of Parents and Children. In: Alpern KD, ed. The Ethics of Reproductive Technology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992.

parenthood, offspring, family, couples, infertility, motherhood, fatherhood, motivation: parenthood, offspring, family, couples, infertility, motherhood, fatherhood, motivation.

This series of extracts from the authors' works, addresses issues of the child being part of the parent, why parents love their children more than they love them, and why mothers love children more than fathers, and why couples with children stay together more often than those without.

25. Arneson RJ. Commodification an commercial surrogacy. Philosophy and Public Affairs. 1992;21(2):132-164.

commercial surrogacy, child, surrogate mother.: commercial surrogacy, child, surrogate mother.

The author argues that commercial surrogacy should be legally permissible, suggesting that proposed bans on the market exchange of goods should be evaluated according to the expected consequences of such bans. In his opinion, commercial surrogacy is beneficial to the commissioning couples, to the surrogate mother and to the child. His arguments are to demonstrate that there is no social harm in the practice of commercial surrogacy.

26. Arneson RJ. Commodification and Commercial Surrogacy. Philosophy and Public Affairs. 1992;21(2):132-64.

philosophy, commercialisation, surrogacy, adoption, social attitutudes, interests of child, women, feminism, law, policy: philosophy, commercialisation, surrogacy, adoption, social attitutudes, interests of child, women, feminism, law, policy.

This paper looks at the arguments for and against commercial surrogacy. Argues for allowing those who wish to use ARTs to use them. Addresses issues of race and adoption, interests of child, surrogacy as labour and potential for exploitation. It also looks at legal issues. Generally argues for surrogacy.

27. Attia E, Downey J. The Psychological Consequences of Successful Treatment. Psychosomatics. 1992;33(2):218-221.

psychological, IVF, ET, stress, infertility, pregnancy, embryos, psychosocial, counselling, health professionals: psychological, IVF, ET, stress, infertility, pregnancy, embryos, psychosocial, counselling, health professionals.

This paper outlines a case in which a women had great trauma with regard to the complications of her IVF-ET pregnancy, and to the destination of her spare embryos. It looks at her reactions which while extreme are common, and the help she found in counselling. It also reports on the responses of the clinic staff.

28. Austria. Austrian Act on Procreative Medicine. In: …sterreich BfdR, ed. (275 Beundesgesetz, mit dem Regelungen uber die medizinisch unterstutzte Fortpflanzung getroffen sowie das allgemeinen burgerliche Gesetzbuch, das Ehegesetz und die Jurisdiktionsnorm geandert werden.; 1992.

29. Baird DT. Assisted conception on the NHS? Many infertile couples could be helped. British Medical Journal. 1992;305(6847):204-5.

assisted reproduction, policy, medical aspects, history, economics, IVF, ethics, WHO, couples, infertility: assisted reproduction, policy, medical aspects, history, economics, IVF, ethics, WHO, couples, infertility.

This paper reports on the history of medical developments of IVF in the UK, and its predominantly private sector funding. It looks at the ethics, demand for, and cost of IVF in relation to other operations.

30. Baker S. Pressure to conceive can put women in danger. New Zealand Doctor. 1993(18 February):19-20.

infertility, women, drugs, pregnancy rates, stress, divorce, couples, psychosocial, IVF, GIFT, DI, payment, economics, clinics, practice, doctors, NZ, feminism, interests of child, technology, counselling, NZ, infertility societies, treatment: infertility, women, drugs, pregnancy rates, stress, divorce, couples, psychosocial, IVF, GIFT, DI, payment, economics, clinics, practice, doctors, NZ, feminism, interests of child, technology, counselling, NZ, infertility societies, treatment.

This piece discusses the difficulties and dangers of ARTs in NZ. It looks at dangers of drugs and superovulation, pregnancy complications etc. Looks also at the psychosocial stresses on women and marriages, the role of alternative therapies, and the importance of counselling. Includes a list of prices for various treatments in various centres. Includes comment from Dr.s. R. Rowland and R. Fisher, Nurse M. Johns, and T. Leech of the Auckland Infertility Society.31. Baran A, Pannor R. Lethal Secrets. The Psychology of Donor Insemination. Problems and Solutions. New York: Amistad; 1993.

DI, couples, single women, lesbian, gender, psychosocial, secrecy, openness, semen donors, family, male infertility, offspring, interests of child, psychological, stress, doctors, telling the child, guidelines: DI, couples, single women, lesbian, gender, psychosocial, secrecy, openness, semen donors, family, male infertility, offspring, interests of child, psychological, stress, doctors, telling the child, guidelines.

This book presents the results of a series of interviews with a variety of participants in donor insemination. It looks at issues of secrecy and openness, recommending openness. Good quotes. It presents guidelines to all participants looks at the future of reproductive technologies and has a section on how to tell children about their origins.

32. Barratt CLR, Cooke ID. Donor Insemination. Cambridge: C.U.P.; 1993.

33. Barratt CLR. Donor recruitment, selection and screening. In: Barratt CLR, Cooke ID, eds. Donor Insemination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1993.

semen donors, recruitment, selection, screening, UK, USA, regulation: semen donors, recruitment, selection, screening, UK, USA, regulation.

This article discusses how potential semen donors are recruited and screened for various genetic diseases. It compares the American Fertility Society approach with UK approach. It urges that more care be taken in screening. It also argues that regional recruitment centres should be established to conteract decreasing donor numbers in the UK, associated with the move to favouring the recruitment of older men with families.

34. Bartlett JA. Psychiatric Issues in Non-Anonymous Oocyte Donation. Psychosomatics. 1991;32(4, Fall):433-7.

egg donation, oocytes, known donors, psychological, process, motivation, stress, female infertility, recipients, abortion, counselling, IVF: egg donation, oocytes, known donors, psychological, process, motivation, stress, female infertility, recipients, abortion, counselling, IVF.

This study of 14 infertile women and their 16 known egg donors looks at the motivations of recipients and the primary (altruistic) and secondary motivations of the donors. It notes low levels of distress among all participants, and recommends counselling for all participants prior to undertaking this procedure.

35. Basen G, Eichler M, Lippman A. Misconceptions: the social construction of choice and the new reproductive and genetic technologies. Hull, Quebec, Canada: Voyageur Publishing; 1993.

assisted reproduction, genetic engineering, technology, psychosocial, social attitudes: assisted reproduction, genetic engineering, technology, psychosocial, social attitudes.

not seen.

36. Becker G, Nachtigall RD. Ambiguous Responsibility in the Doctor-Patient Relationship: The Case of Infertility. Social Science and Medicine. 1991;32(8):875-85.

infertility, doctors, assisted reproduction, doctor patient relations, couples, social atttitudes, stress, process, gender, psychosocial: infertility, doctors, assisted reproduction, doctor patient relations, couples, social atttitudes, stress, process, gender, psychosocial.

This study of 79 men and women involved in infertility treatments found a set process in the negotiation process between doctors and patients around issues of responsibility for ensuring pregnancy. Ambiguity in the doctor patient relationship and emotional detachment of doctors are seen as barriers in patients coming to take responsibility for their infertility. It is noted that women tended to take the initiative in seeking treatment. Issues of power, and biomedical and psychosocial models are discussed.

37. Beecham L. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act may loosen up. British Medical Journal. 1992;305(11 July):77.

UK, legislation, law, practice, licensing, regulation, clinics, medical aspects, women,: UK, legislation, law, practice, licensing, regulation, clinics, medical aspects, women,.

This piece reports on UK legislation which relaxes the restriction on information being released about infertility patients without their consent. Such information can now be obtained if the patients' health is in danger. Piece also reports on the progress of the HFEA as presented in its annual report.

38. Bennett B. Resourse Allocation and the Beginning of Life. Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy. 1993;9:77-90.

Australia, economics, assisted reproduction, technology, policy, demographics, age, doctors, health professionals, infertility, prevention, women, feminism, genetic screening, rights, disability, counselling, IVF: Australia, economics, assisted reproduction, technology, policy, demographics, age, doctors, health professionals, infertility, prevention, women, feminism, genetic screening, rights, disability, counselling, IVF.

This paper looks at the issues of the economics and funding of infertility treatments, health care in general in light of an aging population, genetic screening, and the rights of women and the disabled in relation to this. Does so in a predominantly Australian context.

39. Berg BJ, Wilson JF. Psychological Functioning Across Stages of Treatment for Infertility. JOurnal of Behavioural Medicine. 1991;14(1):11-26.

psychological, infertility, men, women, gender, psychosocial, infertility societies, couples, sexuality, stress, class, USA, treatment, process, counselling: psychological, infertility, men, women, gender, psychosocial, infertility societies, couples, sexuality, stress, class, USA, treatment, process, counselling.

This study of infertile couples in treatment programmes looked at their levels of emotional strain, marital adjustment and sexual satisfaction at yearly intervals over a 3 year period. Emotional strain was lower in the 2nd year than in the 1st and 3rd, marital adjustment and sexual satisfaction deteriorated in the 3rd year in comparison to the previous 2. Reasons for these patterns are presented.

40. Berg BJ, Wilson JF, Weingartner PJ. Psychological Sequelae of Infertility Treatment: The Role of Gender and Sex-Role Identification. Social Science and Medicine. 1991;33(9):1071-80.

psychological, infertility, men, women, gender, sex roles, psycholsocial, infertility societies, couples, sexuality, stress, class, USA, motivation, parenthood, identity, coping skills: psychological, infertility, men, women, gender, sex roles, psycholsocial, infertility societies, couples, sexuality, stress, class, USA, motivation, parenthood, identity, coping skills.

This study of infertile couples found that sex-role identification had a greater correlation with various measures of distress than did gender. Looks also at the sexuality and marital functioning issues for these couples and the impact of information seeking and other coping styles on distress.41. Bergat A. When Treatment Fails: Letting Go and Moving on. Insights into Infertility. A Newsletter... 1992;Winter 1992:3.

infertility, process, assisted reproduction, stress, social attitudes, USA, couples, psychosocial: infertility, process, assisted reproduction, stress, social attitudes, USA, couples, psychosocial.

This article looks at treatment failure and the point at which patients decide to stop seeking treatment. It looks at US societal attitudes to the will and technology. It discusses resources couples can use to help them through this process.

42. Bernal EW. The Nurse as Patient Advocate. Hastings Centre Report. 1992(July-August):18-23.

nurses, ethics, psychosocial: nurses, ethics, psychosocial.

This extract looks at covenants as a model for nurse patient interactions, rather than advocacy models.

43. Bernat E. Between Rationality and Metaphysics: The Legal Regulation of Assisted Reproduction in Germany, Austria and Switzerland - A Comparative Analysis. International Journal of Medicine and Law. 1993;12(6,7,8):493-505.

law, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, policy, assisted reproduction, prohibition, couples, doctors, offspring, semen donors, legal, regulation, secrecy, egg donors: law, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, policy, assisted reproduction, prohibition, couples, doctors, offspring, semen donors, legal, regulation, secrecy, egg donors.

This artilcle summarises the current law relating to assisted reproduction in these three countries. It notes the legality of various procedures in the various countries, and addresses such issues as the liability of donors in a variety of situations, and the rights of offspring to information about donors. Uses dense legal language.

44. Bertrand-Servais Mea. Psychological considerations of anonymous oocyte donation. Human Reproduction. 1993;8(6):874-879.

anonymity, secrecy, oocyte donation,IVF, psychological aspects,depression, France.: anonymity, secrecy, oocyte donation,IVF, psychological aspects,depression, France.

The study involved 50 patients interviewed by a pscyhologist. The interview followed clinical consultation and IVF sessions. Results are presented in tables, matching the characteristics of the patients and the diagnosis of infertility. Among the findings the authors mention patients who knew about their infertlity since childhood seemed to have better elaborated their infertility mourning and that patients who diagnosis of premature ovarian failure or undewent surgical castration showed a higher level of depressive symptoms. The desire for maintaining secrecy was noticed among patients with diagnosis of premature ovarion failure. It is also mentioned that anonymity of donation is an encouraged practice in France.

45. Bielawska-Batorowicz E. The Possible Impact of Infertilty and Other Reproductive Problems on Parental Attitudes and Child Rearing Practices. Presented at the Tenth International Congress of psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, June 14-7 1992; Stockholm, Sweden; 1992.

psychosocial, infertility, child rearing, DI: psychosocial, infertility, child rearing, DI.

This study of men and women who had undergone DI, childless men and women with no known reproductive problems, and women who had experienced miscarriages found that women considered themselves less helpless and more dominating in thier contacts with children than men, while infertile men were more likely to overprotect children. The differences between what the respondents thought about themselves and whta they thought they should be as parents was greater for infertile men and women who had had miscarriages. Personal and marital motives were considered to be more important reasons for having a child than social ones.

46. Bielawska-Batorowicz E. Maternal perception of an infant during the first month after birth. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 1993;11:235-42.

motherhood, child development, psychological, family, women, couples, gender, UK, Poland, education, pregnancy, social support, men: motherhood, child development, psychological, family, women, couples, gender, UK, Poland, education, pregnancy, social support, men.

This study looks at the way first time British and Polish mothers describe their offspring, noting that there are correlations between types of description, and education, pregnancy factors and the involvement of husbands in child rearing.

47. Bielawska-Batorowicz E. Not Ready for Openess: Donor Insemination in Poland. Politics and Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):173-4.

secrecy, social attitudes, DI, policy, counselling: secrecy, social attitudes, DI, policy, counselling.

This response to Daniel and Taylors earlier article in the same volume favours increasing openess in giving children access to information about donors. The author notes however that in Poland there is much opposition to DI and that a change in social attitudes needs to take place before legislation can be implemented with regard to DI and secrecy. Gives some preliminary results of interviews with couples - their reactions to the idea of openness indicate there is much more work to be done yet.

48. Black RB, Walther VN, Chute D, Greenfeld DA. When In Vitro Fertilization Fails: A Prospective View. Social Work in Health Care. 1992;17(3):1-19.

IVF, women, psychological, social work, stress, egg donation, GIFT, couples, adoption, counselling, doctor patient relations, process: IVF, women, psychological, social work, stress, egg donation, GIFT, couples, adoption, counselling, doctor patient relations, process.

In this study 28 women participated in interviews about their attitudes to IVF etc. treatment before, 1 month after and 6 months after their first cycle. At the 1st interview women were found to be perhaps overly optimistic about success but realistic about expected stress. The 2nd interview found the women still predominantly optimistic, but many having to reinterpret the failure of the first try. The third interview found women pregnant, still trying IVF, trying to adopt, trying other methods to get pregnant, and stopped or uncertain about continuing to try and get pregnant. Many were still unresolved to the idea of not having a biological child. Paper notes differences between feelings and facts, the role of hope, and the influence of doctors on the meanings people give to various outcomes.

49. Blacksell S, Phillips DR. The Nature and provision of infertility counselling in IVF centres in the UK, 1990: Institute of Population Studies, University of Exeter; 1991.

50. Blanchette H, Israel R, Adamson GD, Boyd EF. Obstetric performance of patients after oocyte donation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993;168(6 (1)):1803-9.

egg donors, medical aspects, women, doctors, egg donation, multiple pregnancy, age: egg donors, medical aspects, women, doctors, egg donation, multiple pregnancy, age.

This study of five women undergoing oocyte donation reinforces earlier research that such women have greater liklihood of multiple pregnancies and medical problems. Comment on this about benefits of using oocytes of younger women in older women.51. Blank?? RH. The Changing Context of Human Reproduction (Unpublished Copy). Changing Human Reproduction. Social Science Perspectives. London: Sage Publications; 1992.

assisted reproduction, law, USA, rights, family, psychosocial, motherhood, fatherhood, parenthood, technology, social attitudes, contraception, commercialisation, regulation, medical aspects, cryopreservation: assisted reproduction, law, USA, rights, family, psychosocial, motherhood, fatherhood, parenthood, technology, social attitudes, contraception, commercialisation, regulation, medical aspects, cryopreservation.

.

52. Blood J. Survey of Sperm Donors - Attitudes to the Central Register. Unpublished; 1992.

53. Blyth E. Infertility and Assisted Reproduction: Practice Issues for Counsellors. In: Reproduction BPGoA, ed. Birmingham: British Association of Social Workers; 1991.

54. Blyth E. Birth Secrets. Childright. 1991;77(June):15-8.

interests of child, assisted reproduction, couples, family, secrecy, openness, telling the child: interests of child, assisted reproduction, couples, family, secrecy, openness, telling the child.

not seen.

55. Blyth E. Children's Welfare, Surrogacy and Social Work. British Journal of Social Work. 1993;23:259-75.

interests of child, social workers, surrogacy, infertility, couples, assisted reproduction, psychological, secrecy, semen donors, telling the child, social attitudes, ethics, law, parenthood, counselling, adoption, UK: interests of child, social workers, surrogacy, infertility, couples, assisted reproduction, psychological, secrecy, semen donors, telling the child, social attitudes, ethics, law, parenthood, counselling, adoption, UK.

This paper looks at the potential for a greater social work involvement in surrogacy issues through a greater emphasis on the interests of the child. Looks at areas social work can focus on including counselling, paternity and secrecy/openness issues. Also looks at law and policy issues.

56. Blyth E. The Acceptable Face of Surrogacy. The Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law. 1993;4(Section 30):248-60.

ethics, philosophy, surrogacy, UK, family, social attitudes, policy, legislation, interests of child, law, doctors, medicalisation, regulation: ethics, philosophy, surrogacy, UK, family, social attitudes, policy, legislation, interests of child, law, doctors, medicalisation, regulation.

This paper discusses the development of surrogacy practice in the UK and policy responses to it. It concludes that despite official statements, what has developed is the legitimisation of a medicalised model of surrogacy, which reinforces conventional assumptions about UK family life.

57. Bolton V, Golombok S, Bish A, Rust J. A comparative study of attitudes towards donor insemination and egg donation in recipients, potential donors and the public. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991;12:1-12.

social attitudes, DI, egg donation, recipients, semen donors, egg donors, counselling, UK, telling the child, secrecy, screening, motivation, payment, NZ, Australia, USA, records, interests of child, family: social attitudes, DI, egg donation, recipients, semen donors, egg donors, counselling, UK, telling the child, secrecy, screening, motivation, payment, NZ, Australia, USA, records, interests of child, family.

This study of egg donors, recipients of egg and semen donations and members of the general populace found that the recipints were more in favour of gamete donation than donors who were in turn more in favour of it than the general public. There was more support for semen donor than egg donor anonymity, and general uncertainity about telling the child. Counselling was generally approved of.

58. Bonnicksen AL. Human Embryos and Genetic Testing: A Private Policy Model. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1992;11(1):53-63.

embryos, research, ethics, doctors, medical aspects, IVF, policy, regulation, guidelines, social attitiudes, law, practice, rights, USA, interests of child, genetic engineering, assisted reproduction: embryos, research, ethics, doctors, medical aspects, IVF, policy, regulation, guidelines, social attitiudes, law, practice, rights, USA, interests of child, genetic engineering, assisted reproduction.

This article discusses various ways of providing guidelines for the practice of assisted reproductive technologies, and in particular the new embryo related technologies. It considers bioethics and legislation and comes out in favour of a private policy approach. By this it means the development of guidelines by practitioners, by a set process and the codification of these by professional bodies such as the American Fertility Society.

59. Bordson BL, Leonardo VS. The appropriate upper age limit for semen donors: a review of the genetic effects of paternal age. Fertility and Sterility. 1991;56(3):397-401.

semen donors, screening, medical aspects, USA: semen donors, screening, medical aspects, USA.

This paper reviews the research into the effect of older parents on the rate of genetic defects in offspring. It questions the limitation that semen donors be under 35 and approves of moves to raise this to limit to 40.

60. Brahams D. IVF legislation: error causes confidentiality trap. The Lancet. 1991;338(December 7):1449-50.

IVF, law, legislation, UK, research, embryos, policy, regulation, licensing, doctors: IVF, law, legislation, UK, research, embryos, policy, regulation, licensing, doctors.

This paper outlines difficulty with the HFEA Act with regards to doctors being unable to get access to patient information due to the confidentiality requirements of that Act.61. Brahams D. Abortion and assisted parenthood in USA. The Lancet. 1991;337(Jan, 26):228-9.

contraception, abortion, feminism, parenthood, USA, law, legislation, IVF, surrogacy, UK, embryos, cryopreservation, rights,: contraception, abortion, feminism, parenthood, USA, law, legislation, IVF, surrogacy, UK, embryos, cryopreservation, rights,.

This paper discusses a variety of legal issues in relation to contraception, abortion and assisted reproduction issues (including surrogacy and embryo cryopresevation ) in the USA and UK.

62. Brander P. Infertility - a review of the literature on prevalence, causes treatments , and prevention.: Department of Health New Zealand; 1991.

63. Brandt K, Zech H. Results of a Study on Prediction Criteria for IVF after Brief Psychotherapy. (Summary of original in German). Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 1992;52(5, May):297-300.

IVF, ET, Austria, infertility, couples, child free, psychological, psychosocial, clinics: IVF, ET, Austria, infertility, couples, child free, psychological, psychosocial, clinics.

This study of couples undergoing infertility treatment found that a change in the psychological state (as evaluated by self-rating and psychologist assessment) correlated with the ability of couples either to become pregnant or to accept childlessness.

64. Braverman AM, Ovum Donor Task Force of the Psychological Special Interests Group of The American Fertility Society. Survey results on the current practice of ovum donation programs. Fertility and Sterility. 1993;59:1216-20.

egg donation, USA, clinics, psychological, psychosocial, egg donors, couples,: egg donation, USA, clinics, psychological, psychosocial, egg donors, couples,.

not seen, See Braverman, 1995.

65. Brewaeys A, Ponjaert-Kristoffersen I, Steirteghem ACV, Devroey P. Children from anonymous donors: an inquiry into homosexual and heterosexual parents' attitudes. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1993;14(Special Issue):23-5.

DI, lesbian, couples, sexuality, secrecy, openness, policy, records, semen donors, family, social attitudes, identity, telling the child, education, age, male infertility, Belgium: DI, lesbian, couples, sexuality, secrecy, openness, policy, records, semen donors, family, social attitudes, identity, telling the child, education, age, male infertility, Belgium.

This study of lesbian and heterosexual DI couples found that lesbians were statistically significantly more in favour of telling the child about its DI origins, and about disclosing their use of DI to their close friends and to a wider social network than were heterosexual couples. It also looks at the reasons for this difference and respondents attitudes to the donor. Notes that successful DI makes lesbian couples more different and heterosexual couples more normal.

66. British Andrology Society. British Andrology Society guidelines for the screening of semen donors for donor insemination. Human Reproduction. 1993;8(9):1521-3.

screening, UK, DI, semen donors, interests of child, medical aspects, HIV, STDs, practice: screening, UK, DI, semen donors, interests of child, medical aspects, HIV, STDs, practice.

This paper outlines the mandatory and optimal screening procedures which the British Andrology society endorses for the screening of semen donors.

67. Brody E. Infertility and Non-coital Reproduction. In: Brody E, ed. Biomedical Technology and Human Rights. Aldershot, UkCambridge, UK: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization/ Dartmouth Publishing Company/ The International Social Science Council/ The World Federation for Mental Health; 1993.

rights, assisted reproduction, technology, culture, economics, class, policy, ethics, doctors, genetic screening, organ donation, abortion, access, DI, interests of child, practice, medical aspects, surrogates, commercialisation, IVF, surrogacy, couples, consent, treatment, cryopreservation, SET, scientists, doctors, women, gender, egg donation, lesbian, infertility, insurance, parenthood, social attitudes, single women,: rights, assisted reproduction, technology, culture, economics, class, policy, ethics, doctors, genetic screening, organ donation, abortion, access, DI, interests of child, practice, medical aspects, surrogates, commercialisation, IVF, surrogacy, couples, consent, treatment, cryopreservation, SET, scientists, doctors, women, gender, egg donation, lesbian, infertility, insurance, parenthood, social attitudes, single women,.

This piece looks at the extent of ART use particularly in a USA context and provides a description of various procedures. It discusses policy issues in this regard from a human rights standpoint, looking particularly at commercialisation issues.

68. Brody E. Biomedical Technology and Human Rights. Cambridge, UK: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization/ Dartmouth Publishing Company/ The International Social Science Council/ The World Federation for Mental Health; 1993.

rights, assisted reproduction, technology, culture, economics, class, policy, ethics, doctors, genetic screening, organ donation, fetal tissue, abortion, access, age, HIV, DI, interests of child, practice, medical aspects, commercialisation, IVF, surrogacy, consent, contraception, counselling, treatment, cryopreservation, scientists, women, gender, genetic engineering, egg donation, eugenics, lesbian, infertility, insurance, gay men, parenthood, social attitudes, research, STDs, single women,: rights, assisted reproduction, technology, culture, economics, class, policy, ethics, doctors, genetic screening, organ donation, fetal tissue, abortion, access, age, HIV, DI, interests of child, practice, medical aspects, commercialisation, IVF, surrogacy, consent, contraception, counselling, treatment, cryopreservation, scientists, women, gender, genetic engineering, egg donation, eugenics, lesbian, infertility, insurance, gay men, parenthood, social attitudes, research, STDs, single women,.

This book contains chapters on the relationship of human rights to health, science and technology, assisted reproduction, organ donation, the mentally ill and the terminally ill or comatose.

69. Broekhuijsen-Molenaar AML. Contractural Aspects of Surrogate Motherhood in the Netherlands. Medicine and Law. 1991;10(5):501-11.

surrogacy, the Netherlands, law, motherhood, couples, payment, abortion, adoption, policy, ethics, commercialisation, interests of child, semen donors, pregnancy, abortion, legislation, DI: surrogacy, the Netherlands, law, motherhood, couples, payment, abortion, adoption, policy, ethics, commercialisation, interests of child, semen donors, pregnancy, abortion, legislation, DI.

This paper looks at the enforceability of surrogacy contracts under Dutch law. It concludes that some parts of these contracts are enforceable, while others are not.

70. Bromham DR, Lilford RJ. Autonomy and its limitations in artificial reproduction. Bailliere's Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991;5(3):529-50.

rights, doctors, ethics, doctor patient relations, assisted reproduction, law, social attitudes, economics, technology, religion, surrogacy, education, egg donors, psychosocial, psychological, motherhood, couples, semen donors, motivation, commercialisation, counselling, interests of child, prohibition, embryos, known surrogates: rights, doctors, ethics, doctor patient relations, assisted reproduction, law, social attitudes, economics, technology, religion, surrogacy, education, egg donors, psychosocial, psychological, motherhood, couples, semen donors, motivation, commercialisation, counselling, interests of child, prohibition, embryos, known surrogates.

This paper looks at ethical issues in assisted reproduction using the example of surrogacy. It discussess this from the viewpoint of the: commisioning male and female, the surrogate and her partner, the child, the neonate, the fetus, and the pre-implantation embryo, the doctor, and society and its various subcultures. Also presents premilminary results of a forthcoming social attitudes study.71. Bromham DR. Attitudes Toward Embryo Research. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1992;9(2):90-3.

scientists, embryos, research, social attitudes, UK, cryopreservation, abortion, infertility, genetic engineering, IVF, ethics, economics, eugenics: scientists, embryos, research, social attitudes, UK, cryopreservation, abortion, infertility, genetic engineering, IVF, ethics, economics, eugenics.

This paper overviews the debate about embryo research in th UK. It looks at the status of the embryo, where research is leading and whether it can be afforded.

72. Brown VM, Brown AM. Male factor infertility - an exploratory study of occupational factors. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 11th Annual Scientific Meeting; Adelaide, Australia; 1992.

male infertility, screening, social class, Australia: male infertility, screening, social class, Australia.

This study of infertile men presenting to a clinic who did not have a medical cause for their infertility were compared to fertile men and analysed in terms of their occupation. No significant relation was found between this type of infertility and electrical and coal mining occupations. It was found that clinic attenders were of a higher social class. Concerns about the effect of the sampling on the validity of the results are expressed.

73. Burfoot A. DI or DIY (Do It Yourself)? Missing Elements in the Donor Insemination Secrecy/ Openness Debate. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):174-6.

secrecy, gender, reproductive rights, infertility, DI, law, single and lesbian women: secrecy, gender, reproductive rights, infertility, DI, law, single and lesbian women.

This response to Daniels and Taylor's article in the same volume supports increasing openess with regard to offsprings' access to information about donors but raises sociolegal and social value concerns with regard to gender. The reproductive rights of women whether they are married or unmarried are upheld, and the role that DI plays in protecting males from the shame of infertility is brought into question.

74. Bydgeman M. The Swedish Insemination Act. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1991;70(4-5):265-6.

Sweden, legislations, insemination act, semen donors, recruitment, methods, secrecy, records, anonymity, psychosocial, recipients, numbers of semen donors, impact of legislation.: Sweden, legislations, insemination act, semen donors, recruitment, methods, secrecy, records, anonymity, psychosocial, recipients, numbers of semen donors, impact of legislation.

Describes main statutes of the Swedish Insemination Act. Describes regulations of the National Board of Health and Welfare in relation to DI. Mentions psychosocial factors e.g. secrecy, records Outlines pre-1985 donor situation and number of births, couples, then 1988-89 - impact of the legislation. Concludes shortage of donors can be overcome through greater effort on the part of hospitals.

75. Callahan D. Opening the Debate?: A Response to the Wiklers. The Millbank Quarterly. 1991;69(1):41-4.

DI, ethics, doctors, medicalisation, policy, law, social attitudes, parenthood, rights, blood bond, family, sperm banks, commercialisation, semen donors, feminism: DI, ethics, doctors, medicalisation, policy, law, social attitudes, parenthood, rights, blood bond, family, sperm banks, commercialisation, semen donors, feminism.

This paper looks at the debate about donor insemination, and notes that it has slipped into common use without general debate partly because it has been taken over by the medical establishment. Cautions against it being taken over by the commercial establishment instead and notes the diffeiculties in getting people to think creatively about their procreative choices, and in particular the social consequences of these.

76. Callens S. IVF in th USA, Who Pays for It? Medical Law. 1992;11:73-81.

law, USA, IVF, regulation, insurance, policy, economics, doctors, infertility, couples, clinics, guidelines: law, USA, IVF, regulation, insurance, policy, economics, doctors, infertility, couples, clinics, guidelines.

This paper looks at the development of laws in the USA with regard to providing insurance for IVF. In so doing it looks at the definitions of IVF in terms of its 'experimental' or 'unnecessary' nature.

77. Campbell C. Directions Given Under the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990. Giving or receiving money or other benefits in respect of any supply of gametes or embryos. In: Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, ed; 1991.

78. Campbell CS. What Price Parenthood? ethics and assisted reproduction. Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth; 1992.

79. Canada LRCo. Medically assisted procreation: Law Reform Commission of Canada; 1992.

80. Canada NRTRC. Proceed with Care: Canadian Royal Commision on New Reproductive Technologies; 1993.81. Capron AM. Whose Child is This? Hastings Center Report. 1991(November-December):37-8.

infertility, social attitudes, surrogacy, law, parenthood, USA, motherhood, payment, couples: infertility, social attitudes, surrogacy, law, parenthood, USA, motherhood, payment, couples.

This paper looks at the legal side of surrogacy in the USA looking in particular at certain test cases.

82. Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE. Evidence for the decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. British Medical Journal. 1992;305(6854, 12 September):609-13.

sperm quality, male infertility, scientists, methods: sperm quality, male infertility, scientists, methods.

Concludes that there has been a genuine decline in sperm quality in the last 50 years.

83. Carr JE. Artificial Insemination: Problems, Policies, and Proposals. Alabama Law Review. 1993;26:120-62.

DI, law, USA, policy, parenthood, psychological, psychosocial, couples, doctors, adoption, regulation, legislation, secrecy: DI, law, USA, policy, parenthood, psychological, psychosocial, couples, doctors, adoption, regulation, legislation, secrecy.

This paper looks primarily at legal issues of paternity and inheritance in relation to DI, in the USA and particularly in Alabama. Also touches on psychosocial issues and the role of the doctor.

84. Carson P, Froggatt C, Goswamy R. A request for IVF treatment. The Practitioner. 1991;235(October):707-11.

IVF, couples, economics, doctors, infertility, stress, adoption, child free, doctor patient relations, psychological, UK, age: IVF, couples, economics, doctors, infertility, stress, adoption, child free, doctor patient relations, psychological, UK, age.

This paper presents the responses of three doctors to the hypothetical situation of 38 year old women presenting for IVF who can not afford private treatment. Stresses difficulties of age, long waiting lists, and the importance of involving the husband in the situation.

85. CECOS F, Lannou DL, Lansac J. Artificial procreation with frozen donor semen: the French experience of CECOS. In: Barratt CLR, Cooke ID, eds. Donor Insemination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1993.

France, semen donors, frozen semen, regulation, CECOS, recruitment, payment, selection, testing, storage, recipients, demographics, pregnancy rates, outcomes: France, semen donors, frozen semen, regulation, CECOS, recruitment, payment, selection, testing, storage, recipients, demographics, pregnancy rates, outcomes.

A description of the regulations of CECOS and a summary of the collected results.

86. Centola GM. American organization of sperm banks. In: Barratt CLR, Cooke ID, eds. Donor Insemination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1993.

American Fertility Society, standards, guidelines, practice, screening, policies, licensing, OTA, private practice: American Fertility Society, standards, guidelines, practice, screening, policies, licensing, OTA, private practice.

Briefly outlines history of standards, screening, practices. Examine results of 1986/87 OTA survey of sperm banks. Concludes that AFS and AATB guidelines have had little effect on smaller "office-based" sperm banking facilities. But moves towards national guidelines or licensing could lead to closure of these. However, this would lead to better service and would protect practitioners from liability.

87. Chapman SP, Crittenden JA. Optimising A Donor Insemination Program: The Donor Perspective. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 11th Annual Scientific Meeting; Adelaide, Australia; 1992.

semen donors, practice, recruitment, policy, Australia: semen donors, practice, recruitment, policy, Australia.

This study looks at what 86 Australian donors liked and disliked about semen donation. Donors particularly disliked the future possibility of a central donor registry, the hospital 'collection room', limited hours for donating, and the lack of information about progeny resulting from donation. They liked policies such as being informed of initial sperm count, being notified if resulting pregnancies had complications, being paid, and not having to make appointments.

88. Charlesworth M. Begining life. In: Press CU, ed. Bioethics in a liberal society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press; 1993.

birth, family, infertility, women, child, feminism, surrogacy, motherhood, consequentialism, moralism, artificial insemination, IVF, assisted reproduction technologies.: birth, family, infertility, women, child, feminism, surrogacy, motherhood, consequentialism, moralism, artificial insemination, IVF, assisted reproduction technologies.

This chapter discusses the moral and ethical aspects of the constitution of families through assisted reproduction technologies, specially surrogate motherhood. It also discusses feminists points of view on abortion, contraception, compared to assisted reproduction. The author defends the assistance and funding by the state for alternative forms of family formation, in the same way as it funds traditional forms.

89. Charo RA. USA: New York surrogacy law. The Lancet. 1992;340(August, 8):361.

surrogacy, USA, law, legislation, payment, commercialisation, prohibition: surrogacy, USA, law, legislation, payment, commercialisation, prohibition.

This piece describes a new US surrogacy law which makes surrogacy contracts unenforceable and imposes a fine upon payment, without criminalising the decision to make such a payment.

90. Clarke R. The Ethical Aspects of Surrogate Motherhood. unpublished, presented to Professor D. G. Jones as part of course work for Anatomy 455, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, NZ; 1993.91. Clement JL. (Psycho-sociological profile of a series of 850 sperm donors) (in French). Contraception, Fertilite, Sexusalite. 1993;21(6):498-500.

France, sperm semen donors, age, class, advertising: France, sperm semen donors, age, class, advertising.

This study looks at the demographics of 850 sperm donors coming to a Lyon clinic, in order to determine what is the best way to advertise in order to attract these sorts of men.

92. Collins JA, Miller RA, Rowe TC. The Effect of Treatment on Pregnancy Among Couples with Unexplained Infertility. International Journal of Fertility. 1991;36(3):140-52.

infertility, medical aspects, pregnancy, assisted reproduction, age, class, couples: infertility, medical aspects, pregnancy, assisted reproduction, age, class, couples.

This study of couples with unexplained infertility questions the use of ART's when these are not specifically called for by the diagnosis.

93. Collins A, Freeman EW, Boxer AS, Tureck R. Perceptions of Infertility and Treatment Stress in Females as Compared to Males Entering In Vitro Fertilization Treatment. Fertility and Sterility. 1992;57(2):350-6.

Infertility, Stress, Gender, IVF: Infertility, Stress, Gender, IVF.

This study investigates gender differences with regard to perceptions of infertility, and stress resulting from IVF treatment. It was undertaken on 200 couples applying for acceptance into an IVF programme. It found that women anticipated more stress in IVF programmes but related that they received a greater degree of social support. It notes that certain factors are associated with IVF being stressful for a couple, the major one being a couples' strong desire to have a child.

94. Collins JA. New treatments, preliminary results, and clinical practice. Fertility and Sterility. 1993;60(3, September):403-5.

assisted reproduction, ZIFT, media, scientists, research, doctors, recipients, medical aspects, practice: assisted reproduction, ZIFT, media, scientists, research, doctors, recipients, medical aspects, practice.

This paper warns docotors against the use of ART treatments which have not been properly tested.

95. Colpi GM, Pozza D. Diagnosing Male Infertility, New Possibilities and Limits. New York: Karger; 1992.

male infertility, medical aspects, doctors: male infertility, medical aspects, doctors.

not seen.

96. Condon M. An Analysis of cases self-presenting to counselling. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 10th Annual Scientific Meeting; Lorne, Australia; 1991.

counselling, infertility, couples, coping skills, social support: counselling, infertility, couples, coping skills, social support.

This study reviews the work of the counselling service at the Queensland Fertility Group where counselling is available but optional for patients. It notes the types of issues raised by people ringing up and notes the advisability of this model which can give couples greater control over their infertility.

97. Connolly KJ, Edelmann RJ, Cooke ID, Robson J. The impact of infertility on psychological functioning. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1992;36(5):459-468.

couples, psychological, infertility, social support, gender, relationship, male infertility, DI, counselling, screening: couples, psychological, infertility, social support, gender, relationship, male infertility, DI, counselling, screening.

This study of 116 couples presenting with primary infertility found that those who fared worse emotionally were the dispositionally neurotic or anxious and men whose marriages were less well adjusted and who were the source of the infertility. It is argued that the former could be screened out or targetted for counselling. It is also argued that DI may circumvent rather than treat infertility and may lead to imbalances in relationships between mother, father and child. It argues that people should wait a time between discovering infertility and undertaking DI.

98. Cook R. The relationship between sex role and emotional functioning in patients undergoing assisted conception. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1993;14(1):31-40.

sex roles, infertility, sexuality, couples, psychosocial: sex roles, infertility, sexuality, couples, psychosocial.

This study investigated the differences between women and men involved in assisted conception procedures in terms of whether they held to traditional or non-differentiated sex roles. It found that men who held to non-differentiated sex-roles were more likely to be anxious and depressed about infertility and assisted conception procedures, while women who held to traditional sex-roles were more likely to be anxious and depressed about these subjects.

99. Cooke S. Counselling in donor insemination. In: Barratt CLR, Cooke ID, eds. Donor Insemination. Cambridge: C.U.P.; 1993.

counselling, infertility, adoption, DI, couples, semen donors.: counselling, infertility, adoption, DI, couples, semen donors.

This article addresses counselling issues in relation to both male and female partners, and in relation to the donor. For the couples it looks at counselling for infertility separately from counselling for DI and addresses medical options, and non-DI options such as adoption, fostering, and acceptance of childlessness. It advocates greater openess about DI with children and greater emphasis on the role of the donor.

100. Cooke ID. Secrecy, Openess, and DI in the UK. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):176-7.

education, social attitudes, DI, secrecy, policy, regulation, legislation, counselling,: education, social attitudes, DI, secrecy, policy, regulation, legislation, counselling,.

This response to Daniels and Taylor's earlier article in the same volume outlines the legal position, and current regulatory practices regarding DI in the UK. It is noted that public attitudes to DI are changing and greater openess about this process is being encouraged. The author is however currently opposed to legislation which would allow DI children to have access to the identity of their donor on maturity, because he believes that such legislation would result in a decline in donations being made.101. Cooke ID. Concluding remarks. In: Barratt CLR, Cooke ID, eds. Donor Insemination. Cambridge: C.U.P.; 1993.

semen donors, recruitment, selection, screening, demographics, France, UK, USA, sperm quality, recipients, counselling,: semen donors, recruitment, selection, screening, demographics, France, UK, USA, sperm quality, recipients, counselling,.

This chapter notes the differences between French, and UK and US selection and screening procedures for donors, and comments favourably on the French emphasis on not screening on genetic grounds but only recruiting from married men. It notes the importance of female fertility in the success of DI. It encourages better statistical analysis in DI research. It also notes that since UK law requires that couples having DI must have counselling, that training of infertility counsellors and procedures for such counselling need to be developed.

102. Cooke ID. Developments in donor insemination and the law in the UK. In: Barratt CLR, Cooke ID, eds. Donor Insemination. Cambridge: C.U.P.; 1993.

regulation, DI, standards, records, screening, law, HFEA,: regulation, DI, standards, records, screening, law, HFEA,.

This article outlines the recent changes in the law with regard to DI (and other ART procedures) in the UK resulting from the HFEA Act and describes the Code of Practice of this new authority. It comments that while these changes may result in higher standards and better in service provision, they may also close many clinics who can not meet the new requirements. The author considers that if the changes reduce the accessibility of DI for the average person then they will have been counter-productive.

103. Cooper D, Herman D. Getting "The Family Right": Legislating Heterosexuality in Britain 1986-91. Canadian Journal of Family Law. 1991;10:41-78.

law, lesbian, single women, social attitudes, UK, gay men, feminism, men women, legislation, regulation, DI, family, child development, couples, fatherhood, motherhood, parenthood, doctors, technology, interests of child, rights, sexuality, class: law, lesbian, single women, social attitudes, UK, gay men, feminism, men women, legislation, regulation, DI, family, child development, couples, fatherhood, motherhood, parenthood, doctors, technology, interests of child, rights, sexuality, class.

This paper looks at recent legislation in the UK which relates to lesbians in general and lesbian and single women in regard to ARTs. It looks at how both conservative and liberal attitudes both marginalise homosexuality.

104. Cornwall J. Meeting a Challenge on Bioethics. The New York Times; 1992.

105. Cox LW. The Development of Infertility Treatment in Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991;31(3):254-9.

history, infertility, assisted reproduction, Australia, sperm banks, IVF, ICSI, scientists, doctors: history, infertility, assisted reproduction, Australia, sperm banks, IVF, ICSI, scientists, doctors.

This paper presents an overview of the developments of ART in Australia from a doctor/scientist viewpoint.

106. Cox J. Male infertility: artificial insemination by donor. Health visitor. 1993;66(2):54-5.

male infertility, DI, couples, social attitudes, psychological: male infertility, DI, couples, social attitudes, psychological.

This paper provedes an overview of (male) infertility, its psychological affects and DI.

107. Crabb V, Cook R. Unsuccessful Infertility Treatment: Factors Relating to Coping Styles and Psychological Health. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual Scientific Meeting; The Sydney Hilton Hotel, Australia; 1993.

coping skills, social support, psychological, infertility, stress, psychosocial, practice: coping skills, social support, psychological, infertility, stress, psychosocial, practice.

This study of 60 women attending an infertility clinic found that personality factors predicted coping strategies, and that perceived social support predicted satisfaction with life and acceptance of infertility. The results are discussed in relation to coping theory and clinc practice.

108. Craft I, Fincham E, Al-Shawaf T. Six pregnancies following donation of both oocytes and sperm. The Lancet. 1992;339(February 1):307.

egg donation, semen donation, IVF, embryos, cryopreservation, ethics, known donors, research: egg donation, semen donation, IVF, embryos, cryopreservation, ethics, known donors, research.

This letter reports on the development of embryo donation in a London clinic.

109. Crawshaw M. Results of Questionnaire sent to all BICA members working in a counselling capacity in a licensed clinic. British Infertility Counselling Association Newsletter. 1993;9:2-4.

infertility, counselling, clinics, UK: infertility, counselling, clinics, UK.

not seen.

110. Dahlem M. Surrogate motherhood and the morality of care. Women and criminal justice. 1991;3(1):101-126.

morality of care,child, mother, surrogacy, paarenting: morality of care,child, mother, surrogacy, paarenting.

The paper examines the judicial and legislative responses and the public policy implications of surrogate parenting contracts from a perspective of morality of care. This perspective elevates the bond between mother and child over the rights conferred by contract. Several arguments are present against the granting of specific performance of surrogate parenting contracts.111. Daly KJ, Sobol MP. Highlights from Adoption as an Alternative for Infertile Couples: Prospects and Trends: Canadian Royal Commision on New Reproductive Technologies; 1992.

112. Daniels K, Taylor K. Surrogacy: The Private Troubles and Public Issues. Community Mental Health in New Zealand. 1991;6(2):28-50.

surrogacy, couples, motherhood, interests child, social attitudes, NZ, social workers, psychosocial, infertility, media: surrogacy, couples, motherhood, interests child, social attitudes, NZ, social workers, psychosocial, infertility, media.

This article outlines the private experience and public issues involved in surrogacy. It argues that surrogacy is not just a private arrangement between consenting adults; because children are involved it becomes a societal issue with a public dimension. It argues that social workers have a role in assisting both those directly involved in surrogacy arrangements, and those concerned with policy development in this area.

113. Daniels K. Relationships between Semen Donors and their Networks. Australian Social Work. 1991;44(1):29-35.

semen donors attitudes, doctors, networks, social support, Australia, donor experience, single women, lesbians, social attitudes: semen donors attitudes, doctors, networks, social support, Australia, donor experience, single women, lesbians, social attitudes.

This article outlines the relationship between donors and their networks by presenting theresults of a survey of Australian donors. It shows that these donors valued interactive relationships in their networks, and were generally positive about the service they received from medical practitioners. It notes the extent to which donors told others about their involvement and the relatively low level of enbthusiasm for their involvement from their wives and partners. It looks at donor attitudes to who they believed should be have access to their gametes, and on the number of offspring that should be permitted from any one donor.

114. Daniels K. The UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority - One Year On. Newsletter of The Fertility Society of Australia. 1992;25:4-5.

UK, assisted reproduction, legislation, regulation, records, counselling, liscensing, ethics, rights of children: UK, assisted reproduction, legislation, regulation, records, counselling, liscensing, ethics, rights of children.

This article reports outlines the activities of the HFEA in the UK in designing a regulatory system for ART practice. It looks at the Authorities approach to record keeping, liscensing, fee setting, counselling, treatment and its concerns with social and ethical issues and with the welfare of children. It notes that the council is generally approved of.

115. Daniels KR. Management of the psychosocial aspects of infertility. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1992;32(1):57-63.

infertility, psychosocial, counselling, social workers, doctors, health professionals, counselling, stress, couples, social support, semen donors, interests of the child, assisted reproduction, psychological, clinics, practice: infertility, psychosocial, counselling, social workers, doctors, health professionals, counselling, stress, couples, social support, semen donors, interests of the child, assisted reproduction, psychological, clinics, practice.

This paper looks at some of the psychosocial issues involved in infertility. It presents a systems perspective, and considers the role played by the couple, donor, and offspring. It looks at teamwork in the treatment of infertility by groups of professionals and outlines particular issues of importance for individuals, relationships and treatment staff.

116. Daniels K, Caldwell J. Assisted Reproduction and the Law: Implications for Policy. In: Henaghan M, Atkin B, eds. Family Law Policy in New Zealand. Auckland: Oxford University Press; 1992.

law, legislation, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, NZ, parenthood, childrens rights, ethics, embryos: law, legislation, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, NZ, parenthood, childrens rights, ethics, embryos.

This chapter outlines the legal issues relating to ART's in New Zealand. It looks at NZ legislation in relation to that of other countries on such issues as surrogacy, protection of the embryo, regulation of parenthood and state funding of assisted reproduction.

117. Daniels KR. The Psychosocial Needs of Semen Donors. In: Wijma K, Schoultz BV, eds. Reproductive Life: Advances in Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Carnforth: Parthenon; 1992.

semen donors, psychosocial, payment, DI, motivation, Australia, NZ, secrecy, openness, offspring: semen donors, psychosocial, payment, DI, motivation, Australia, NZ, secrecy, openness, offspring.

This paper reports the results of earlier studies in Australia and NZ about donors psychosoical needs, who they have and have not told about their donation, and what they would like to know about their offspring.

118. Daniels K. Telling the Child of its DI Conception - The Views of Husbands and Wives. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 11th Annual Scientific Meeting; Adelaide, Australia; 1992.

couples, DI, secrecy, offspring: couples, DI, secrecy, offspring.

This study found that in 58 couples women tended to be more willing than men to inform the child about its DI origins.

119. Daniels K, Taylor K. Formulating Selection Policies for Assisted Reproduction. Social Science and Medicine. 1993;37(12):1473-1480.

selection, assessment, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, doctors: selection, assessment, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, doctors.

This paper addresses one of the most important problems in the area of assisted reproduction, namely the selection policies used by the providers of the services. Some of the difficulties involved in formulating policies in this area are outlined. The paper concludes that public involvement in decision making in this area is vital, and that to facilitate this the issues must be opened up to public scrutiny and debate. Such debate would be a significant first step towards the implementation of policies which reflect the opinion of the entire comminity rather than just the professionals who provide the service, or sectional groups who manage to influecce the professionals.

120. Daniels KR. Moving towards Openness in Donor Insemination: Variations on a Theme. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):200-4.

DI, secrecy, family, social attitudes, physicians, legislation: DI, secrecy, family, social attitudes, physicians, legislation.

This article is a summary of a series of articles which were responding to an earlier 'thinkpiece' co-authored by this author; 'Secrecy and Openess in Donor Insemination'. This article outlines the contributions made under four main headings: attitudes to the family, social attitudes, dominance of the medical profession and secrecy as a legislative issue.121. Daniels KR. Infertility Counselling: The Need for a Psychosocial Perspective. British Journal of Social Work. 1993;23(5):501-15.

counselling, infertility, support groups, professions, psychosocial, social attitudes, stress, social support, policy, ethics, social workers: counselling, infertility, support groups, professions, psychosocial, social attitudes, stress, social support, policy, ethics, social workers.

This paper argues for a psychosocial perspective on infertility counselling in which the social issues are given greater emphasis than they are being given currently. A case study is used to explore a variety of psychosocial issues realating to infertility and to make suggestions with regard to responses that can be made to these issues.

122. Daniels KR, Stjerna I. Infertility: The Social Work Contribution. Socionomen. 1993;6(2 (Research suppl no 3)):41-46.

infertility, social work, psychosocial, multidisciplinary teams, crisis, relationship model, adoption, policy, family-centred: infertility, social work, psychosocial, multidisciplinary teams, crisis, relationship model, adoption, policy, family-centred.

Overview article which is concerned with stimulating debate about the psychosocial aspects of infertility and also aims to highlight the contribution that social workers can make to this field.

123. Daniels KR, Taylor K. Secrecy and openness in donor insemination. Politics & the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):155-170.

secrecy, openness, semen donors, recipients, offspring, families, practice, policy, doctors, adoption, regulation, rights, anonymity,: secrecy, openness, semen donors, recipients, offspring, families, practice, policy, doctors, adoption, regulation, rights, anonymity,.

Explores the issues surrounding the notions of secrecy and openness in DI. Secrecy in DI is placed in its historical context, with an outline of some of the main reasons it has been advocated. Openness is then introduced and some of the arguments for a more open approach presented. Outlines responses of various governments and social policy implications. It is concluded that more openness would be advantageous to all of those involved. Couples, professionals, and policymakers are therefore urged to re-examine their views about the need for maintaining secrecy in this area.

124. Dearlove JC. Who should pay for in vitro fertilisation? British Medical Journal. 1993;307(31 July):324.

IVF, economics, Catholic, clinics, feminism, women, infertility: IVF, economics, Catholic, clinics, feminism, women, infertility.

This letter reports on the policies of pro-life groups to providing finance to poorer infertile women wishing to undertake IVF. They won't. Individual clinics or feminist reproductive rights groups might.

125. Dell SJ. Community Attitudes - to the Use of Donor Semen for HIV Couples. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 10th Annual Scientific Meeting; Lorne, Australia; 1991.

HIV, social attitudes, DI, interests of child, semen donors, infertility, couples, ethics: HIV, social attitudes, DI, interests of child, semen donors, infertility, couples, ethics.

This study of community attitudes to HIV couples having access to DI discusses various ethical and practical issues. The results of this study were not presented in the abstract in the conference proceedings.

126. Demyttenaere K, Nijs P, Evers-Kiebooms G, Koninckx PR. Coping, Ineffectiveness of Coping and The Psychoendocrinological Stress Responses During In-Vitro Fertilization. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1991;35(2-3):231-43.

coping skills, psychological, stress, medical aspects, women, IVF, ET: coping skills, psychological, stress, medical aspects, women, IVF, ET.

This study looks at the relationship between coping skills, psychology, drug usage and infertility in women undergoing IVF and ET.

127. Demyttenaere K, Nijs P, Evers-Kiebooms G, Koninckx PR. Coping and the Ineffectiveness of Coing Influence the Outcome of In-Vitro Fertilization Through Stress Responses. Psychosoneuroendocrinology. 1992;17(6):655-65.

coping skills, psychological, stress, medical aspects, women, IVF: coping skills, psychological, stress, medical aspects, women, IVF.

This study looks at the relationship between coping skills, psychology, drug usage and infertility in women undergoing IVF and ET.

128. Denny E. The experience of in vitro fertilization and gamete intra-fallopian transfer. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1993;18:511-7.

IVF, GIFT, women, stress, feminism, technology, infertility, drugs, process: IVF, GIFT, women, stress, feminism, technology, infertility, drugs, process.

This qualitative study of women undergoing IVF and GIFT, reports on their feelings at various points in the process. Seeks to do practical feminist research.

129. Dewarle BK. Open Adoption. The Canadian Nurse. 1992;88(3):14-16.

adoption, law, openness, parenthood, interests of child, identity, infertility, couples, nurses, Canada: adoption, law, openness, parenthood, interests of child, identity, infertility, couples, nurses, Canada.

This paper discusses the pro's and con's of open adoption in Canada.

130. Dickey RP, Olar TT, Lee S, Mascarenhas L. Hormone treatment for infertility: Restriction won't prevent multiple pregnancies: A chance for those who won't pay for IVF. British Medical Journal. 1993;307(13 November):1281-2.

IVF, doctors, drugs, medical aspects, pregnancy, USA, economics, Denmark, UK, regulation, policy: IVF, doctors, drugs, medical aspects, pregnancy, USA, economics, Denmark, UK, regulation, policy.

These two letters discuss the economics and effectiveness of the use of certain drugs to prevent multiple pregnancies.131. Diedrich K. The embryo protection law after the unification of Germany. Focus on Reproduction. 1991;1:7.

Germany, embryos, prohibition, law: Germany, embryos, prohibition, law.

not seen, source of reference, Shenfield, 1994.

132. Dietrich H. Social Control of Surrogacy in Australia: A Feminist Perspective. In: Holmes HB, ed. Issues in Reproductive Technology 1: An Anthology. New York: Garland; 1992.

Australia, feminism, ethics, law, assisted reproduction, women, surrogacy, prohibition, commercialisation, policy, technology, family, abortion, adoption, medicalisation, gender: Australia, feminism, ethics, law, assisted reproduction, women, surrogacy, prohibition, commercialisation, policy, technology, family, abortion, adoption, medicalisation, gender.

This chapter presents the arguments of a dissenting member of the Australian NBCC committee for the prohibition of surrogacy.

133. Dolley M. Controls urged for Denmark's private infertility clinics. British Medical Journal. 1993;307(11 September):643-4.

Denmark, licensing, doctors, infertility, IVF, drugs, DI, egg donation, legislation: Denmark, licensing, doctors, infertility, IVF, drugs, DI, egg donation, legislation.

This piece looks at recent cases in Denmark in which doctors performed procedures in contravention of laws. In particular one law in which women are forbidden from bearing children to which they are not biologically related.

134. Domar AD, Zuttermeister PC, Seibel M, Benson H. Psychological improvement in infertile women after behavioural treatment: a replication. Fertility and Sterility. 1992;58(1):144-7.

psychological, support groups, women, infertility, coping skills,: psychological, support groups, women, infertility, coping skills,.

This study of 52 women undergoing infertility treatments found a significant psychological improvement in them associated with their attendence at a behavioural treatment programme. This programme involved the teaching of relaxation techniques and reduced the womens' depression, anxiety and anger.

135. Domar AD, Zuttermeister PC, Friedman R. The psychological impact of infertility: a comparison with patients with other medical conditions. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993;14(Special Issue):45-52.

women, stress, psychological, USA, divorce, psychosocial, infertility, medical aspects, doctors: women, stress, psychological, USA, divorce, psychosocial, infertility, medical aspects, doctors.

This paper compares the psychological syptoms of infertile women with those suffering from other medical conditions. It finds that they are similar to some other conditions but less intense than others. Recommends that standard medical psychosocial interventions be applied in the case of infertility. It is noted that the distress associated with infertility is greater than generally perceived by doctors.

136. Douglas G. Access to assisted reproduction: legal and other criteria for eligibility: Cardiff Law School/Nuffield Foundation; 1992.

137. Douglas G, Young C. Findings from a Survey of ISSUE members. In: Wales Uo, ed. University of Wales: Unpublished; 1992.

138. Douglas G, Lowe NV. Becoming a Parent in English Law. The Law Quarterly Review. 1992;108:414-32.

parenthood, UK, law, history, couples, legislation, blood bond, motherhood, fatherhood, posthumous, sperm semen donors, adoption, assisted reproduction, interests of child, single women, lesbian, licensing, regulation, anonymity, doctors, surrogacy, egg donors: parenthood, UK, law, history, couples, legislation, blood bond, motherhood, fatherhood, posthumous, sperm semen donors, adoption, assisted reproduction, interests of child, single women, lesbian, licensing, regulation, anonymity, doctors, surrogacy, egg donors.

This is an overview of English law in relation to parenthood, ART's and adoption. It makes suggestions for reform.

139. Dublin S, Blatner WA, White GC, Goedert JJ. Procreation and HIV. The Lancet. 1993;342(November 13):1241-2.

HIV, social attitudes, adoption, DI, couples: HIV, social attitudes, adoption, DI, couples.

This letter notes the problem of people with HIV who which to procreate, and the social pressure to do so.

140. Duke RC, Speidel JJ. Women's Reproductive Health. A Chronic Crisis. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1991;266(13: October 2):1846-7.

women, family, abortion, STD's, pregnancy: women, family, abortion, STD's, pregnancy.

Outlines reproductive health issues for women.141. Dunkel-Schetter C, Lobel M. Psychological Reactions to Infertility. In: Stanton AL, Dunkel-Schetter C, eds. Perspectives from Stress and Coping Research. New York: Plenum; 1991.

psychological, psychosocial, infertility, stress, couples, methods, assisted reproduction, process, grief, anxiety, family, social attitudes, sexuality, parenthood, identity, gender, men, women, counselling, IVF, coping skills: psychological, psychosocial, infertility, stress, couples, methods, assisted reproduction, process, grief, anxiety, family, social attitudes, sexuality, parenthood, identity, gender, men, women, counselling, IVF, coping skills.

This comprehensive review of articles on the psychological effects of infertility on couples looks at both anecdotal and empirical research articles. The anecdotal articles emphasise the stress of infertility, while the empirical articles find overall that there is no difference between infertile and control groups in stress levels. Reasons are suggested for this discrepancy. It is suggested that generalisations about reactionx to infertility are difficult to make. Grieving processes, sexuality, gender differences, changes in social relationships, worldview, and self identity are also discussed.

142. Dunnington RM, Estok PJ. Potential Pychological Attachments Formed by Donors Involved in Fertility Technology - Another Side to Infertility. Nurse Practitioner. 1991(November 1991):41-8.

semen donors, egg donors, surrogacy, parenthood, DI, IVF, ET, adoption, psychological, stress, counselling, doctors, infertility, blood bond, law, secrecy, openness, offspring: semen donors, egg donors, surrogacy, parenthood, DI, IVF, ET, adoption, psychological, stress, counselling, doctors, infertility, blood bond, law, secrecy, openness, offspring.

This paper discusses the potential psychological experiences of donors and other reliquishing participants in the ART process. It notes that such involvement involves a decision to faciltate genetic or gestational functions and to relinquish social parenthood. It looks at egg, sperm and embryo donors, and surrogate mothers separately, comparing the latter situation to adoption. It concludes by emphasising the importance of counselling and the role of doctors in insuring donors etc. are not exploited.

143. Durna E, Bebe J, Leader L, Garrett D, Hutchings F, Steigrad S. Do Parents of Donor Insemination Children Inform them of their Origin? Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 10th Annual Scientific Meeting; Lorne, Australia; 1991.

offspring, secrecy, family, couples, DI, Australia: offspring, secrecy, family, couples, DI, Australia.

This study of approximately 300 couples who had had children through DI found that 10% of couples had told their children at a mean age of 5.7 years. In contrast 67% had told their friends or family. Of those who had told 73% had worries about the situation. It was also found that if children are not told early they are more likely not to be told at all. The abstract in the conference handbook does not present all the relevant results.

144. Edelmann RJ, Connolly RJ, Cooke ID, Robson J. Psychogenic infertility: some findings. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991;12:163-8.

male infertility, female infertility, psychological, gender, stress: male infertility, female infertility, psychological, gender, stress.

This study of couples who had undergone infertility treatment and controls concludes that infertility causes psychological stress rather than being caused by it.

145. Editorial. Sound embryo ruling. Nature. 1992;357(11 June):425-6.

law, embryos, USA, ethics, IVF, regulation,: law, embryos, USA, ethics, IVF, regulation,.

This paper discusses a USA legal case in which frozen embryos were declared not to have full human rights and could therefore be discarded.

146. Editorial. Rationing infertility services. The Lancet. 1993;342(8866):251-2.

doctors, infertility, couples, policy, technology, USA, UK, assisted reproduction, IVF, GIFT, DI: doctors, infertility, couples, policy, technology, USA, UK, assisted reproduction, IVF, GIFT, DI.

This editorial looks at the issues of public policy in relation to funding ART programmes in the USA and UK. It compares IVF and DI in relation to this.

147. Edwards J, Franklin S, Hirsch E, Price F, Strathern M. Technologies of Procreation. Kinship in the Age of Assisted Conception. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1993.

assisted reproduction, technology, family, UK, social attitudes, regulation, legislation, HFEA, post menopausal, couples, infertility, practice, policy, doctors: assisted reproduction, technology, family, UK, social attitudes, regulation, legislation, HFEA, post menopausal, couples, infertility, practice, policy, doctors.

This is an anthroplogicallly based book looking at kin relations in the UK in relation to new reproductive technologies. It includes two qualitative studies of kin groups, a discussion of clinical practice, an analysis of the HFEA debate in the UK parliament and a discussion of regulatory issues.

148. Engelhardt Jr HT, Wildes KW. The artificial donation of human gametes. Ballieres Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991;5(3):637-58.

DI, ethics, semen donors, family, social attuitudes, religion, consent, Christianity, Judaism, Islam, egg donation, philosophy, sexuality, Catholic, rights, interests of child, telling the child, screening, matching, sex selection, anonymity, consanguinity, doctors, guidelines, practice, health professionals: DI, ethics, semen donors, family, social attuitudes, religion, consent, Christianity, Judaism, Islam, egg donation, philosophy, sexuality, Catholic, rights, interests of child, telling the child, screening, matching, sex selection, anonymity, consanguinity, doctors, guidelines, practice, health professionals.

This paper looks at ethical, religious and philosophical issues in relation to DI, egg donation etc. It it notes that ouside of religious moral frameworks the secular approaches to these issue emphasise the consent of various prties involved and the rights of various individuals. Presents guidelines for health professionals and other participants working in this area.

149. Erin CA, Harris J. Surrogacy. Bailliere's Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991;5(3 (Septmeber)):611-35.

surrogacy, ethics, technology, assisted reproduction, DI, IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, SET, post menopausal, family, motherhood, scientists, semen, donors, egg donors, law, UK, legislation, embryos, rights, commercialisation, payment, parenthood, scientists, genetic engineering: surrogacy, ethics, technology, assisted reproduction, DI, IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, SET, post menopausal, family, motherhood, scientists, semen, donors, egg donors, law, UK, legislation, embryos, rights, commercialisation, payment, parenthood, scientists, genetic engineering.

This paper looks at ethical aspects of various types of surrogacy. It discusses, relational issues, advances in technology, commercialisation, and fitness of parents issues.

150. Ewing CobotNWsCC. Manufacturing Babies. What Reproductive Technologies Mean to Women. Canberra: National Women's Consultative Council; 1992.

infertility, women, assisted reproduction, ICSI, medical aspects, couples, IVF, pregnancy rates, economics, counselling, psychosocial, stress, adoption, legislation, Australia, culture, social attitudes, ethics, media, prevention, embryos, disability, eugenics, drugs, disability, research, genetic screening: infertility, women, assisted reproduction, ICSI, medical aspects, couples, IVF, pregnancy rates, economics, counselling, psychosocial, stress, adoption, legislation, Australia, culture, social attitudes, ethics, media, prevention, embryos, disability, eugenics, drugs, disability, research, genetic screening.

This book introduces ARTs and the issues surrounding them. Focusses particulalry on IVF. Looks at psychosocial, cultural, ethical and legislative issues and social attitudes to infertility and ARTs. Contains a good list of contact organisations about ARTs and infertility issues in Australia, and a reading list.151. Federal Medical Council of Brazil. Federal Medical Council of Brazil adopts resolutions on criteria for death and on medically assisted procreation. International Digest of Health Legislation. 1992;45(1: 1994):100-102.

assisted reproduction, research, embryos, surrogacy, records, secrecy, regulation, Brazil, practice, law, legislation, DI: assisted reproduction, research, embryos, surrogacy, records, secrecy, regulation, Brazil, practice, law, legislation, DI.

This legislation outlines the Brazilian legal and regulatory position on assisted reproduction. Confidentiality of donor and recipient identity is mainained. It is illegal for clinic staff to donate semen. It is illegal to conduct therapeutic or other interventions on embryos after 14 days. Special permission must be gained for non-family surrogacies to be allowed, and no commercialisation of surrogacy. Any women with or without partner may have access to ARTs. Informed consent must be given by all parties in assisted reproduction.

152. Feinman M, Sher G, Massaranni G, et al. High fecundity rates in donor oocyte recipients and in-vitro fertilization surrogates using parenteral oestradiol valerate. Human Reproduction. 1993;8(1):1145-47.

medical aspects, IVF, surrogacy, egg donation: medical aspects, IVF, surrogacy, egg donation.

A report on the success of a particular hormonal treatment in improving the number of pregnancies occuring in IVF surrogacy cycles.

153. Fergusson-Smith ME. Ethical and Legal Implications in IVF and Prenatal Diagnosis in the UK. Prenatal Diagnosis. 1991;11:661-70.

ethics, law, UK, IVF, pregnancy, women, doctors, embryos, research, scientists, regulation, prohibition, parenthood, payment, semen donors, genetic engineering, doctors, religion, philosophy, social attitudes: ethics, law, UK, IVF, pregnancy, women, doctors, embryos, research, scientists, regulation, prohibition, parenthood, payment, semen donors, genetic engineering, doctors, religion, philosophy, social attitudes.

This paper summarises the contemporary regulation of IVF, embryo research, and abortion and discusses ethical issues in relation to this.

154. Fertility Society of Australia (The) RTAC. Code of Practice for Units using In Vitro Fertilisation and Related Reproductive Technologies. Australia: Fertility Society of Australia (The), Reproductive Technology Accreditation Committee; 1992.

155. Fischer S, Gillman I. Surrogate Motherhood: Attachment, Attitudes and Social Support. Psychiatry. 1991;54(February):13-20.

surrogacy, social attitudes, social support, motherhood, pregnancy, payment, motivation, women, abortion, family, psychological, blood bond, couples: surrogacy, social attitudes, social support, motherhood, pregnancy, payment, motivation, women, abortion, family, psychological, blood bond, couples.

This study of surrogate and non-surrogate mothers experience of pregnancy found that surrogates had mixed motives in offering to be a surrogate, became less attached to the child, and received less social and familial support.

156. Fisher R. Hamilton Talk. Hamilton, NZ: Speech given at.; 1993.

157. Fox RC, Swazey JP. Spare Parts: Organ Replacement in American Society. N.Y.: Oxford University Press; 1992.

organ donation, gift, commercialism, altruism: organ donation, gift, commercialism, altruism.

Has chapters on organ transplantation as gift exchange; and the theme of the "gift". Mauss' work is examined, past and current practice and policy in the procurement and provision of organs, they gift dynamics for the individuals involved and the societal implications. The authors had written an earlier book entitled "The Courage to Fail. A Social View of Organ Transplants and Dialysis". They believe that the giving and receiving of a gift of enormous value is the most significant meaning of human organ transplantation.

158. Franklin S. Surrogacy on three continents. Bulletin of Medical Ethics. 1991(February):13-18.

surrogacy, rights, anthropolgy, Australia, USA, UK, doctors, ethics, law, motherhood, commercialisation, interests of child, policy, guidelines, family, prohibition, age, infertility, women, couples, parenthood, medical aspects, medicalisation, IVF, selection, culture, social attitudes: surrogacy, rights, anthropolgy, Australia, USA, UK, doctors, ethics, law, motherhood, commercialisation, interests of child, policy, guidelines, family, prohibition, age, infertility, women, couples, parenthood, medical aspects, medicalisation, IVF, selection, culture, social attitudes.

This paper compares three committee reports from Australia, USA and UK in regard to their attitudes to surrogacy. Looks at medicalisation, interests of child, commercialisation etc.

159. Freeman EW. Lecture on Surrogacy by Professor Freeman; 1991.

160. Freeman MDA. The Unscrambling of Egg Donation. In: McLean S, ed. Law Reform and Human Reproduction; 1992.

egg donors, medical aspects, IVF, known donors, UK, law, payment, abortion, USA, ethics, legislation, policy, blood bond, parenthood, records, adoption, openness, telling the child, egg banks, Australia, identity, adoption, doctors: egg donors, medical aspects, IVF, known donors, UK, law, payment, abortion, USA, ethics, legislation, policy, blood bond, parenthood, records, adoption, openness, telling the child, egg banks, Australia, identity, adoption, doctors.

This paper looks predominantly at legal issues in relation to egg donation, but also issues of blood bond the possibility of egg banks and issue surrounding known donors.161. Garbarino J. Reinventing Fatherhood. Families in Society: the Journal of Contemporary Human Services. 1993(January):51-4.

fatherhood, social attitudes, culture, motherhood, parenthood, technology, women, history, family, men, interests of child, social change, child development: fatherhood, social attitudes, culture, motherhood, parenthood, technology, women, history, family, men, interests of child, social change, child development.

This paper looks at the negative effects of distant fatherhood and suggests ways of overcoming this.

162. Gardner S. New Jersey Q & A: Paul W. Armstrong; A Search for Standards in Bioethics Law. The New York Times. New York; 1992.

163. Garner C. Principles of Infertility Nursing: CRC Press; 1991.

psychosocial, nursing, infertility, assisted reproduction,: psychosocial, nursing, infertility, assisted reproduction,.

not seen, see IVF coordinators ... 1992.

164. Gennaro S, Klein A, Miranda L. Health Policy Dilemmas Related to High Technology Infertility Services. IMAGE: Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 1992;24(3):191-4.

infertility, assisted reproduction, couples, economics, USA, technology, ethics, IVF, GIFT, ET, insurance, pregnancy rates, medical spects, practice, abortion, family, multiple pregnancy, policy: infertility, assisted reproduction, couples, economics, USA, technology, ethics, IVF, GIFT, ET, insurance, pregnancy rates, medical spects, practice, abortion, family, multiple pregnancy, policy.

This paper looks at the costs of various ARTs and also the indirect costs associated with higher rates of ectopic pregnancies, low birth rate babies etc. It looks at the USA health care and health insurance system. It comments that these technologies may be particularly susceptible to cost containment policies.

165. Genuis SJ, Chang W, Genuis SK. Public attitudes in Edmonton toward assisted reproductive technology. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1993;149(2):153-61.

Canada, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, egg donation, DI, multiple pregnancy, embryos, cryopreservation, research, surrogacy, sex selection, regulation, doctors, technology, religion, education, economics, gender, age, infertility, couples, openness, telling the child, anonymity: Canada, assisted reproduction, social attitudes, egg donation, DI, multiple pregnancy, embryos, cryopreservation, research, surrogacy, sex selection, regulation, doctors, technology, religion, education, economics, gender, age, infertility, couples, openness, telling the child, anonymity.

This study of 455 Canadians found that a majority supported embryos freezing and surrogacy, and that there was mixed support for actually donating sperm or eggs themselves. Majority thought ARTs should be regulated. Infertile respondents also favoured offspring being able to find out about biological parents. Religion strongly effected response.

166. Gillett WR, Martin WL, Romans SE. Reversal of female sterilisation: outcome of 210 referrals. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1993;106:173-5.

sterilisation, women, medical aspects, class, psychosocial, ethics, policy, economics: sterilisation, women, medical aspects, class, psychosocial, ethics, policy, economics.

This paper looks at the demographics of women who seek sterilisation, those who later change their minds, and those who do get sterilised and then regret this decision. Looks at this in relation to cost containment.

167. Glazer ES. New Conceptions, New Dilemmas. Insights into Infertility. A Newsletter... 1992;Winter 1992:5.

assisted reproduction, social attitudes, medical aspects, psychosocial, stress, couples: assisted reproduction, social attitudes, medical aspects, psychosocial, stress, couples.

This article looks at the issues for couples raised by increasing number of reproductive options that ART's have made available. The issues it lists are: The question of how aggressive to be; Questions related to age; The decision to refuse treatment; Decisions around the sequence of treatments; The Dilemma of when to end treatment.

168. Godley E. AIDS court case could lead to higher costs, CMA spokesman warns. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1992;146( 2: January 15):227,229, 231.

DI, HIVC, doctors, law, Canada, cryopreservation, screening, semen donors, clinics: DI, HIVC, doctors, law, Canada, cryopreservation, screening, semen donors, clinics.

This paper reports on a Canadian case where a doctor was successfully sued for not screening his donors for AIDS with the result that a DI patient contracted this disease.

169. Golombok S. Psychological functioning in infertility patients. Human Reproduction. 1992;7(2):208-212.

infertility, psychosocial, IVF, DI, anxiety, depression, assisted reproduction, stress, counselling, lesbian, single women, secrecy, interests of child: infertility, psychosocial, IVF, DI, anxiety, depression, assisted reproduction, stress, counselling, lesbian, single women, secrecy, interests of child.

This review notes that their has been little research into the efficacy of various types of counselling from the consumers' points of view, or of the effect of anxiety on the success of ARTs. It notes that depression and anger are common among couples who have experienced unsuccessful IVF treatments. It also addresses issues of what the effect of telling or not telling ART children about their origins has on them. It then looks at the issue of ART treatments for lesbian and single women.

170. Golombok S, Cook R, Bish A, Murray C. Quality of parenting in families created by the new reproductive technologies: a brief report of preliminary findings. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1993;14(Special Issue):17-22.

assisted reproduction, family, adoption, DI, IVF, parenthood, psychosocial, psychological, stress, motherhood, fatherhood, blood bond, child development: assisted reproduction, family, adoption, DI, IVF, parenthood, psychosocial, psychological, stress, motherhood, fatherhood, blood bond, child development.

This study of families conceived naturally , through DI and IVF and families created through adoption, found that the quality of parenting in the families created using assisted reproduction was greater than in the natural families. Paper concludes that quality of parenting has more to do with a strong desire to have children than genetic linkage.171. Golombok S. Editorial. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1993;14(Special Issue):1-3.

family, child development, IVF, assisted reproduction, parenthood, DI, egg donation, telling the child, doctors, adoption, lesbian, couples, social attitudes, stress, women, psychological, policy: family, child development, IVF, assisted reproduction, parenthood, DI, egg donation, telling the child, doctors, adoption, lesbian, couples, social attitudes, stress, women, psychological, policy.

This is a summary of the contents of this issue of the Journal on assisted reproduction and associated issues. This includes access issues, especially for lesbians, child development issues, and secrecy and telling the child concerns.

172. Goode CJH, Sandra J. Oocyte donation and IVF: the nurses role with ethical and legal issues. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 1992;22(2):107-111.

IVF, oocyte donation, donors, ethics, nurse: IVF, oocyte donation, donors, ethics, nurse.

The paper describes the nurse's role in the IVF and oocyte donation programmes, considering the procedures, the legal and ethical issues, such as anonymity secrecy, autonomy, compensation for donation, rearing rights, and consent. She concludes that the IVF nurse has a key role in assuring excellence to the programme, adhering to high standards of performance.

173. Gottlieb C, Kvist U. Donor insemination in Sweden. Workshop on sperm donation, ethical and medical questions,. Presented at the organised by CECOS and Commission of the European Communities; Paris, France; 1993.

ethics, medical aspects, Sweden, DI, semen donors, policy, practice: ethics, medical aspects, Sweden, DI, semen donors, policy, practice.

not seen.

174. Gray C. Controversial "reprotech " royal commission faces growing criticism. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1991;145(10: November 15):1371--3.

Canada, assisted reproduction, women, family, infertility, religion, doctors, health professionals, research, embryos, IVF, ethics, surrogacy, DI, social attitudes: Canada, assisted reproduction, women, family, infertility, religion, doctors, health professionals, research, embryos, IVF, ethics, surrogacy, DI, social attitudes.

This is a report on the proceedings of the Royal Canadian Commission on New Reproductive Technologies. It looks at criticism of the report and its potential recommendations.

175. Grazi RV, Wolowelsky JB. Multifetal pregnancy reduction and disposal of untransplanted embryos in contemporary Jewish law and ethics. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991;165(5 (1)):1268-71.

religion, ethics, Judaism, Catholic, multiple pregnancy, abortion, embryos, law, sex selection, genetic screening, prohibition: religion, ethics, Judaism, Catholic, multiple pregnancy, abortion, embryos, law, sex selection, genetic screening, prohibition.

This paper present recent Jewish rulings on embryo and ART related issues. It finds them to be less prohibitive than the recent Catholic pronouncements.

176. Grazi RV, Wolowelsky J. Homologous Artificial Insemination (AIH) and Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) in Roman Catholicism and Halakhic Judaism. International Journal of Fertility. 1993;38(2):75-8.

religion, Judaism, Catholic, GIFT, AIH, ethics, assisted reproduction, health professionals, technology, couples, family: religion, Judaism, Catholic, GIFT, AIH, ethics, assisted reproduction, health professionals, technology, couples, family.

This paper looks at the responses of Catholicism and Judaism to AIH and GIFT, and the impact of ARTs on families and procreation.

177. Greenfeld DA. Infertility and reproductive medicine clinics of North America: psychological issues in infertility. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.; 1993.

infertility, assisted reproduction, clinics, psychological, psychosocial, couples, doctors, semen donors, egg donors, USA, Canada, practice: infertility, assisted reproduction, clinics, psychological, psychosocial, couples, doctors, semen donors, egg donors, USA, Canada, practice.

not seen.

178. Greenwald M. The ter Neuzen case: impossible standards. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1992;146(10):1696.

HIV, doctors, Canada, law, screening: HIV, doctors, Canada, law, screening.

This letter discusses the case of a doctor who unintentionally inseminated a women with HIV contaminated semen.

179. Greil AL. Not Yet Pregnant. Infertile Couples in Contemporary America. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press; 1991.

DI, IVF, assisted reproduction, psychosocial, psychological, social attitudes, couples, doctors, health professionals, USA, infertility, stress, counselling, gender, policy, methods, feminism, social class, ethics, blood bond, eugenics, genetic engineering, family, parenthood, regulation, law, legislation, rights, medicalisation, technology, identity: DI, IVF, assisted reproduction, psychosocial, psychological, social attitudes, couples, doctors, health professionals, USA, infertility, stress, counselling, gender, policy, methods, feminism, social class, ethics, blood bond, eugenics, genetic engineering, family, parenthood, regulation, law, legislation, rights, medicalisation, technology, identity.

This book contains a study of infertile couples, and their experience of infertility and ART's. It concentrates on the US social context within which infertility is occuring, responds to various arguments about the positive and negative aspects of ART's and makes policy recommendations.

180. Haimes E. Gamete donation and the management of genetic origins. In: Stacey M, ed. Changing Human Reproduction. London: Sage; 1992.

motherhood, surrogacy, fatherhood, DI, embryos, egg donation, secrecy, anonymity, policy, psychosocial, telling the child, UK, law, semen donors, egg donors, Sweden, Australia, adoption, parenthood, family, blood bond, identity, rights, psychological, interests of child, couples: motherhood, surrogacy, fatherhood, DI, embryos, egg donation, secrecy, anonymity, policy, psychosocial, telling the child, UK, law, semen donors, egg donors, Sweden, Australia, adoption, parenthood, family, blood bond, identity, rights, psychological, interests of child, couples.

This paper looks at the different sorts of family arrangements that are possible through ARTs, and the implications of their being several mothers and fathers for some offspring. It looks particularly at the arguments of proponents on both sides of the anonymity issue, and the similarities in their concern for 'the family'. It suggests ways of resolving this conflict.181. Haimes E. Theory and methodology in the analysis of the policy process: a case study of the Warnock Committee on Human Fertilisation and Embryology. In: Hill M, ed. New Agendas in the Study of the Policy Process. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf; 1993.

policy, methods, UK, assisted reproduction, offspring, family, psychosocial, blood bond, identity, telling the child, openness, anonymity, infertility, ET, surrogacy, psychological, history, secrecy, feminist: policy, methods, UK, assisted reproduction, offspring, family, psychosocial, blood bond, identity, telling the child, openness, anonymity, infertility, ET, surrogacy, psychological, history, secrecy, feminist.

This paper discusses the methodology of, and the results obtained from, the authors' 1990 thesis on the deliberations of the Warnock committee, in which she interviewed the committee members about their ideas of policy, family, ARTS, infertility, secrecy and openness etc.

182. Haimes E. Secrecy and Openess in Donor Insemination: A Sociological Comment on Daniels and Taylor. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):178-9.

secrecy, DI, family, gender, social attitudes, history: secrecy, DI, family, gender, social attitudes, history.

This response to Daniels and Taylor's article in the same volume supports their argument for greater openess in regards to DI. The author however problematises the dominance of the'normal' heterosexual family viewpoint, and questions; whether non-DI families do operate on the basis of trust and openess, and if they do, whether this is entirely a 'good' thing. She calls for a greater examination of such concepts as anonymity, confidentiality, privacy, and of the context in which they are used.

183. Haimes E. Issues of gender in gamete donation. Social Science and Medicine. 1993;36(1):85-93.

gender, egg donation, DI, policy, semen, oocytes, Committees, UK, Warnock, motivation, altruism, sexuality, gender, social attitdes: gender, egg donation, DI, policy, semen, oocytes, Committees, UK, Warnock, motivation, altruism, sexuality, gender, social attitdes.

This article presents the results of an analysis of the Warnock report and interviews of members of the commission that produced this report. It looks at how understandings of gender and gender relations have led to the process of egg donation being perceived as being altruistic, clinical and asexual, whereas, semen donation and the motivations of male donors have been seen as being more questionable.

184. Haimes EV. Do clinicians benefit from gamete donor anonymity? Human Reproduction. 1993;8(9):1518-20.

doctors, anonymity, telling the child, openness, couples, semen donors, offspring, family, law, psychosocial, history, egg donation, egg donors, DI: doctors, anonymity, telling the child, openness, couples, semen donors, offspring, family, law, psychosocial, history, egg donation, egg donors, DI.

This paper addresses its title issue, and looks at the history of and recent changes in donor insemination which may make doctors change their attitudes more to wards favouring openness in egg donation and DI.

185. Hallebone EL. Non-Genetic Mothers and Their 'Own' children: Infertility and IVF Donor Birth. Australian Journal of Social Issues. 1991;26(2, May):122-36.

Australia, IVF, egg donation, economics, ethics, philosophy, known donors, parenthood, social attitudes, openness, secrecy, identity, family, law, feminism, infertility, medicalisation, pregnancy, psychosocial, stress, Christianity, Catholic, blood bond, egg donors, telling the child, social support, technology: Australia, IVF, egg donation, economics, ethics, philosophy, known donors, parenthood, social attitudes, openness, secrecy, identity, family, law, feminism, infertility, medicalisation, pregnancy, psychosocial, stress, Christianity, Catholic, blood bond, egg donors, telling the child, social support, technology.

This study of 12 women who had successfully undergone IVF with egg donation, looks at the impact of the ideology of motherhood, of infertility on personal identity, at secrecy issues, social isolation etc.

186. Hallebone E. Reproductive Technology, Repressive Culture, and Nongenetic Mothers. Issues in Reproductive and Genetic Engineering. 1992;5(3):231-6.

IVF, motherhood, social attitudes, infertility, parenthood, egg donation, feminism, ethics, psychosocial, secrecy, motherhood, stress, economics, couples, family, technology: IVF, motherhood, social attitudes, infertility, parenthood, egg donation, feminism, ethics, psychosocial, secrecy, motherhood, stress, economics, couples, family, technology.

This study found that of 12 women giving birth to children with IVF and donor ova, the majority had not had a succint diagnosis of infertility, did not have adequate medical information, did not intend to tell their children about conception, and were in financial difficulties resulting from the cost of their treatment. Women in general had not experienced the possibilities of non-mothering roles, and felt the pressures brought about by secrecy.

187. Hallman LJ, Abbey A, Andrews FM. Why are couples satisfied with infertility treatment? Fertility and Sterility. 1993;59(5):1046-54.

infertility, couples, coping skills, gender, doctors, psychosocial, economics, men women, practice, assisted reproduction: infertility, couples, coping skills, gender, doctors, psychosocial, economics, men women, practice, assisted reproduction.

This study of infertile couples satisfaction with infertility treatment found that while there was general satisfaction with treatment, men who used escape as a coping skill were more likely to be dissatisfied, and women who felt they had less control over treatment and who went through more treatments were more likely to be dissatisfied.

188. Hanson MJ. A Pig in a Poke. Hastings Centre Report. 1992;Nov-Dec:2.

organ doning, ethics: organ doning, ethics.

This editorial describes various organ doning and animal organ transplant developments, and a variety of ethically dubious practices worldwide. It contrasts utilitarian concerns about prolonging life with understandings of human mortality.

189. Harbison J. Issues and challenges in human fertilization and embryology. The Psychologist. 1993(May):205-6.

licensing, regulation, UK, technology, counselling, couples, psychological, media, psychosocial, sociala ttitudes, sex selection, post menopausal, abortion, organ doning, embryos, research, ethics, assisted reproduction, law, IVF, known donors, family: licensing, regulation, UK, technology, counselling, couples, psychological, media, psychosocial, sociala ttitudes, sex selection, post menopausal, abortion, organ doning, embryos, research, ethics, assisted reproduction, law, IVF, known donors, family.

This paper outlines the situation in the UK with regards ARTs and embryo research, and looks at the psychological, ethical and technological issues currently being considered by the HFEA.

190. Harper J. From Secrecy to Surrogacy: Attitudes Towards Adoption in Australian Womens Journals 1947-1987. Australian Journal of Social Issues. 1992;27(1):3-16.

social attitudes, adoption, secrecy, records, anonymity, openness, couples, family, single women, infertility, media, women, feminism, telling the child, religion, Christainity, motherhood, policy, law, race, rights, IVF, assisted reproduction, identity, poverty, surrogacy, payment, Australia, DI: social attitudes, adoption, secrecy, records, anonymity, openness, couples, family, single women, infertility, media, women, feminism, telling the child, religion, Christainity, motherhood, policy, law, race, rights, IVF, assisted reproduction, identity, poverty, surrogacy, payment, Australia, DI.

This study of womens' magazines over a 40 year period reports on changes in attitudes; to secrecy with regards adoption, to single mothers and the keeping of children, to the role of women generally. Also looks at the impact of ARTs.191. Harris J. Wonderwoman and Superman. The Ethics of Human Biotechnology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1992.

ethics, research, embryos, commercialisation, genetic engineering, assisted reproduction, screening, insurance: ethics, research, embryos, commercialisation, genetic engineering, assisted reproduction, screening, insurance.

This book has the following chapter headings: The Art of the Possible; Research on Embryos; Origins and Terminuses; The Wrong of Wrongful Life; Commercial Exploitation; Changing the World; the New Breed; Screening and Discriminating; Record Breaking.

192. Harrison RF. Aims and Objectives in the Infertility Clinic: The Practical Issues. International Journal of Fertility. 1991;36(4):204-11.

clinics, infertility, practice, couples, pregnancy, assisted reproduction, coping skills, stress, motivation, psychological, parenthood, counselling, pergnancy rates, child free, support groups, health professionals: clinics, infertility, practice, couples, pregnancy, assisted reproduction, coping skills, stress, motivation, psychological, parenthood, counselling, pergnancy rates, child free, support groups, health professionals.

This paper looks at the motivations of couples presenting for infertility treatment and notes the importance of dealing empathically with patients and noting the effect of treatment failure on staff.

193. Henaghan M. Law Reform and Human Reproduction in New Zealand. In: McLean S, ed. Law Reform and Human Reproduction; 1992.

law, assisted reproduction, NZ, regulation, women, surrogacy, legislation, doctors, lawyers, parenthood, technology, couples, infertility, policy, interests of child, offspring, surrogacy, fatherhood, motherhood, single women, anonymity, telling the child, semen donors, Maori, recruitment, DI, ethics, reproductive rights, social attitudes, family, medicalisation: law, assisted reproduction, NZ, regulation, women, surrogacy, legislation, doctors, lawyers, parenthood, technology, couples, infertility, policy, interests of child, offspring, surrogacy, fatherhood, motherhood, single women, anonymity, telling the child, semen donors, Maori, recruitment, DI, ethics, reproductive rights, social attitudes, family, medicalisation.

This paper looks at legislation and policy relating to assisted reproduction in New Zealand. It discusses the Status of Children Amendment Act, the strength of the medical profession, surrogacy and DI, secrecy and openness.

194. Henry VL. A Tale of Three Women: A Survey of the Rights and Responsibilities of Unmarried Women Who Conceive by Alternative Insemination and a Model for Legislative Reform. American Journal of Law and Medicine. 1993;19(3):285-311.

law, legal, semen donors, DI, USA, couples, marriage, lesbians, single women, rights, media, social attitudes: law, legal, semen donors, DI, USA, couples, marriage, lesbians, single women, rights, media, social attitudes.

This article surveys the US legal situation with regard to the rights of women who have used DI in paternity cases. It contends that married women win paternity cases against donors. It notes that unmarried women (in all but one case), have not won paternity cases, and that non-biological parents of DI offspring have no rights in paternity cases except in cases where the biological parent is in agreement with them in paternity cases brought by donors, and in cases where they are being required to provide maintenance. It establishes principles upon which to base a more equitable system, and outlines a model for legislative reform.

195. HFEA HFaEA. Giving and receiving money or other benefits in respect of any supply of gametes or embryos; 1991.

196. HFEA. Code of Practice. London: Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority; 1993.

197. HFEA. Second Annual Report: Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority; 1993.

198. Holmes HB. Issues in Reproductive Technology 1. An Anthology. In: Inc. GP, ed. Garland Reference Library of the Social Sciences. New York: Garland Publishing Inc.; 1992.

199. Holmes HB. Reproductive Technologies. In: Becker LC, Becker CB, eds. The Encyclopedia of Ethics. New York: Garland Publishing Inc.; 1992.

assisted reproduction, feminism., technology, ethics, IVF, ET, DI, egg donation, genetic engineering, sex selection, genetic screening, embryos, Catholic, prohibition, research, couples, disability, eugenics, scientists, doctors, insurance, rights, regulation, reproductive rights, infertility, commodification, surrogacy, psychological, multiple pregnancy, family, stigma, consent, telling the child, secrecy, commercialisation, social attitudes: assisted reproduction, feminism., technology, ethics, IVF, ET, DI, egg donation, genetic engineering, sex selection, genetic screening, embryos, Catholic, prohibition, research, couples, disability, eugenics, scientists, doctors, insurance, rights, regulation, reproductive rights, infertility, commodification, surrogacy, psychological, multiple pregnancy, family, stigma, consent, telling the child, secrecy, commercialisation, social attitudes.

This encyclopedia entry categorises ARTs and looks at a variety of types of arguments for and against there use including; Naturalness; the Status of the Embryo; the Slippery Slope; Privacy, Autonomy and Government Regulation; the Right to Reproduce, the Purpose of Medicine; Safety; Efficacy; Consent; Human Experimentation; Commodification of Children; Confidentiality, Resource and Justice issues; the Compromising of Science; and Eugenics . Outlines a feminist analysis of the situation and looks at the types of information provided by government commissions and polls of social attitudes.

200. Holmes HB. Openness, Fatherhood, and Responsibility: A Feminist Analysis. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):180-2.

DI, secrecy, family, discrimination, social attitudes, male infertility, policy, ethics, prohibition: DI, secrecy, family, discrimination, social attitudes, male infertility, policy, ethics, prohibition.

This response to Daniels and Taylor's article in the same volume raises feminist concerns with the dualism of secrecy and openess associated with DI, and with the way in which DI can be used to reinforce aspects of patriachy. The author raises the possibility that descrimination may occur if too much is known about someones genetic background. She then concludes that since such a large number of ethical problems are associated with DI ( whether openess is practised or not), that DI should be stopped.201. Horne G, Hughes SM, Matson PL, Buck P, Lieberman BA. The recruitment of oocyte donors. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1993;100:877-8.

egg donors, recruitment, doctors, clinics, advertising, sterilisation, egg donation, IVF: egg donors, recruitment, doctors, clinics, advertising, sterilisation, egg donation, IVF.

This study of egg donors finds that of women who initially show interest in donating eggs, women who are recruited by docotors at sterilisation clinics are more likely to go ahead with donation than women who express an interests as a result of hearing about it in the media or from talking to friends.

202. Howe D. Assessing Adoptions in Difficulty. British Journal of Social Work. 1992;22:1-15.

adoption, family, psychosocial, counselling, child development, psychological, UK, infertility, identity: adoption, family, psychosocial, counselling, child development, psychological, UK, infertility, identity.

This paper provides a description of counselling work done with families with adopted children which are having psychosocial problems.

203. Howell RC. Kenyan Juridsprudence: The answer to western regulation of 'IVF'. In: Dickens BM, ed. Medicine and Law. The International Library of Essays in Law and Legal Theory. areas 20. Dartmouth, Aldershot, UK: B M Dickens; 1993.

IVF, marriage between females,law, tribal customs, surrogate parenting.: IVF, marriage between females,law, tribal customs, surrogate parenting.

This chapter explains the acknowledgement of surrogate parenting through a woman to woman marriage contract, which is not related to lesbianism, like in the Western countries. The author suggests that Western Jurisprudence can learn from Kenya's customary experiences and accept surrogate parenting for hire as just another contract, thus allowing freedom of choice.

204. Hughes EG, YoungLai EV, Ward SM. Cigarette smoking and outcomes of in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: a prospective cohort study. Human Reproduction. 1992;7(3):358-61.

IVF, couples, men, sperm quality, drugs, medical aspects, women, embryos, pregnancy rates, smoking: IVF, couples, men, sperm quality, drugs, medical aspects, women, embryos, pregnancy rates, smoking.

This study of smokers and non-smokers undergoing IVF treatment found that while female smoking did have a detrimental effect on the success of IVF treatment, and male smoking did have a detrimental effect on sperm quality it was found that low socio-econmic status had a possibly greater impact in relation to these factors.

205. Hull MGR. Infertility treatment: relative effectiveness of conventional and assisted conception methods. Human Reproduction. 1992;7(6):785-96.

infertility, male infertility, female infertility, treatment, drugs, DI, IVF, GIFT, age, sperm quality, medical aspects: infertility, male infertility, female infertility, treatment, drugs, DI, IVF, GIFT, age, sperm quality, medical aspects.

This paper looks at the effectiveness of various surgical, drug, and assisted conception (IVF, GIFT, DI etc.) approaches to resolving infertility in various situations, comparing them to rates of conception without treatment. Finds that DI is an effective treatment for male infertility but draws attention to the difficulty of deducing male infertility from sperm counts or sperm morphology.

206. Hull M, Setchell M, Howell R, Chapman MG. Assisted conception on NHS. British Medical Journal. 1992;305(26 September):771-2.

assisted reproduction, UK, economics, IVF, pregnancy rates, doctors, couples, infertility, clinics: assisted reproduction, UK, economics, IVF, pregnancy rates, doctors, couples, infertility, clinics.

This series of letters discusses UK, National Health Service funding practice for IVF and other ARTs.

207. Hull MGR, Eddowes HA, Fahy U, et al. Expectations of assisted conception for infertility. British Medical Journal. 1992;304(6 June):1465-9.

assisted reproduction, doctors, couples, men, women, age, sperm quality, IVF, pregnancy rates, medical aspects: assisted reproduction, doctors, couples, men, women, age, sperm quality, IVF, pregnancy rates, medical aspects.

This study outlines the pregnancy rates for this clinic over a four year period, and finds that chances for pregnancy are reduced if women are over 40, or if the men concerned have low quality sperm.

208. Humphrey M. Virgin births. The Lancet. 1991;337(30 March):798.

single women, sexuality, DI, interests of child, counselling: single women, sexuality, DI, interests of child, counselling.

This letter discusses a case in which a virgin women wished to become pregnant through DI. It looks at interest of the child issues and the need for counselling.

209. Humphrey M, Humphrey H, Ainsworth-Smith I. Screening Couples for Parenthood by Donor Insemination. Social Science and Medicine. 1991;32(3):273-8.

selection, couples, doctors, DI, infertility, counselling, psychological, screening, semen donors, parenthood, practice: selection, couples, doctors, DI, infertility, counselling, psychological, screening, semen donors, parenthood, practice.

This paper reviews the process of selection of infertile couples at this DI clinic, and compares it to the screening of semen donors.

210. Humphrey M, Humphrey H. Vasectomy as a Reason for Donor Insemination. Social Science and Medicine. 1993;37(2):263-6.

vasectomy, sterilisation, DI, men, women, psychosocial, divorce, cryopreservation, secrecy: vasectomy, sterilisation, DI, men, women, psychosocial, divorce, cryopreservation, secrecy.

This is a study of men requesting DI after having vasectomies. It looks at their relationships, specific psychosocial issues for this group, the possible role of cryopreservation and secrecy issues.211. Hynes GJ. The psychological well-being of infertile women after a failed IVF attempt: The effects of coping. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1992;65:269-78.

psychological, women, infertility, coping skills, IVF, social support, psychosocial, stress: psychological, women, infertility, coping skills, IVF, social support, psychosocial, stress.

This study of women who failed IVF attempts looks at their coping methods and finds that higher levels of well-being are achieved with problem focussed approaches than with avoidance or social support based approaches. Found also that the IVF women had a lower level of well-being than a control group.

212. Iglesias T. IVF and Justice: Moral, Social and

Legal Issues Related to In

Vitro Fertilisation. Journal of Medical Genetics. 1991;28:808.

IVF, ethics, law, psychosocial, social attitudes, Christianity, embryos, law, UK, philosophy, Catholic: IVF, ethics, law, psychosocial, social attitudes, Christianity, embryos, law, UK, philosophy, Catholic.

This is a review by W. Reardon of IVF and Justice: Moral, Social and Legal issues Related to In Vitro Fertilisation by T. Iglesias. It outlines the books philosophical arguments against IVF.

213. Ingham JD. Should In Vitro Fertilization Be Covered by Medical Expense Reimbursement Plans? American Journal of Family Law. 1993;7:103-8.

insurance, IVF, USA, economics, policy, infertility, couples, payment, adoption, law, selection: insurance, IVF, USA, economics, policy, infertility, couples, payment, adoption, law, selection.

This paper discusses the arguments for and against making it either mandatory for public or private to provide insurance for IVF or mandatory that such a policy at least be offered. Argues in favour of market control of this area. Notes possibilities of restricting insurance for IVF to certain categories of people.

214. International Federation of Fertility Societies. Fertility drugs and ovarian cancer. Fertility and Sterility. 1993;60(3):406-8.

infertility, women, drugs: infertility, women, drugs.

This is a comment on a paper which looks at the link between drugs given in infertility treatment and ovarian cancer.

215. IVF Nurse Coordinators and Support Personnel FNC. When is Enough Enough? (Roundtable Breakfast). Presented at the Fifth National Conference for IVF Nurse Coordinators and Support Personnel; London, Ontario, Canada; 1992.

IVF, assisted reproduction, nurses, clinics, practice, counselling, couples, health professionals, guidelines, psychosocial, process, infertility, doctors: IVF, assisted reproduction, nurses, clinics, practice, counselling, couples, health professionals, guidelines, psychosocial, process, infertility, doctors.

This paper provides a series of recommendations about the process of infertility treatment and the ways in which health professionals can help couples making decisions about resolving their infertility in various ways.

216. Jaffe SB, Jewelewicz R, Wahl E, Khatamee MA. A controlled study for gender selection. Fertility and Sterility. 1991;56(2):254-8.

sex selection, medical aspects, culture, couples, gender: sex selection, medical aspects, culture, couples, gender.

This study questions the effectiveness of a particular method for ensuring a child of a particular sex is conceived. It also notes the bias towards male children among those presenting for sex selection, and cultural variables in relation to this.

217. Jennings S. Virgin birth syndrome. The Lancet. 1991;337(March 2):559-60.

single women, sexuality, motherhood, counselling, DI, doctors, psychological, technology, selection: single women, sexuality, motherhood, counselling, DI, doctors, psychological, technology, selection.

This letter reports of a virgin single women wishing to undertake some ART to have a child, who accuses doctors and counsellors of trying to control her decisions when they referred her for further counselling. Author is not sure whether the stated motivation is correct or whether woman wishes to have sex via technology. Asks for feedback.

218. Jequier AM. Male infertility. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1993;100:612-4.

male infertility, couples, clinics, practice, technology, prevention, scientists: male infertility, couples, clinics, practice, technology, prevention, scientists.

This paper discusses the causes of male infertility and the tretments for it. It also question swhy so much effort is pu into treatment in comparison to prevention.

219. Jones M. Infertility. Modern Treatments and the Issues they Raise. Gloucester, UK: Piatkus; 1991.

infertility, couples, assisted reproduction, medical aspects, psychosocial, parenthood, embryos, research, family, social attitudes, motivation, identity, child development, telling the child, process, coping skills, ethics, policy, UK, sexuality, selection, counselling: infertility, couples, assisted reproduction, medical aspects, psychosocial, parenthood, embryos, research, family, social attitudes, motivation, identity, child development, telling the child, process, coping skills, ethics, policy, UK, sexuality, selection, counselling.

This consumer focussed book provides an overview of infertility issues and also looks at ARTs and embryo research. Looks at legal ethical and psychosocial concerns also.

220. Jones JHW. Commentary on ACOG committee opinion no. 88. November 1990. Ethical issues in surrogate motherhood. Women's Health Issues. 1991;1:3ff.

doctors, ethics, surrogacy, motherhood, women, USA: doctors, ethics, surrogacy, motherhood, women, USA.

Source of Reference, 1994 AFS ethics committee report.221. Jones HW, Veeck LL, Muasher SJ, Gibbons WE. On reporting pregnancies by assisted reproductive technology. Fertility and Sterility. 1993;60(5):759-61.

pregnancy rates, assisted reproduction, clinics, IVF, USA, age, cryopreservation: pregnancy rates, assisted reproduction, clinics, IVF, USA, age, cryopreservation.

This paper comments on a recent report on the way in which pregnancy results are reported in USA clinics.

222. Jones Jr. HW, Toner JP. The Infertile Couple. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993;329(23):1710-15.

female infertility, doctors, women, USA, medical aspects, male infertility, practice, social attitudes, family, assisted reproduction, psychosocial, couples, stress, DI: female infertility, doctors, women, USA, medical aspects, male infertility, practice, social attitudes, family, assisted reproduction, psychosocial, couples, stress, DI.

This is a general overview of infertility treatment in a USA context. looks at psychosocial issues various ART options and extent of and attitudes to infertility.

223. Kaplan LJ, Kaplan CM. Natural Reproduction and Reproduction-Aiding Technologies. In: Alpern KD, ed. The Ethics of Reproductive Technology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992.

assisted reproduction, technology, medical aspects, pregnancy, male infertility, female infertility, DI, IVF, GIFT, sex selection, surrogacy: assisted reproduction, technology, medical aspects, pregnancy, male infertility, female infertility, DI, IVF, GIFT, sex selection, surrogacy.

This is a general overview of a variety of ARTs.

224. Karow AM. Gamete Donation and Disclosure. Fertility and Sterility. 1992;57(4):943-5.

DI, semen donors, attitudes, motivation, law, male infertility, social attitudes, USA: DI, semen donors, attitudes, motivation, law, male infertility, social attitudes, USA.

This letter in response to a study by Klock and Maier reports the results of a study undertaken by the Xytex corporation in which 40% of semen donors do not know and do not ask about their legal responsibilities.

225. Karow AM. Confidentiality and American semen donors. International Journal of Fertility & Menopausal Studies. 1993;38(3):147-51.

law, policy, anonymity, secrecy, offspring, semen donors, psychological, USA: law, policy, anonymity, secrecy, offspring, semen donors, psychological, USA.

Most American DI programmes include a policy of complete confidentiality concerning the donor of the semen. This is the result of a long legal tradition of American constitutional law. However, some slight abridgement of this body of legal decisions might be very much in the best interests of children arising from DI and even - in most cases in fact - the donors themselves. With regard to the children, the factors involved are both those of genetic counseling and psychological development. Of course, as at present, the donor must be relieved of all responsibility, both legal and financial.

226. Kaufmann RA, Morsy M, Kazuhiro K, Hodgen GD. Preimplantation Genetic Analysis. Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 1992;37(5):428-36.

technology, genetic screening, embryos, couples, doctors, scientists, IVF, ET, medical aspects, cryopreservation, counselling, research: technology, genetic screening, embryos, couples, doctors, scientists, IVF, ET, medical aspects, cryopreservation, counselling, research.

This predominantly medical paper discusses various techniques of genetic screening and embryo research in terms of their acceptability to couples holding particlar ethical positions. It advocates counselling for couples considering these procedures.

227. Kennell J, Klaus M, McGrath S, Robertson S, Hinkley C. Continuous Emotional Support During Labor in a US Hospital. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1991;265(17):2197-201.

women, pregnancy, doctors, hospitals, USA, practice, psychosocial, Guatemala, social support, couples, gender, economics: women, pregnancy, doctors, hospitals, USA, practice, psychosocial, Guatemala, social support, couples, gender, economics.

This study of pregnant women in hosptials in the USA and Guatemala found that those who received support from a previously pregnant woman experienced less complication during and after labour and birth. Also comments on the additional benefits associated with these support people in comparison to benefits received when husbands were present in support.

228. Kermani EJ. Issues of Child Custody and Our Moral Values in the Era of New Medical Technology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1992;31(3):533-8.

law, ethics, interests of child, DI, motherhood, surrogacy, surrogates, rights, parenthood, pregnancy, blood bond, USA, embryos, cryopreservation, payment, fatherhood, psychological, family: law, ethics, interests of child, DI, motherhood, surrogacy, surrogates, rights, parenthood, pregnancy, blood bond, USA, embryos, cryopreservation, payment, fatherhood, psychological, family.

This paper looks at the legal cases involving surrogacy, DI and cryopreserved embryos in a US context; where custody of resultant offspring is contested. Looks at ethical issues especially in relation to the status of embryos and the rights of various parties and argues consistently for the paramouncy of the interests of the child in these cases.

229. King MB, Pattison P. Homosexuality and parenthood. British Medical Journal. 1991;303(3 August):295-7.

homosexuality, child development, parenthood, gender, identity, sexuality, sex role, psychosocial, stigma, law: homosexuality, child development, parenthood, gender, identity, sexuality, sex role, psychosocial, stigma, law.

This paper looks at reasons given for concern in regard to homosexual parenting. Looks at child development issues and draws implication for the law.

230. Kings Fund Centre Counselling Committee. Counselling for Regulated Infertility Treatments: Kings Fund Centre; 1991.231. Kirkland A, Power M, Burton G, Baber R, Studd J, Abdalla H. Comparisons of attitudes of donors and recipients to oocytes donation. Human Reproduction. 1992;7:355-7.

egg donors, egg donation, couples,: egg donors, egg donation, couples,.

not seen, source, Shenfield, 1994.

232. Kittur DS, Hogan MM, Thukral VD, McGaw LJ, Alexander HW. Incentives for organ donation? The Lancet. 1991;388(December, 7):1441-3.

organ donation, organ donors, policy, education, payment, altruism, motivation, legislation, social attitudes, USA, family, ethics, ageblood, surrogacy, DI: organ donation, organ donors, policy, education, payment, altruism, motivation, legislation, social attitudes, USA, family, ethics, ageblood, surrogacy, DI.

This study looks at USA public attitudes to organ donations and means of increasing donaitons such as offering reimbursements and changing legislation. Proponents for payment use analogies to blood and semen donation and surrogacy.

233. Kitzinger C. The miracle baby business. New Internationalist. 1991(March):18-19.

infertility, scientists, women, stigma, IVF, pregnancy rates, USA, attitudes, doctor patient relations, multiple pregnancy, sperm banks, payment, surrogacy, technology, commodificaition, feminism: infertility, scientists, women, stigma, IVF, pregnancy rates, USA, attitudes, doctor patient relations, multiple pregnancy, sperm banks, payment, surrogacy, technology, commodificaition, feminism.

This piece discusses negative aspects of infertility treatment: use of women for medical experiments, commodification of women and children, pejorative attitudes of doctors towards women, misrepresentations of success rates of IVF etc.

234. Klein R. Women as Body Parts in the Era of Reproductive and Genetic Engineering. Health Care for Women International. 1991;12:393-405.

infertility, women, feminism, technology, medicalisation, assisted reproduction, IVF, genetic engineering, doctors, scientists, embryos, surrogacy, class, social attitudes, adoption, drugs, pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, interests of child, eugenics, rights, reproductive rights, family, counselling, ethics, child free: infertility, women, feminism, technology, medicalisation, assisted reproduction, IVF, genetic engineering, doctors, scientists, embryos, surrogacy, class, social attitudes, adoption, drugs, pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, interests of child, eugenics, rights, reproductive rights, family, counselling, ethics, child free.

This paper focusses on the dangers of assisted reproduction, and particularly IVF for women (including third world women) and for society in general. It looks at developments in ARTs and associated problems, and calls for women to not utilise these technologies.

235. Klock SC, Maier D. Guidelines for the provision of psychological evaluations for infertile patients at the University of Connecticut Health Center. Fertility and Sterility. 1991;56(4):680-5.

psychological, infertility, clinics, policy, practice, single women, known donors, guideline, couples, assisted reproduction, technology, embryos, sexuality, social support, religion, screening, counselling, law, interests of child, HIV, parenthood, secrecy, donors, family, social attitudes.: psychological, infertility, clinics, policy, practice, single women, known donors, guideline, couples, assisted reproduction, technology, embryos, sexuality, social support, religion, screening, counselling, law, interests of child, HIV, parenthood, secrecy, donors, family, social attitudes.

This guideline states that all applicants for ART treatment, and donors shall be subject to screening/ counselling interviews prior to being accepted. These interviews will cover: patient reliability; ability to provide informed consent; relationship stability; psychological issues; expectations of infertility treatment; impact of technology; knowledge of existence of embryo; sexual functioning; social support; religious and cultural issues; psychiatric status and legal issues. Additional issues to be raised are outlined for donors, known donors, and single women.

236. Klock SC. Psychological Evaluation and Counselling of Gamete Recipients. Presented at the Course 13 Clinical Assessment and Counselling in Third-Party Reproduction, 26th Annual Postgraduate Course, American Fertility Society; Montreal, Canada; 1993.

psychological, counselling, selection, couples, doctors, psychosocial, known donors, egg donation, DI, practice, anonymity, openess, secrecy, telling the child, single women, lesbian, consent, economics, parenthood, family, social support, stress, single women, lesbian, records: psychological, counselling, selection, couples, doctors, psychosocial, known donors, egg donation, DI, practice, anonymity, openess, secrecy, telling the child, single women, lesbian, consent, economics, parenthood, family, social support, stress, single women, lesbian, records.

This paper outlines for doctors the process of evaluating and counselling couples and indviduals who are considering infertility treatments with third party gametes. It firstly distinguishes between the evaluation and counselling procedures, then lists a number of questions which should be addressed to the people concerned. It includes particular questions for people using known donors and for single women contemplating treatment. Discusses the impact of treatment on recipients and appropriate ways for doctors to respond.

237. Knoppers BM, Bris SL. Recent Advances in Medically Assisted Conception: Legal Ethical and Social Issues. American Journal of Law and Medicine. 1991;18(4):329-61.

law, ethics, legislation, social attitudes, rights, assisted reproduction: law, ethics, legislation, social attitudes, rights, assisted reproduction.

This article outlines legislation concerned with ART issues internationally in the period 1987-91. It notes the similarities and differences between states, and the ethical principles, and cultural and religious concerns upon which legislation and practices in this area are founded.

238. Knoppers BM. Donor Insemination: Children as In Concerto or In Abstracto Subjects of Rights? Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):182-5.

DI, secrecy, family, law, policy, adoption: DI, secrecy, family, law, policy, adoption.

This response to Daniels and Taylor's article in the same volume questions the strength of the analogy between DI and adoption, and argues for the importance of the social father over the genetic father. It contends that too much openess will have a variety of unwelcome outcomes. It calls for non-identifying information to be provided about the genetic father to the couple and the child.

239. Kovacs GT, Mushin D, Kane H, Baker HWG. A controlled study of the psycho-social development of children conceived following insemination with donor semen. Human Reproduction. 1993;8(5):788-90.

psychosocial, child development, DI, offspring, adoption, telling the child, parenthood, sex role, couples: psychosocial, child development, DI, offspring, adoption, telling the child, parenthood, sex role, couples.

This study of 22, 6-8 year old children conceived by DI, found them to be developing well in comparison to adopted and control groups of children. Most of the parents had not and would probably not tell the child about his or her DI conception.

240. Kovacs GT. The likelihood of pregnancy with IVF and GIFT in Australia and New Zealand. The Medical Journal of Australia. 1993;158(21 June):805-7.

GIFT, IVF, Australia, New Zealand, pregnancy rates,: GIFT, IVF, Australia, New Zealand, pregnancy rates,.

This paper outlines the pregnancy rates achieved by clinics utilising IVF and GIFT in Australia and New Zealand. It presents data which undermine the ideas that these ARTs are no more sucessful than no treatment; and that prcouples who have not conceived after a few treatments are unlikely to conceive at all.241. Krimmel HT. Surrogate Mother Arrangement from the Perspective of the Child. In: Alpern KD, ed. The Ethics of Reproductive Technology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992.

surrogacy, interests of child, psychological, surrogates, motherhood, ethics, couples, consent, commodification, payment, motivation, pregnancy, adoption, contracts, rights, parenthood, philosophy: surrogacy, interests of child, psychological, surrogates, motherhood, ethics, couples, consent, commodification, payment, motivation, pregnancy, adoption, contracts, rights, parenthood, philosophy.

This paper argues against surrogacy on the ground that it inevitably involves the commodification of offspring and that these offspring will likely suffer psychological harm knowing they wereonly created to fulfill the desires of someone to have a child. Presents arguments against the position of J. Robertson.

242. Krishnan V. Gender of Children and Contraceptive Use. Journal of Biosocial Science. 1993;25:213-21.

contraception, Canada, gender, sex selection, couples, education, religion, Catholic, sterilisation, women, family, class: contraception, Canada, gender, sex selection, couples, education, religion, Catholic, sterilisation, women, family, class.

This paper looks at the use by Canadian women of contraceptives and sterilisation by religion, class, education, and gender of and number of existing children.

243. Langer M, Hick P, Nemeskeri N, Schneider B, Ringler M. Pscholgical Sequelae of Surgical Reversal or of IVF After Tubal Litigation. International Journal of Fertility. 1993;38(1):44-9.

psychological, IVF, sterilisation, psychosocial, stress, women, motivation, counselling, doctors, infertility, grief, process: psychological, IVF, sterilisation, psychosocial, stress, women, motivation, counselling, doctors, infertility, grief, process.

This paper looks at the motivations of women for various treatments designed to reverse or circumvent an earlier decision for sterilisation. Study finds that these treatments may help restore body image and self esteem but may impede the mourning process.

244. Lansac J. One Father Only: Donor Insemination and CECOS in France. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):185-6.

DI, family, regulation, secrecy,: DI, family, regulation, secrecy,.

This response to Daniels and Taylor's article in the same volume outlines how the non-profit organsation CECOS organises and monitors a series of Artificial Reproduction Technology clinics in France. It argues that the social father is more important than the genetic and that great harm is done when children know of their DI backgound. It sees it as preferable that children do not know of their DI origins and that they only have one father.

245. Lasker JN. Doctors and Donors: A Comment on Secrecy and Openess in Donor Insemination. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):186-8.

DI, secrecy, physicians, deception: DI, secrecy, physicians, deception.

This response to Daniels and Taylor's article on secrecy and donor insemination in the same volume, raises additional issues on the same topic. It addresses issues of doctors' attitudes to secrecy in regard to donor insemination, especially where doctors have been donors themselves. It also addresses the fears that couples can have that they are being deceived about the identity of the donor.

246. Lauritzen P. "Experience as Truth? Feminist Ethics, Experience and Reproductive Technology". Bioethics News. 1991;11(1):8-19.

feminism, technology, ethics, women, commodification, technology, assisted reproduction, interests of child, infertility, stigma, couples, treatment, practice, IVF, DI, philosophy, psychosocial, rights, sexuality, payment, parenthood, motherhood, consent: feminism, technology, ethics, women, commodification, technology, assisted reproduction, interests of child, infertility, stigma, couples, treatment, practice, IVF, DI, philosophy, psychosocial, rights, sexuality, payment, parenthood, motherhood, consent.

This looks at various ways men and particularly women are coerced into providing services/gametes to make ARTs possible, and the ways that recipient couples are coerced to use technologies simply because they are there.

247. Lauritzen P. DI's Dirty Little Secret. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):188-9.

DI, rights, secrecy, ethics: DI, rights, secrecy, ethics.

This response to Daniels and Taylor's article in the same volume supports their contention that secrecy about DI protects the couple and the donor but not the child. It takes issue, however, with the way that Daniels and Taylor make assumptions about the rights of the child, rather than presenting an argument for those rights.

248. Leeton J. The Current Status of IVF Surrogacy in Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991;31(3):260-2.

IVF, surrogacy, blood bond, pregnancy, infertility, ethics, law, Australia, women, prohibition, parnethood., motherhood, interests of child, legislation: IVF, surrogacy, blood bond, pregnancy, infertility, ethics, law, Australia, women, prohibition, parnethood., motherhood, interests of child, legislation.

This paper outlines IVF surrogacy and the problems with the recent Victorian Legislation in regard to this.

249. Leeton J, Yates C, Rawicki B. Successful pregnancy using known donor oocytes fertilized in vitro by spermatozoa obtained by electro-ejaculation from a quadriplegic husband. Human Reproduction. 1991;6(3):384-5.

disability, known donors, egg donation, egg donors, pregnancy, IVF, medical aspects, post menopausal: disability, known donors, egg donation, egg donors, pregnancy, IVF, medical aspects, post menopausal.

This paper reports a case in which sperm forom a quadraplegic man was taken and used with eggs from the sister of his prematurely post menopausal wife. The resulting embryo was implanted in his wife and a child was subsequently delivered.

250. Leiblum SR, Hamkins SE. To tell or not to tell: attitudes of reproductive endocrinologists concerning disclosure to offspring of conception via assisted insemination by donor. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992;13(4):267-75.

doctors, DI, telling the child, couples, infertility: doctors, DI, telling the child, couples, infertility.

not seen.251. Leiblum SR. Screening in or out of the new reproductive options: who decides and why. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1993;14(Special Issue):37-44.

selection, psycholgical, couples, doctors, clinics, interests of child, clinics, assisted reproduction, practice, psychosocial, policy,: selection, psycholgical, couples, doctors, clinics, interests of child, clinics, assisted reproduction, practice, psychosocial, policy,.

This survey of infertiltiy providers in the USA found that 57% did not have a formal selection policy for couples requesting ARTs. However, nearly all thought couples should be excluded where there were indications of substance abuse, physical abuse, severe marital strife or coercion of one spouse by the other.

252. Leibrich J. Straight to the Point. Angles on Giving Up Crime. Dunedin, NZ: Otago University Press in Association with the Department of Justice; 1993.

methods: methods.

This section of this book on ex-criminal offenders discusses the quantitive and qualitative methodology used. It looks at the collection of , coding and analysis of qualitative material using a database called PARADOX 3 and a word processor. It looks at the interaction between subjective and objective in analysis, writing and ethical issues.

253. Leigh MAMS, Barker ISP. HFEA confidentiality. Bulletin of Medical Ethics. 1992(April):10-11.

UK, regulation, legislation, anonymity, doctors, law, secrecy, openness: UK, regulation, legislation, anonymity, doctors, law, secrecy, openness.

This letter responds to earlier suggestions about ways in which restrictive provisions in the HFE Act in the UK can be improved.

254. Lenihan F. Infertility services uncontrolled in Thailand. British Medical Journal. 1992;305(19 September):669.

Thailand, infertility, standards, clinics, doctors, IVF, GIFT, economics, sex selection, ethics, assisted reproduction, advertising: Thailand, infertility, standards, clinics, doctors, IVF, GIFT, economics, sex selection, ethics, assisted reproduction, advertising.

This newspiece reports on the growth of low quality infertility treatment centres in Thailand and the efforts of the local Gynaecological Association to bring clinics offerring these services under some guidleines.

255. Lentner E, Glazer G. Infertile Couples' Perceptions of Infertility Support-Group Participation. Health Care for Women International. 1991;12(4):317-30.

support groups, social support, gender, infertility, coping skills, stress: support groups, social support, gender, infertility, coping skills, stress.

This study of 16 men and 22 women in support groups found that all perceived similarly positive amounts of benefit from involvement, but that anticipated and unanticipated benefits of membership, differed between men and women.

256. Lessor R, Cervantes N, O'Connor N, Balmaceda J, Asche RH. An analysis of social and psychological characteristics of women volunteering to become oocyte donors. Fertility and Sterility. 1993;59(1):65-71.

egg donors, psychosocial, psychological, motherhood, education, age, gender, motivation, payment, known donors: egg donors, psychosocial, psychological, motherhood, education, age, gender, motivation, payment, known donors.

This study of non-IVF women volunteering to become egg donors found that they were altruistically motivated, not psychopathological, socially conventional, but did not hold to traditional sex roles , and were not from disruptive family backgrounds.

257. Lieberman BA. Confidentiality and IVF. The Lancet. 1991;338(December, 21/28):1599.

IVF, anonymity, doctors., women, pregnancy, medical aspects, regulation: IVF, anonymity, doctors., women, pregnancy, medical aspects, regulation.

Discussion re anonymity provisions of HFE Act in relation to IVF patients.

258. Lilford R, Young G. How general practitioners can help subfertile couples. British Medical Journal. 1992;305(5 December):1376-7.

doctors, couples, infertility, psychosocial, practice, treatment, process: doctors, couples, infertility, psychosocial, practice, treatment, process.

This paper outlies issues for couples facing infertility and the role GPs can play in assisting them.

259. Litt MD, Tennen H, Aggleck G, Klock S. Coping and Cognitive Factors in Adaptation to in vitro Fertilization Failure. Journal of Behavioural Medicine. 1992;15(2):171-87.

IVF, couples, women, psychological, stress, infertility, coping skills, psychosocial: IVF, couples, women, psychological, stress, infertility, coping skills, psychosocial.

This study of 36 women who failed to conceive after IVF found that 6 developed clinical depressive symptoms. Looks at relationships of current level of coping to: prior depressive states, sense of loss of control over life, optimism and pessimism, and various coping strategies.

260. Liu A. Artificial Reproduction and Reproductive Rights. Aldershot: Dartmouth; 1991.

reproductive rights, rights, assisted reproduction, law, family, surrogacy, economics, contracts, technology, legislation, guidelines, practice, ethics: reproductive rights, rights, assisted reproduction, law, family, surrogacy, economics, contracts, technology, legislation, guidelines, practice, ethics.

This book discusses reproductive rights, loooking at legal, ethical and practice issues. It also looks at surrogacy and the state funding of assisted reproduction.261. Loates L. The Invisible Man. More; 1991.

262. Mabie MCJ. Bioethics and the New Medical Technology. New York: Atheneum; 1993.

ethics, assisted reproduction, family, motherhood, payments, lawyers, commercialisation, commodification, rights, parenthood, IVF, DI, eugenics, sex selection, abortion, multiple pregnancy, gender, feminism, social attitudes, society, genetic engineering, cloning, embryos, research, surrogacy, couples, surrogates, technology, cryopreservation, research, USA, Catholic: ethics, assisted reproduction, family, motherhood, payments, lawyers, commercialisation, commodification, rights, parenthood, IVF, DI, eugenics, sex selection, abortion, multiple pregnancy, gender, feminism, social attitudes, society, genetic engineering, cloning, embryos, research, surrogacy, couples, surrogates, technology, cryopreservation, research, USA, Catholic.

This chapter section is a summary of recent and possible future developments in ARTs and at the ethical issues surrounding these. Discusses a number of USA legal cases and outlines the positions of various writers in this area.

263. Macklin R. Artificial Means of Reproduction and Our Understanding of the Family. Hastings Center Report. 1991;January-February 1991:5-11.

assisted reproduction, family, motherhood, fatherhood, ethics, technology, social attitudes, law, lesbian, single women, IVF, ET, DI, surrogacy, semen donors, policy, egg donors: assisted reproduction, family, motherhood, fatherhood, ethics, technology, social attitudes, law, lesbian, single women, IVF, ET, DI, surrogacy, semen donors, policy, egg donors.

This paper looks at different types of family forms made possible by ART's. It looks at how 'family' is conceptualised, and issues of genetic, gestational and social parenting. Also addresses issues concerning donors and policy issues.

264. MacNaughton M. Surrogacy. Reproductive Health Care Policies Around the World. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1992;9(3):179-80.

surrogacy, ethics, motherhood, pregnancy, interests of child, law, DI, IVF, psychosocial, family, blood bond: surrogacy, ethics, motherhood, pregnancy, interests of child, law, DI, IVF, psychosocial, family, blood bond.

This paper outlines the various types of surrogacy available and the ethical and psychosocial issues associeted with these.

265. Mahlstedt PP, Probasco KA. Sperm donors: their attitudes toward providing medical and psychosocial information for recipient couples and donor offspring. Fertility and Sterility. 1991;56(4):747-753.

semen donors, attitudes, information sharing, anonymity, offspring, meeting offspring, psychosocial, outcomes, records, USA, openness: semen donors, attitudes, information sharing, anonymity, offspring, meeting offspring, psychosocial, outcomes, records, USA, openness.

90% donors were willing to complete lengthy application forms providing medical and psychosocial information. 96% willing to share this in a non-identifying way with recipient families. 36% say that they will be donors if anonymity cannot be guaranteed, and 60% indicate they will meet or provide identifying information for the child at age 18. 72% left personal messages to their potential offspring. Conclude that permanent files with medical and pyschosocial information on all donors should be developed, maintained and made available to all recipients, whether or not they request donor info at time of conception.

266. Malcolm A. Altruistic donors made pregnancies possible. New Zealand Doctor; 1992.

267. Marrs RP, Ringler GE, Stein AL, Vargyas JM, Stone BA. The use of surrogate gestational carriers for assisted reproductive technologies. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993;6(1):1858-63.

surrogacy, medical aspects, doctors, ethics, cryopreservation, ZIFT, ET, age, couples, payment, selection, pregnancy rates: surrogacy, medical aspects, doctors, ethics, cryopreservation, ZIFT, ET, age, couples, payment, selection, pregnancy rates.

This paper describes the selection of couples for the use of a surrogate at this clinic and the use of ET, ZIFT and frozen embryos with surrogates. No differences in outcome were observed by either age or proceedure used. Paper is followed by a discussion.

268. Martin MC. collection and report of assisted reproductive technology outcome data: problems and solutions. Fertility and Sterility. 1993;60(5):762-3.

records, assisted reproduction, clinics, USA, pregnancy rates, couples, methods: records, assisted reproduction, clinics, USA, pregnancy rates, couples, methods.

This paper describes the methodological issues involved in collecting and presenting data from the Society of Assisted Reproductive Technologies Registry, in the USA.

269. Mashltedt PPP, K.A. Sperm donors: their attitudes towards providing medical and psychosocial information for recipient couples and donor offspring. Fertily and Sterility. 1991;56(4):747-53.

sperm donors , attitude, secrecy, anonymity.: sperm donors , attitude, secrecy, anonymity.

.

270. Mason M. Male Infertility - Men Talking. London: Routledge; 1993.

male infertility, men, psychosocial, couples, psychological, social attitudes, stress, doctors, medical aspects, medicalisation, history, practice, assisted reproduction, DI., sexuality, adoption, social support, family, fatherhood, IVF, support groups, women, gender: male infertility, men, psychosocial, couples, psychological, social attitudes, stress, doctors, medical aspects, medicalisation, history, practice, assisted reproduction, DI., sexuality, adoption, social support, family, fatherhood, IVF, support groups, women, gender.

This book reports interviews with men talking about their experiences of infertility and of ARTs. Also looks at history of and current medical and societal resoponse to male infertility.271. Mastroyannis C. Gamete intrafallopian transfer: ethical consideratins, historical development of the procedure, and comparison with other advanced reproductive technologies. Fertility and Sterility. 1993;60(3):389-402.

GIFT, history, ethics, religion, IVF, Catholic, couples, infertility, USA, standards, doctors, scientists, egg donation, DI, male infertility, medical aspects, selection, drugs: GIFT, history, ethics, religion, IVF, Catholic, couples, infertility, USA, standards, doctors, scientists, egg donation, DI, male infertility, medical aspects, selection, drugs.

This mainly medical paper describes the indications for GIFT in couples and the selection of couples for this procedure. It also describes why GIFT is acceptable for Catholics.

272. McCoy RG. The Continuum of Openness in Adoption. Insights into Infertility. A Newsletter... 1992;Winter 1992:9.

adoption, openness, policy, USA, practice: adoption, openness, policy, USA, practice.

This study of 200 adoptive parents, 160 children, and 170 birthmothers who are participating in some degree of open adoption has resulted in the development of classification for 5 different levels of adoption. It notes that different agencies offer different ranges of openness and that different arrangements may be advisable for different families.

273. McDonald D. Children's Rights. A New Zealand Perspective. unpublished; 1992?

274. McLachlan HV. Warnock and Research on Human Embryos: a case for a re-appraisal of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (1990). International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 1993;13(5/6):110-119.

embryo, rights, research, Warnock report: embryo, rights, research, Warnock report.

The author discusses some inconsistencies of the Warnock report regarding embryo research, its moral and ethical aspects from absolutist and gradualist points of view, and suggests that the rationale for the provisions of the Act for embryo research and provision of treatment using embryos or stored gametes should be reassessed.

275. McWhinnie A. Creating children - the medical and social dilemmas of assisted reproduction. Adoption and Fostering. 1992;16(1):29-39.

assisted reproduction, IVF, sexuality, family, adoption, interests of child, reproductive rights, infertility, psychological, parenthood, pregnancy rates, ethics, legislaiton, DI, lesbian, single women, child development, economics, surrogacy, philosophy, multiple pregnancy, semen donors, UK, treatment, stress, telling the child, secrecy, psychosocial, counselling, technology,: assisted reproduction, IVF, sexuality, family, adoption, interests of child, reproductive rights, infertility, psychological, parenthood, pregnancy rates, ethics, legislaiton, DI, lesbian, single women, child development, economics, surrogacy, philosophy, multiple pregnancy, semen donors, UK, treatment, stress, telling the child, secrecy, psychosocial, counselling, technology,.

This paper outlines the psychosocial and ethical issues surrounding DI and IVF and describes a study being undertaken of families formed by these methods.

276. McWhinnie A, Batty D. Children of Incest. Whose secret is it? London: British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering; 1993.

interests of child, psychosocial, psychological, family, secrecy, openness, doctors, health professionals, social workers, blood bond, fatherhood, motherhood, sexuality, anthropology, identity: interests of child, psychosocial, psychological, family, secrecy, openness, doctors, health professionals, social workers, blood bond, fatherhood, motherhood, sexuality, anthropology, identity.

This book looks at the issues which arise for children born as a result of incestuous relaitonships. Looks particularly at issues of genealogical bewilderment. Provides advise for social workers and medical personnel working with these people.

277. McWhinnie AM. Doubts and Realities in DI Family Relationships. Politics and the life Sciences. 1993;12(2):189-91.

DI, secrecy, families, social attitudes, psychosocial: DI, secrecy, families, social attitudes, psychosocial.

This response to Daniels and Taylor's article in the same volume focuses on the potential problems associated with parents telling and not telling children about their DI origins. While favouring openess it calls for increased public discussion in this area.

278. Medical Research International SfARTTAFS. In vitro fertilization/ embryo transfer in the United States: 1990 results from the IVF/ET Registry. Fertility and Sterility. 1992;57(1):15-24.

IVF, ET, USA, records, practice, pregnancy rates, GIFT, medical aspects, women, interests of child, cryopreservation, egg donation, DI, ZIFT, assisted reproduction, drugs: IVF, ET, USA, records, practice, pregnancy rates, GIFT, medical aspects, women, interests of child, cryopreservation, egg donation, DI, ZIFT, assisted reproduction, drugs.

This paper reports the success rates of IVF/ ET, GIFT and ZIFT programmes in the USA in 1990 with and without donor eggs. Notes the increased use of certain drugs, cryopreservation, and an increase in the number of embryos being transferred per cycle, with no changes in pregnancy rates.

279. Meerabeau L. Husbands' participartion in fertility treatment: they also serve who only stand and wait. Sociology of Health and Illness. 1991;13(3):390-410.

infertility, couples, practice, clinics, women, doctors, men, gender, sex roles, psychosocial, sexuality, social attitudes, doctor patient relations, methods, family, social support: infertility, couples, practice, clinics, women, doctors, men, gender, sex roles, psychosocial, sexuality, social attitudes, doctor patient relations, methods, family, social support.

This paper looks at the role of husbands in infertility treatments. It look at the ways in which clinic structures, doctors and the men and women themselves exclude men in infertility consultation and treatment. Looks at confidentiality issues and the pros,cons and difficulties of treating people as couples.

280. Merari D, Feldberg D, Elizur A, Goldman J, Moran B. Psychological and Hormonal Changes in the Course of in Vitro Fertilization. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1992;9(2):161.

IVF, psychological , medical aspects, drugs, women, pregnancy, stress, process, coping skills: IVF, psychological , medical aspects, drugs, women, pregnancy, stress, process, coping skills.

This paper looks at the psychological states and hormone production of women as they undertook various stages of IVF treatment. It concludes that the chances of conception may be effected by the differing coping styles of women undergoing IVF.281. Meyer HS. Adoption, Assisted Reproduction. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1993;260(19):2382-4.

adoption, assisted reproduction, family, blood bond, stigma, infertility, screening, treatment, prevention, law, surrogacy, commercialisation, regulation, doctors, secrecy, psychosocial, openness: adoption, assisted reproduction, family, blood bond, stigma, infertility, screening, treatment, prevention, law, surrogacy, commercialisation, regulation, doctors, secrecy, psychosocial, openness.

This is a review of Family Bonds: Adoption and the Politics of Parenting by E. Bartholet and of Stories of Adoption by E. Blau. The first book argues that infertility treatments are under regulated and should be more so and that adoption processes are over-regulated and should be less. Draws attention to the importance of nurture in parenting. The second book looks at experience of adoption reunions and the pain associated with anonymity. Favours openness.

282. Miall CE. The Regulation of Reproduction: the Relevance of Public Opinion for Legislative Policy and Information. International Journal of Law and the Family. 1993;7:18-39.

Community attitudes,reproduction, family, reproductive technology, donors.: Community attitudes,reproduction, family, reproductive technology, donors.

Community attitudes towards the new reproductive technologies are examined to determine the extent to which the general public is aware of and approves these technologies. A systematic random sample of 150 people were interviewed. Findings show that respondents strongly support the importance of reproduction and the family, and express concerns about technologies when donors are used. The author suggests that this data lends support to a pluralistic-elite type model of social policy formation.

283. Midford S. What Does the Research Tell Us? Adoption Research and Counselling Service (ARCS) Newsletter. 1993;SEptember, 1993:6.

adoption, DI, surrogacy, offspring, secrecy: adoption, DI, surrogacy, offspring, secrecy.

This article explores surrogacy and donor insemination issues by comparing them with adoption and the research which has been done in relation to adoption which shows the effects on all the parties involved. It also reports on the results of a 'phone-in' situation whereby donors and offspring could anonymously give their views. Contains some interesting quotes and reflects an interesting degree of openness from donors about being traced.

284. Miller SK. Warning: smoking may damage your sperm. New Scientist. 1992(17 October):13-4.

women, men, disability, pregnancy, scientists, environmental factors, embryos, sperm quality, gender, social attitudes: women, men, disability, pregnancy, scientists, environmental factors, embryos, sperm quality, gender, social attitudes.

This paper discusses the possibility that smoking, drinking, exposure to chemicals etc. can effect male sperm quality. Also notes possibility that men who are exposed to such chemicals may be endangering their offspring wghen they have intercourse with their partners. Discusses gendered social attitudes in this area.

285. Ministry of Women's Affairs. Surrogacy. Newsletter of the Ministry of Women's Affairs. 1991;20:10-11.

surrogacy, women, surrogates, interests of child, identity, adoption, consent, social attitudes, family, payment, contracts, psychological, blood bond, psychosocial, Maori, law, paternity, NZ, couples, infertility, prohibition, commodification: surrogacy, women, surrogates, interests of child, identity, adoption, consent, social attitudes, family, payment, contracts, psychological, blood bond, psychosocial, Maori, law, paternity, NZ, couples, infertility, prohibition, commodification.

This piece reports on the issues in surrogacy from the perspective of the commissioning couple/woman, the surrogate and the offspring. Also looks at legal and Maori concerns in a NZ context.

286. Mishell DR, Davajan V. Evaluation of the Infertile Couple. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991.

287. Moghissi KS, Leach R. Future directions in reproductive medicine. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1992;116(4):436-41.

assisted reproduction, doctors, medical aspects: assisted reproduction, doctors, medical aspects.

not seen.

288. Monach JH. Childless: No Choice. The Experience of Involuntary Childlessness. London: Routledge; 1993.

infertility, social attitudes, stress, process, couples, policy, doctors, social work, UK: infertility, social attitudes, stress, process, couples, policy, doctors, social work, UK.

This is a book based on research into infertile couples and infertility in the UK. We Chapter headings include: Childless: the context, Understanding childlessness, pronatalism, Childlessness in community and clinic, Acknowledgeing childlessness, Experiencing childlessness, Undergoing childlessness, Resolving childlessness, The present and the future.

289. Morgan D, Lee RG. Blackstone's Guide to the Human Fertilisation & Embryology Act 1990. Abortion & Embryo Research , The New Law. Arlesey, UK: Blackstone Press Limited; 1991.

legislation, UK, embryos, research, abortion, law, ethics, philosophy, infertility, medical aspects, multiple pregnancy, prohibition, licensing, disability, cryopreservation, regulation, treatment, posthumous, parenthood, counselling, health professionals, clinics, practice, interests of child, openness, secrecy, anonymity, surrogacy, DI, IVF, guideline, family, doctors, psychosocial: legislation, UK, embryos, research, abortion, law, ethics, philosophy, infertility, medical aspects, multiple pregnancy, prohibition, licensing, disability, cryopreservation, regulation, treatment, posthumous, parenthood, counselling, health professionals, clinics, practice, interests of child, openness, secrecy, anonymity, surrogacy, DI, IVF, guideline, family, doctors, psychosocial.

This book in providing an overview of the HFE Act contains chapters on: ethics, philosophy and ARTs, abortion, embryo research, the HFE Authority its functions and composition, clinic licensing issues, status of and informantion access issues for offspring of ARTs, and miscellaneous, conscience clause, liability etc, issues. contains copies of the HFE Act and the Abortion Act.

290. Morgan D, Bernat E. The Reproductive Waltz: The Austrian Act on Procreative Medicine 1992. Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law. 1992:420-6.

law, legislation, Austria, regulation, prohibition, policy, doctors, research, parenthood, single women, lesbian, couples, assisted reproduction, IVF, DI, GIFT, anonymity, openness, clinics: law, legislation, Austria, regulation, prohibition, policy, doctors, research, parenthood, single women, lesbian, couples, assisted reproduction, IVF, DI, GIFT, anonymity, openness, clinics.

This paper describes the provision of the The Austrian Act on Procreative Medicine which came into force in 1992. It outlines the many prohibitions mainly of procedures involving donated gametes (except DI), the regulation of clinics and the procedures for screening donors and unmarried couples, and the legal definitions of parents. It notes that Austrian donors must consent to their offspring having access to information about them at 14.291. Morgan D, Bernat E. Austrian law on procreative medicine. Bulletin of Medical Ethics. 1992:13-16.

Austria, assisted reproduction, law, regulation, DI, IVF, embryos, research, doctors, couples, semen donors, screening, anonymity, egg donors: Austria, assisted reproduction, law, regulation, DI, IVF, embryos, research, doctors, couples, semen donors, screening, anonymity, egg donors.

This article reports on the 1992 Austrian Act on procreative medicine. This Act prohibits all assisted reproduction using donor gametes except DI, forbids destructive embryo research, places regulations on practitioners, allows only restricted access for the unmarried, outlines procedures for screening, and requires that intending donors consent to their names and addresses being available to their offspring from the age of 14.

292. Morgan D, Bernat E. Legislation and Reports. The Reproductive Waltz: the Austrian Act on Procreative Medicine. Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law. 1992:420-6.

Austria, legislation, assisted reproduction, IVF, couples, single women, DI, prohibition, egg donation, ET, embryos, research, doctors, anonymity, semen donors, openness, offspring, law, parenthood, regulation: Austria, legislation, assisted reproduction, IVF, couples, single women, DI, prohibition, egg donation, ET, embryos, research, doctors, anonymity, semen donors, openness, offspring, law, parenthood, regulation.

This paper describes the restrictive Austrian law on assisted reproduction which prohibits most forms of ART and regulates for openness in regard to DI. Comparisons are made with other countries.

293. Morgan D. What HFEA did (in its first year). Bulletin of Medical Ethics. 1992(November):17-18.

regulation, licensing, UK, doctors, clinics, economics, DI, IVF: regulation, licensing, UK, doctors, clinics, economics, DI, IVF.

This paper looks at the HFEAs operation in its first year. It comments on its being 'snared' by the medical profession in relation to information sharing issues, its success in getting funding from central government and its lack of information on no.s of ARTs occuring in the UK.

294. Morgan D. Commentary of Canadian Proposals. Bulletin of Medical Ethics. 1992(September):13-15.

Canada, access, assisted reproduction, rights, lesbian, family, eugenics, sperm banks, licensing, guidelines, embryos, paternity, semen donors, egg donors., regulation, standards, screening, multiple pregnancy, clinics, records, anonymity, doctors, counselling: Canada, access, assisted reproduction, rights, lesbian, family, eugenics, sperm banks, licensing, guidelines, embryos, paternity, semen donors, egg donors., regulation, standards, screening, multiple pregnancy, clinics, records, anonymity, doctors, counselling.

This paper outlines and comments on the proposals of the Law Reform Commission of Canada. Looks at lesbian access issues, paternity concerns, and the imposition of regulations on clinic practices.

295. Morgan D, Nielsen L. Prisoners of Progress or Hostages to Fortune. Presented at the Toronto Conference of Law and Ethics; Toronto; 1992.

UK, law, reproductive rights, legislation, regulation, assisted reproduction, embryos, parenthood, ethics, Denmark, Austria, Sweden, Norway, rights, interests of child, research, genetic engineering, DI, ET, egg donation, licensing, anonymity, cryopreservation, couples, prohibition, semen donors, family, surrogacy, adoption, single women, lesbian: UK, law, reproductive rights, legislation, regulation, assisted reproduction, embryos, parenthood, ethics, Denmark, Austria, Sweden, Norway, rights, interests of child, research, genetic engineering, DI, ET, egg donation, licensing, anonymity, cryopreservation, couples, prohibition, semen donors, family, surrogacy, adoption, single women, lesbian.

This paper outlines legislation on ARTs in the UK, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Austria. It looks at the role of law and argues in favour of the more 'restrictive' Scandinavian legislation over that of the 'liberal' UK legislation.

296. Mori T. National Regulation of and Achievements in Assisted Reproduction in Japan. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1992;9(4):293-8.

Japan, assisted reproduction, regulation, IVF, ethics, history, doctors, social attitudes, guidelines, licensing, couples, DI, sex selection, medical aspects, cryopreservation, GIFT, child development: Japan, assisted reproduction, regulation, IVF, ethics, history, doctors, social attitudes, guidelines, licensing, couples, DI, sex selection, medical aspects, cryopreservation, GIFT, child development.

This paper outlines the in effect compulsary licensing system in Japan through the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Notes the growth in IVF and GIFT programmes and use of cryopreservation, that ARTs are restricted to married couples, use of donor gametes are prohibited except in the case of DI, and that sex selection is generally prohibited. Notes high rate of low birth weight in ARTs, and reports on a study of IVF offspring physical and mental development.

297. Mulkay M. Intruders in the Fallopian tube or a dream of perfect human reproduction. Human Reproduction. 1991;6(10):1480-6.

IVF, social attitudes, ethics, technology, embryos, regulation, doctors, scientists, research, medical aspects, rights, law, family, society, philosophy, genetics, genetic engineering, eugenics, commodification: IVF, social attitudes, ethics, technology, embryos, regulation, doctors, scientists, research, medical aspects, rights, law, family, society, philosophy, genetics, genetic engineering, eugenics, commodification.

This paper relates the authors experience of confusion about IVF by presenting a series of arguments about embryos research from a variety of perspectives.

298. Multhaupt S, Kloth K. In-Vitro Fertilzation and Embryo Research: The Necessity of Statutory Regulations. Medicine and law. 1991;10:565-74.

IVF, embryos, research, ethics, law, regulation, rights, abortion, women, infertility, scientists, technology, couples: IVF, embryos, research, ethics, law, regulation, rights, abortion, women, infertility, scientists, technology, couples.

This paper argues for the use of regulations to control IVF and embryo research. Discussses status of embryos and role of science issues.

299. Munro JM, Ironside W, Smith GC. Successful Parents of in Vitro Fertilization (IVF): The Social Repercussions. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1992;9(2):170-6.

multiple pregnancy, couples, IVF, treatment, motherhood, infertility, social support, family, fatherhood, men, women, support groups, psychosocial, stigma, practice, family, parenthood, counselling, gender: multiple pregnancy, couples, IVF, treatment, motherhood, infertility, social support, family, fatherhood, men, women, support groups, psychosocial, stigma, practice, family, parenthood, counselling, gender.

This study of parents of twins conceived with and without IVF found that overall the IVF couples had deficient social relationships in comparison to the non-IVF couples and that female social relationships were more deficient than male ones. Reasons for this are explored and the establishment of support groups is recommended as is the inclusion of counselling in treatment procedures.

300. Nachtigall RD. Secrecy: An unresolved issue in the practice of donor insemination. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993;168(6/1):1846-51.

secrecy, DI, interests of child, couples, doctors, ethics, practice, telling the child, social support, family, identity, offspring: secrecy, DI, interests of child, couples, doctors, ethics, practice, telling the child, social support, family, identity, offspring.

This article draws attention to the unresolved tension in DI practice between the rights of offspring to their genetic identity and the emotional and practical appeal of secrecy for the parents. It draws attention to the lack of models for telling children about DI and the lack of social support and understanding for the 'abnormal' DI family. It also draws attention to the issues of identity which are raised for DI children if they do not Know their genetic history.301. National Action Committee on the Status of Women (Canada). The New Reproductive Technologies: A Technological Handmaid's Tale. Issues in Reproductive and Genetic Engineering. 1991;4(3):279-96.

feminism, technology, women, infertility, disability, prevention, law, ethics, interests of child, DI, IVF, pregnancy rates, pregnancy, medical aspects, drugs, surrogacy, commodification, ICSI, multiple pregnancy, abortion, embryos, genetic screening, genetic engineering, psychosocial, social attitudes, stress, psychological, economics, class, rights, medicalisation, motherhood, media, scientists, sex selection, access, commercialisation, prohibition, research: feminism, technology, women, infertility, disability, prevention, law, ethics, interests of child, DI, IVF, pregnancy rates, pregnancy, medical aspects, drugs, surrogacy, commodification, ICSI, multiple pregnancy, abortion, embryos, genetic screening, genetic engineering, psychosocial, social attitudes, stress, psychological, economics, class, rights, medicalisation, motherhood, media, scientists, sex selection, access, commercialisation, prohibition, research.

This paper is a reprint of the submission of the authoring organisation to the Canadian Royal Commission on ARTs. It generally argues that ARTs are oppresive of women and create social conditions which reinforce female subordination. Looks at issues of medicalisation, commodification, commercialisation, human and embryo experimentation, attitudes to motherhood etc.

302. National Bioethics Counsultative Committee. Reproductive Technology Counselling: The National Bioethics Counsultative Committee, Commonwealth of Australia; 1991.

303. National Eggs and Embryo Donation Society N. Newsletter of the National Eggs and Embryos Donation Society (NEEDS). Newsletter of the National Eggs and Embryos Donation Society (NEEDS). 1992.

egg donation, egg donors, couples, embryos, ET, IVF: egg donation, egg donors, couples, embryos, ET, IVF.

not seen, referenced in Shenfield, 1994.

304. Neuberg R. Infertility. London: Thorsons; 1991.

medical aspects, doctors, couples, infertility: medical aspects, doctors, couples, infertility.

not seen.

305. New Zealand Government. Human Rights Act. Wellington: Government Printer; 1993.

306. New Zealand Government. Health and Disabilities Services Act; 1993.

307. Newman NE, Zouves CG. Emotional Experiences of in Vitro Fertilization participants. Journal of In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer. 1991;8(6):322-8.

IVF, GIFT, ET, support groups, stress, men, women, gender, couples, psychosocial, practice, doctors: IVF, GIFT, ET, support groups, stress, men, women, gender, couples, psychosocial, practice, doctors.

This pilot study of couples undergoing IVF treatments looks at the extent to which they felt anxiety, depression, loss of control, and poitive feelings at various points in the woman's cycle.

308. Newton CR, Hearn MT, Yuzpe AA, Houle M. Motives for Parenthood and Response to Failed in Vitro Fertilization: Implications for Counseling. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1992;9(1):24-31.

IVF, parenthood, counselling, motivation, stress, social attitudes, couples, gender, infertility: IVF, parenthood, counselling, motivation, stress, social attitudes, couples, gender, infertility.

This study of 1007 women and 967 of their male partners who were involved in an IVF programme found that the respondents had entered the programmes for reasons of gender role fulfillment, marital completion, alleviation of social pressure, and because they had postitive feelings about parenthood and experienced longing for this role. Female respondents were more concerned with fulfilling gender requirements, males were more concerned with marital completion. Certain concerns were significantly related to adjustment to infertility, treatment and treatment failure.

309. Njikam Savage OM. Artificial Donor Insemination in Yaounde: Some Socio-Cultural Considerations. Social Science and Medicine. 1992;35(7):907-13.

DI, Cameroon, couples, culture, religion, Christianity, Islam, education, gender, social attitudes, family, social support, infertility, secrecy, openness, adoption, psychosocial, STDs, stigma, male infertility, female infertility, anonymity, class, identity, blood bond, contraception, psychological, age, single women, single men, attitudes, ethics, consanguinity, counselling, process, divorce, HIV: DI, Cameroon, couples, culture, religion, Christianity, Islam, education, gender, social attitudes, family, social support, infertility, secrecy, openness, adoption, psychosocial, STDs, stigma, male infertility, female infertility, anonymity, class, identity, blood bond, contraception, psychological, age, single women, single men, attitudes, ethics, consanguinity, counselling, process, divorce, HIV.

This study of fertile and infertile married couples and single (cohabiting) people found that there was little knowledge of or demand for DI in Cameroon. Respondents preferred to try more traditional options such as polygamy, adoption, fostering, 'natural insemination', traditional healers etc. The reason for these attitudes being found in the importance of genetic fatherhood in identity, and the existence of social structures which favoured these practices. There was also disquiet about secrecy issues, consanguinity and the possibility of offspring having undesirable genetic or behavioural problems.

310. Noble C, Bell P. Reproducing Women's Nature: Media Constructions of IVF and Related Issues. Australian Journal of Social Issues. 1992;27(1):17-30.

media, Australia, IVF, women, surrogacy, social attitudes, law, motherhood, technology, doctors, scientists, women, infertility, feminism, sexuality, family, economics, religion, psychological, ethics: media, Australia, IVF, women, surrogacy, social attitudes, law, motherhood, technology, doctors, scientists, women, infertility, feminism, sexuality, family, economics, religion, psychological, ethics.

This study of newspaper articles in Australia about ART issues looks at the way in which the media predominantly quotes men and proponents of the technologies and portrays women as subordinate to these men who 'produce' their children.311. Novaes S. Reproductive Technology and Changing Conceptions of Medical Responsibility. Presented at the Conference on Women, Equality and Reproductive Technology; Helsinki, Finland; 1992.

technology, assisted reproduction,: technology, assisted reproduction,.

waiting on published copy.

312. Novaes S. Making Decisions about Someone Else's Offspring: Geneticists and Reproductive Technology. Presented at the Yearbook Conference on Human Genetics; Waltham; 1993.

.

awaiting published version.

313. Oakley J. Altruistic Surrogacy and Informed Consent. Bioethics. 1992;6(4):269-87.

consent, surrogacy, ethics, couples, psychological, commercialisation, pregnancy, women, counselling, pohilosophy, rights, stress: consent, surrogacy, ethics, couples, psychological, commercialisation, pregnancy, women, counselling, pohilosophy, rights, stress.

This paper argues for the legitimacy of altruistic surrogacy on the grounds that the surrogate is giving informed consent to the procedure despite the fact that she does not know the way this may effect her emotionally. Sees allowing surrogacy in terms of mainataining respect for the autonomy of the surrogate.

314. Orlov P. Counselling - A Wholistic Approach to Infertility. Unpublished; 1993.

315. Oskarsson T, Dimitry ES, Miles MS, Hunt J, Winston RML. Attitudes towards gamete donation among couples undergoing in vitro fertilization. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991;98:351-6.

couples, DI, IVF, egg donors, egg donation, attitudes, openness, secrecy, known donors, payment, commercialisation, single women, telling the child, UK: couples, DI, IVF, egg donors, egg donation, attitudes, openness, secrecy, known donors, payment, commercialisation, single women, telling the child, UK.

This study of IVF recipient couples found that the couples were generally in favour of gamete donation, and most were willing donate to eggs themselves. The attitudes of these potential egg donors in regard to secrecy and openness, and research use of their gametes is also discussed. These results are compared with studies in other countries.

316. Overall C. Human Reproduction: Principles, Practices, Policies. Toronto: Oxford University Press; 1993.

Canada, assisted reproduction, rights, reproductive rights, pregnancy, abortion, cryopreservation, parenthood, embryos, motherhood, fatherhood, parenthood, feminism, law, legislation, surrogacy, IVF, access, economics, DI, infertility, ethics, policy, identity: Canada, assisted reproduction, rights, reproductive rights, pregnancy, abortion, cryopreservation, parenthood, embryos, motherhood, fatherhood, parenthood, feminism, law, legislation, surrogacy, IVF, access, economics, DI, infertility, ethics, policy, identity.

This is a collection of papers written by the author from 1988-93 on reproductive ethics and policy. It is written from a feminist perspective and includes papers on reproductive rights, womens' reproductive autonomy, abortion issues, cryopreservation issues, surrogacy, IVF access etc.

317. Owens DJ, Edelmann RE, Humphrey ME. Male infertility and donor insemination: couples' decisions, reactions and counselling needs. Human Reproduction. 1993;8(6):880-5.

counselling, DI, male infertility, couples, stress, process, secrecy, UK: counselling, DI, male infertility, couples, stress, process, secrecy, UK.

This paper reports on the findings of a postal survey in which 205 couples whose infertility was attributable to the male partner took part. It reports on how many had resolved their childlessness, how many had and were considering DI, and how many of the couples who had utilised DI were going to tell their children about their assisted conception. It reports on the stress experienced by various couples and the role of counselling in alleviating this.

318. Oxman RB. Califoria's experiment in surrogacy. The Lancet. 1993;341(June 5):1468-9.

rights, surrogacy, USA, law, contracts, surrogates, couples, scientists, doctors, ethics, psychological, motivation, parenthood, interests of child, openness, policy: rights, surrogacy, USA, law, contracts, surrogates, couples, scientists, doctors, ethics, psychological, motivation, parenthood, interests of child, openness, policy.

This piece outlines a recent ruling in a surrogacy case in California to the effect that it is the intentions of the parties conceiving the child that will determine who its mother will be. This notion is criticised in that in relies on human motivations rather than science and that these motivations may be selfish or perverse. Also argues that a child should have the right to know its gestational mother.

319. Paterson R. The status of surrogacy needs clarification. New Zealand Doctor. 1991(17 June, 1991):35,37.

law, legislation, NZ, surrogacy, surrogates, couples, USA, UK, payment, advertising, consent, interests of child, parenthood, surrogates' partner, women: law, legislation, NZ, surrogacy, surrogates, couples, USA, UK, payment, advertising, consent, interests of child, parenthood, surrogates' partner, women.

This piece looks at the legal status of surrogacy in NZ, making comparisons with USA and UK law. Notes that surrogacy contracts would probably be unenforceable in NZ, that the Adoption Act (1955) makes it unlawful to pay for or advertise for adoption. Also discusses the case Re P (1990) (See Stewart 1991) in relation to this. Also notes that the Status of Children Amendment Act in some cases makes the surrogate the legal (even when she is not the genetic) mother of the child, and her male partner its legal father. Recommends legislation in this area.

320. Paulson RJ, Sauer MV. Counselling the Infertile Couple: When Enough is Enough. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991;78(3, Part 1, September 1991):462-4.

infertility, process, couples, doctors, counselling, psychosocial, stress: infertility, process, couples, doctors, counselling, psychosocial, stress.

This article notes that there is no set point where fertility treatments can be said to have failed . Consequently, couples can keep seeking treatment for themselves at increasing enotional and economic costs. This article advocates the use of a counsellor in coping with this process, and outlines six ways which can be used to help couples come to decisions about when to stop seeking treatment.321. Perks NF, Wilson RML. An analysis of the attitudes of oocyte donors. Human Reproduction. 1991;6 (Supplement):115-6.

egg donors, egg donation, attitudes: egg donors, egg donation, attitudes.

not seen. See Broderick and Walker 1995.

322. Peters AJ, Hecht B, Wentz AC, Jeyendran RS. Comparison of the methods of artificial insemination on the incidence of conception in single unmarried. Fertility and Sterility. 1993;59(1):121-4.

pregnancy rates, medical aspects, DI, single women: pregnancy rates, medical aspects, DI, single women.

This study finds that there was no difference in success rates between two different methods of DI when used with a group of single women patients.

323. Pettee D, Weckstein LN. A survey of parental attitudes towards oocyte donation. Human Reproduction. 1993;8(11):1963-5.

oocytes, IVF, couples, parenthood, social support, openness, family, egg donors, ethics, law, counselling, psychological, telling the child, social attitudes, religion, Catholic, Judaism, known donors,: oocytes, IVF, couples, parenthood, social support, openness, family, egg donors, ethics, law, counselling, psychological, telling the child, social attitudes, religion, Catholic, Judaism, known donors,.

This study of 31 IVF couples reports on success rates, attitudes towards donors and feelings about legal, religious and ethical issues. It notes that the majority of couples used known donors, and it explores the couples feelings about their relationship with these donors. It also looks at whether the couples would tell their offspring about their conception, and who else they had told about their IVF involvement.

324. Pfeffer N. A Crutch in the Crotch. In: Pfeffer N, ed. The Stork and the Syringe. A Political History of Reproductive Medicine. Cambridge, UK: Polity; 1993.

history, UK, DI, doctors, medical aspects, social attitudes, couples, legislation, clinics, technology, economics, fatherhood, law, family, eugenics, USA, media, consanguinity, class, gender, men , women, pregnancy, infertility: history, UK, DI, doctors, medical aspects, social attitudes, couples, legislation, clinics, technology, economics, fatherhood, law, family, eugenics, USA, media, consanguinity, class, gender, men , women, pregnancy, infertility.

This paper outlines a history of the social attitudes to DI and the politics involving doctors in this area from WW2 to the present predominantly in the UK. It looks at ideas about the family, personification of sperm and eggs, doctors understanding of fertility, eugenics and the impact of government legislation and the National Health Service on DI.

325. Poplawski N, Gillett G. Ethics and Embryos. Journal of Medical Ethics. 1991;17:62-69.

ethics, embryos, treatment, regulation, philosoophy, rights, legislation, assisted reproduction, women, multiple pregnancy: ethics, embryos, treatment, regulation, philosoophy, rights, legislation, assisted reproduction, women, multiple pregnancy.

This piece looks at the various ways of conceptualising the moral status of the embryo. It looks at the idea of rights, the potentiality of embryos, the conflict between maternal and embryo rights and the complications brought about by ARTs such as multiple pregnancies.

326. Powell S, Stagoll H. When you can't have a child. Personal stories of living through infertility and childlessness. Rozelle, Australia: Allen and Unwin/ Drummond; 1992.

infertility, couples, women, psychosocial, psychological, stress, counselling, treatment, social attitudes, Australia, family, culture, social support, lesbian, child free, adoption, motherhood: infertility, couples, women, psychosocial, psychological, stress, counselling, treatment, social attitudes, Australia, family, culture, social support, lesbian, child free, adoption, motherhood.

This is a collection of stories predominantly by women about their responding to their infertility. In the first chapter 'a fertile life without children' the pressures faced by the infertilite in an Australian context are outlined and the alternatives to parenthood are discussed.

327. Prattke TW, Gass-Sternas KA. Appraisal, Coping, and Emotional Health of Infertile Couples Undergoing Donor Artificial Insemination. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 1992;22(6):516-27.

gender, DI, couples, coping skills, process, stress, psychological, nurses, counselling, HIV: gender, DI, couples, coping skills, process, stress, psychological, nurses, counselling, HIV.

This study of 40 wives and 35 husbands found that wives had greater stress levels and appraised DI more negatively and used a greater array of coping skills. There were relationships between respondents emotional health, their coping mechanisms and their levels of stress. Suggests ways in which nurses can serve couples more effectively.

328. Probasco KA. Discussion with Children About Their Donor Conception. Insights into Infertility. 1992(Summer, 1992):5, 10.

DI, IVF, offspring, telling the child, family, adoption, child development, identity, semen donors, egg donors, known donors, parenthood: DI, IVF, offspring, telling the child, family, adoption, child development, identity, semen donors, egg donors, known donors, parenthood.

This paper presents advice to parents regarding ways in which donor offspring can be told about their conception at various points in the childs' development.

329. Pruett KD. Strange Bedfellows? Reproductive Technology and Child Development. Infant Mental Health Journal. 1992;13(4):312-18.

telling the child, child development, psychological, family, couples, assisted reproduction, identity, male infertility, anonymity, ethics, secrecy, openness: telling the child, child development, psychological, family, couples, assisted reproduction, identity, male infertility, anonymity, ethics, secrecy, openness.

This article looks at ways of presenting the facts of a childs ART origins to them . In the face of a lack of longitudinal studies on the effects of revealing such information to the child the author favours telling the child about its origins, doing so earlier rather than later, while being cogniscent of the psychological readiness of the child.

330. Purdie A, Peek JC, Irwin R, Ellis J, Graham FM, Fisher PR. Identifiable semen donors - attitudes of donors and recipient couples. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1992;105(927):27-28.

semen donors, anonymity, recipients, attitudes, telling the child, donors, NZ, information, secrecy, openness, telling the child, gender: semen donors, anonymity, recipients, attitudes, telling the child, donors, NZ, information, secrecy, openness, telling the child, gender.

53 couples embarking on DI replied to anonymous questionnaire asking what they wanted to know about donor if they should become pregnant. 51% and 32% probably going to tell the child about donor. Wanted to know about interests, physical attributes, occupation and family background of donor. 42% women and 28% men thought child should eventually have access to identity of donor. 38 donors surveyed and 68% agreeable to identity being available to child at maturity. When the category of identifiable donor was created, 20 of 36 new donors and donors still donating chose this option.331. Purdie A. New Zealand Infertility Society Conference. Butterworth's Family Law Journal. 1993;1(1):18-19.

infertility societies, NZ, ethics, law, doctors, couples, single women, lesbian, economics, telling the child, guidlines,: infertility societies, NZ, ethics, law, doctors, couples, single women, lesbian, economics, telling the child, guidlines,.

This piece reports on the NZIS conference in Wellington in 1992 which focussed on political issues. It describes the topics discussed and the workshops held.

332. Raboy B. Secrecy and Openess in Donor Insemination: A New Paradigm. Politics and The Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):191-2.

DI, secrecy, single and lesbian women, male infertility, policy: DI, secrecy, single and lesbian women, male infertility, policy.

This response to Daniels and Taylor's article in the same volume describes the proceedures of a non-profit sperm bank in California and its policy of allowing donors to provide information about themselves if they so desire. It also raises issues associated with lesbian and single women receiving donor insemination and raising 'alternative' families in this way.

333. Radin MJ. Market-Inalienability. In: Alpern KD, ed. ???; 1992.

commercialisation, economics, ethics, rights, law, surrogacy, commodification, philosophy: commercialisation, economics, ethics, rights, law, surrogacy, commodification, philosophy.

This article looks at issues of bodily integrity and whether personal attributes can be sold (commodified). It argues that certain types of bodily attributes should not be regarded as marketable items because they are integral to the self. It argues against baby-selling because this completely commodifies the person and all their constituent attributes. It discusses surrogacy and concludes that a partial commodification model is appropriate in which surrogacy by willing parties should be allowed and that either surrogate or couple should be able to change their minds about the situation on the proviso that the child is provided for by the couples if it is born.

334. Ragg M. Australia: IVF under fire. The Lancet. 1992;340(August 8):362.

Australia, IVF, pregnancy rates, doctors, prevention, multiple pregnancy, disability, economics: Australia, IVF, pregnancy rates, doctors, prevention, multiple pregnancy, disability, economics.

This piece describes the criticisms that IVF has come under in an Australian context from a variety of different sources.

335. Ramsay S. Sex selection in the UK. The Lancet. 1993;341(May 1):1145.

sex selection, UK, social attitudes, commercialisation, law, parenthood, paternity, commodification: sex selection, UK, social attitudes, commercialisation, law, parenthood, paternity, commodification.

This piece reports on a consultation on the subject of sex selection. It discusses the effectiveness of the technique, and legal, social, and commodification issues.

336. Ramsay S. New surrogacy regulations? The Lancet. 1993;341(May 15):1274.

sex selection, UK, surrogacy, couples, regulation, adoption, law, parenthood: sex selection, UK, surrogacy, couples, regulation, adoption, law, parenthood.

This piece reports on draft regulations which will make it easier for commissioning couples to gain legal parenthood of children they have commisssioned through surrogacy arrangements.

337. Raoul-Duval A, Letur-Konirsch H, Frydman R. Anonymous oocyte donation: a psychological study of recipients, donors and children. Human Reproduction. 1992;7(1):51-4.

egg donors, France, anonymity, recipients, psychological, child development, egg donation, known donors, telling the child, motivation, stress, doctors, pregnancy, screening, gift, motherhood, fatherhood: egg donors, France, anonymity, recipients, psychological, child development, egg donation, known donors, telling the child, motivation, stress, doctors, pregnancy, screening, gift, motherhood, fatherhood.

This study of IVF recipients and the donors they bring along to donate anonymously to other women finds that recipients deal well with the transition to motherhood, and probably will not tell their children about the donor aspect of their conception. Donors relative to this do have anxiety about the procedure. The resultant children are found to be developing normally. This paper is pro-anonymity and the French CECOS system.

338. Raymond JG. Women as Wombs: Reproductive Technologies and the Battle Over Women's Freedom. Melbourne: Spinifex; 1993.

women, assisted reproduction, technology, rights, doctors, reproductive rights, medicalisation, feminism, IVF, sex selction, ET, contracts, surrogates, surrogacy, media, infertility, pregnancy rates, sterilisation, contraception, law, poverty, class, commercialisation, embryos, egg donation, DI, fatherhood, infertility, ethics, adoption, family, drugs, gender, legislation, research, multiple pregnancy, pregnancy, abortion, race, religion, economics, class, technology, USA, UK, India, Australia, Korea: women, assisted reproduction, technology, rights, doctors, reproductive rights, medicalisation, feminism, IVF, sex selction, ET, contracts, surrogates, surrogacy, media, infertility, pregnancy rates, sterilisation, contraception, law, poverty, class, commercialisation, embryos, egg donation, DI, fatherhood, infertility, ethics, adoption, family, drugs, gender, legislation, research, multiple pregnancy, pregnancy, abortion, race, religion, economics, class, technology, USA, UK, India, Australia, Korea.

This book written from a feminist perspective, looks at: the way infertility and fertility are construed in various contexts and the effect of this upon women. It also looks at the impact of such treatments as IVF and surrogacy, and the effects of marketing babies and children.

339. Reading AE. Psychological Intervention in Infertility. In: Stanton AL, Dunkel-Schetter C, eds. Infertility: Perspectives from Stress and Coping Research. New York: Plenum; 1991.

infertility, psychological, psychosocial, IVF, ET, treatment, sexuality, couples, women, counselling, stress, process, men, clinics, practice, doctors, health professionals: infertility, psychological, psychosocial, IVF, ET, treatment, sexuality, couples, women, counselling, stress, process, men, clinics, practice, doctors, health professionals.

This paper looks at infertile couples especially in terms of them undergoing infertility treatments and reviews a variety of psychological interventions which have been used in helping them to respond to stress. It discusses the role of staff,counselling and the validity of approaches focussing on psychodynamics, relaxation and stress management, cognitive and behavioural issues and grief management.

340. Reid B. Infertility programmes - a matter of rights, wishes. GP Weekly. 1992(7 October):3,4.

infertility, DI, egg donation, secrecy, practice, clinics, assisted reproduction, openness, regulation, couples, identity, doctors, known donors, payment, semen donors, egg donors, parenthood, counselling, NZ, infertility societies: infertility, DI, egg donation, secrecy, practice, clinics, assisted reproduction, openness, regulation, couples, identity, doctors, known donors, payment, semen donors, egg donors, parenthood, counselling, NZ, infertility societies.

This piece describes the case in the US where a docotr used his own semen to inseminate hundreds of people. It then describes the practice of the North Shore Infertility clinic, looking at issues of openness, record keeping, screening etc. It also looks at the self-regulation of ARTs in NZ and outlines some of the social issues associated with DI and egg donation.341. Richards G. Mary and Leroy. American Journal of Nursing. 1991(March):62-3.

AIH, pregnancy: AIH, pregnancy.

This is a story of a woman who artificially inseminatied herself with her husbands sperm because he has penile cancer.

342. Robertson AF. Introduction/ The social dynamics of reproduction/ the social and analytical constructions of reproduction. In: Robertson AF, ed. Beyond the Family: the Social Organization of Human Reproduction. Los Angeles: University of California Press; 1991.

family, couples, psychosocial, economics, social attitudes, religion, antrhropology, culture, history, IVF, surrogacy: family, couples, psychosocial, economics, social attitudes, religion, antrhropology, culture, history, IVF, surrogacy.

This book looks at the way in which family is conceptualised, the development and decline of families, and the way in which families in a variety of contexts have changed over time. It discusses also the relationship between families and economics and families and other macro changes. Argues towards the end that consequences of IVF and surrogacy are as interesting as the outlooks that call these procedures into being.

343. Robertson JA. Divorce and disposition of cryopreserved pre-embryos. Fertility and Sterility. 1991;55:681-3.

law, divorce, cryopreservation, embryos, couples, interest of child, rights, abortion, policy, reproductive rights, consent, IVF, contracts: law, divorce, cryopreservation, embryos, couples, interest of child, rights, abortion, policy, reproductive rights, consent, IVF, contracts.

This piece outlines a case in which a divorced couple could not agree on whether or not the embryos should be implanted in the woman. The eventual ruling that no action should be taken without mutual consent and that the embryos did not have the rights of children. Also discusses the issue of the right to procreate as it comes into conflict with the right not to procreate.

344. Robertson JA. Ethical and legal issues in preimplantation genetic screening. Fertility and Sterility. 1992;57(1):1-11.

genetic screening, ethics, law, genetics, abortion, sex selection, IVF, medical aspects, eugenics, embryos, cryopreservation, prohibition, research, rights, legislation, USA, reproductive rights, regulation: genetic screening, ethics, law, genetics, abortion, sex selection, IVF, medical aspects, eugenics, embryos, cryopreservation, prohibition, research, rights, legislation, USA, reproductive rights, regulation.

This is a discussion of ethical and legal issues in relation to genetic screening, embryo research, discard of genetically 'inferior' embryos etc. in a USA context.

345. Robinson JN, Forman RG, Clark AM, Egan DM, Chapman MG, Barlow DH. Attitudes of donors and recipients to gamete donation. Human Reproduction. 1991;6(2):307-09.

attitudes,semen donors, recipients, information, anonymity, telling the child, potential, established donors,: attitudes,semen donors, recipients, information, anonymity, telling the child, potential, established donors,.

Majority of established sperm donors agreed to release of medical records with or without identifying information. 85% of potential donors would not donate without anonymity but 60% would agree to release of medical records. 60% recipients would agree to release of medical and identifying records of donor, but 85% would not tell their children of their genetic origin. Significant difference between attitudes of potential recruits and those of established donors and recipients. Established donors may continue to donate without anonymity but recruitment of new donors would be significantly reduced.

346. Robinson C. Surrogate motherhood: Implications for the mother-fetus relationship. In: Merrick JCB, R.H., ed. The Politics of Pregnancy. Policy Dilemmas in the Maternal-Fetal Relationships. New York: Hawarth Press; 1993.

surrogacy, mother-fetus relationship, reproductive technology: surrogacy, mother-fetus relationship, reproductive technology.

This chapter discusses surrogate motherhood as facilitator for the possibility of the child having three different mothers: a genetic, a gestational and a social mother. The author presents state interests in surrogate motherhood in the USA, their approach to commercial and noncommercial surrogacy, their definition of father, ilustrates with court cases and concludes that the legal structure plays a significant role in defining the normative structure of the family.

347. Robyns S. Where's our baby doctor? Dominion. Wellington; 1993.

348. Rodin J, Collins A. Women and New Reproductive Technologies: Medical, Psychosocial , Legal and Ethical Dilemmas. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 1991.

349. Rothman BK. Infertility: Getting Pregnant. In: Rothman BK, ed. In Labor. Women and Power in the Birthplace. New York: W. W. Norton; 1991.

pregnancy, male infertility, women, feminism, doctor patient relations, doctors, men, social attitudes, fatherhood, motherhood, family, medicalisation, medical aspects, gender, genetic screening, counselling, technology, cloning, parenthood, surrogacy, DI: pregnancy, male infertility, women, feminism, doctor patient relations, doctors, men, social attitudes, fatherhood, motherhood, family, medicalisation, medical aspects, gender, genetic screening, counselling, technology, cloning, parenthood, surrogacy, DI.

This chapter looks at the effects of women being seen as being passive in the bearing of children. It looks at the ways in which women undergo infertility treatment when it would more appropriate to involve men more, and at the ways in which womens' interests are ignored in ARTs generally.

350. Rotsztejn DAea. Variables which influence the selection of an egg donor. Human Reproduction. 1992;7(1):59-62.

oocyte, donor, egg, age, embryo, cryopreservation, ART.: oocyte, donor, egg, age, embryo, cryopreservation, ART.

The authors analysed the influence of several variables on the efficacy of the egg donation in their ART programme. 108 cycles of oocyte donation were analysed. Findings are that a higher pregnancy rate was observed when the oocyte were provided by younger donors, no differences were found in the pregnancy rate in the recipients according to previous reproductive performance of the donors. The availability of cryopreserved embryos enhanced the cumulative pregnancy rate.351. Rowland R. Donor Insemination to In Vitro Fertilization: The Confusion Grows. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):192-3.

In Vitro Fertilisation, Surrogacy, Secrecy, regulation, legislation, social attitudes, family, semen donors: In Vitro Fertilisation, Surrogacy, Secrecy, regulation, legislation, social attitudes, family, semen donors.

This response to Daniels and Taylor's article in the same volume outlines further complications which can arise in relation to genetic, social and surrogate parenthood as far as IVF is concerned. It argues that records should be kept of all donors, and calls for people to be provided with clarification about the nature of new genetic, biological and social relationships that are developing.

352. Rowland R. Women as Living Laboratories: The Questionable Ethics of In Vitro Fertilization. Presented at the Ethics in Health Care Decisions; University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand; 1993.

ethics, IVF, doctors, social attitudes, motherhood, family, medical aspects, interests of child, rights, medicalisation, technology: ethics, IVF, doctors, social attitudes, motherhood, family, medical aspects, interests of child, rights, medicalisation, technology.

This paper outlines ways in which IVF is unsucessful technology which may be harmful to women. It draws attention to the ways doctors use statistics to makeit seem more sucessful. It argues that the drugs associated with the procedure are harmful and that drug companies push IVF because this increases their profits. It addresses issues of the cost of IVF and the relationship between it and excess embryos, embryo research, surrogacy and childrens rights. It looks at the use of medical langauage and questions the paramouncy given to personal over community rights.

353. Sachdev P. The Birth Father: A Neglected Element in the Adoption Equation. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services. 1991;CEU Article No. 10(March 1991):131-8.

doctors, adoption, law, Canada, USA, social attitudes, secrecy, anonymity: doctors, adoption, law, Canada, USA, social attitudes, secrecy, anonymity.

This study looks at the attitudes of participants in adoption situations to birth fathers and to their being allowed access to information about their offspring. It notes that all participants are generally more favourablydisposed to birth mothers and their desire for information tha to birth fathers. It lloks at the reasons given by various groups for their attitudes.

354. Sandelowski M, Harris BG, Black BP. Relinquishing Infertility: the Work of Pregnancy for Infertile Couples. Qualitative Health Research. 1992;2(3):282-301.

identity, infertility, pregnancy, couples, medical aspects, psychological, psychosocial, stress, process, coping skills, IVF, DI, health professionals, doctors, counselling: identity, infertility, pregnancy, couples, medical aspects, psychological, psychosocial, stress, process, coping skills, IVF, DI, health professionals, doctors, counselling.

This study of couples who had been both infertile and fertile prior to their pregnancies, found that the major difference between the two groups was that infertile couples had to learn to relinquish their infertile identity. It describes ways in which this is done and provides advice for health professionals, working with pregnant infertile couples on psychosocial issues.

355. Sandelowski M. With child in mind: studies of the personal encounter with infertility. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 1993.

infertility, women, men, stress, psychological, psychosocial, couples, process, coping skills: infertility, women, men, stress, psychological, psychosocial, couples, process, coping skills.

not seen.

356. Sanschagrin ML, Humber EB, Speirs CC, Duder S. A Survey of Quebec Pediatricians' Attitudes towards Donor Insemination. Clinical Pediatrics. 1993(April):226-30.

Canada, doctors, DI, family, telling the child, adoption, couples, semen donors, openness, France: Canada, doctors, DI, family, telling the child, adoption, couples, semen donors, openness, France.

This study of Quebec Pediatricians found that they had little knowing contact with DI children and that they were generally in favour of DI and the offspring knowing about their conception, but were divided upon when the child should be told.

357. SART SfART, The American Fertility Society. Assisted reproductive technology in the United States and Canada: 1991 results from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology generated from The American Fertility Society Registry. Fertility and Sterility. 1993;59(5):956-62.

DI, assisted reproduction, pregnancy rates

cryopreservation, IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, embryos,

infertility, clinics, doctors, USA, Canada

medical aspects, pregnancy, technology,

women, egg donation, ET: DI, assisted reproduction, pregnancy rates

cryopreservation, IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, embryos,

infertility, clinics, doctors, USA, Canada

medical aspects, pregnancy, technology,

women, egg donation, ET.

This study of ART clinics in the USA and Canada finds increasing success rates in IVF, ZIFT and particularly GIFT. Also finds generally an increasing number of procedures being performed.

358. Satz D. Markets in Women's Reproductive Labor. Philosophy and Public Affairs. 1992;21(2):107-31.

policy, economics, women, contracts, surrogacy, gender, commodification, sexuality, identity, blood bond, pregnancy, regulation, interests of child, commercialisation, couples, law, psychological, counselling, payment, fatherhood, motherhood, family, social attitudes: policy, economics, women, contracts, surrogacy, gender, commodification, sexuality, identity, blood bond, pregnancy, regulation, interests of child, commercialisation, couples, law, psychological, counselling, payment, fatherhood, motherhood, family, social attitudes.

This paper argues against discouraging surrogacy on the grounds that reproductive labour is essentially different to other types of labour but does argue against surrogacy on the grounds that it reinforces gender inequality in society.

359. Sauer MV, Paulson RJ, Lobo RA. Reversing the natural decline in human fertility. An extended clinical trial of oocyte donation to women of advanced reproductive age. JAMA. 1992;268(10):1275-9.

egg donation, recipients, medical aspects, IVF, egg donors, age, drugs, couples, law, post menopausal, policy: egg donation, recipients, medical aspects, IVF, egg donors, age, drugs, couples, law, post menopausal, policy.

Objective was to evaluate the effect of age on pregnancy success rates in functionally agonadal women undergoing oocyte donation. A prospective study of 100 consecutive patients - women 40 years and above . 65 suitable candidates matched with donors. outcomes then compared with women 40 years and under having oocyte donation and with women 40 years and over having IVF with own oocytes. Conclude: age-related decline in female fertility may be reversed using donated eggs from younger donors. AR can give similar success rates for older and younger women.

360. Sauer MV, Paulson RJ. Understanding the current status of oocyte donation in the United States: what's really going on out there? Fertility and Sterility. 1992;58(1):16-18.

egg donors, egg donation, USA, practice, records, known donors, anonymity, payment, screening, selection, legislation. practice, clinics: egg donors, egg donation, USA, practice, records, known donors, anonymity, payment, screening, selection, legislation. practice, clinics.

This study of USA clinics involved in egg donation reports on success rates, usage and attitudes towards known and anonymous donors and payment issues.361. Sauer MV, Paulson RJ, Lobo RA. Pregnancy after age 50: application of oocyte donation to women after natural menopause. The Lancet. 1993;341:321-23.

egg donors, recipients, IVF, post menopausal, egg donation, pregnancy, medical aspects, drugs, counselling, selection, psychosocial, psychological: egg donors, recipients, IVF, post menopausal, egg donation, pregnancy, medical aspects, drugs, counselling, selection, psychosocial, psychological.

Authors assessed whether menopausal women aged 50-59 could be "prepared for pregnancy" using hormones etc, and then receive IVF using donated occytes. Donors were women in their late 20s. 18 patients were screened for physical, reproductive and psychological health. Describes results - 9 pregnancies but one loss pre-clinical - 38%. Of the 8 pregnancies, 4 continued at time of publication, 1 aborted, 3 emergency premature deliveries. Conclude that use of donated oocytes by post-menopausal women is feasible, but medical screening is essential to reduce obstetric risk.

362. Saunders DM, Lancaster PAL. Frozen embryos: another population explosion? The Medical Journal of Australia. 1992;157(August 3):148-9.

embryos, cryopreservation, multiple pregnancy, drugs, IVF, legislation, ethics, Australia: embryos, cryopreservation, multiple pregnancy, drugs, IVF, legislation, ethics, Australia.

This paper discusses the issues surrounding embryo freezing and multiple pregnancy in a Australian and makes suggestions for legislation in this area.

363. Schaffer JA, Diamond R. Infertility: Private Pain and Secret Stigma. In: Imber-Black E, ed. Secrets in Families and Family Therapy. New York: W. W. Norton; 1993.

secrecy, stigma, social attitudes, family, couples, DI, doctors, counselling, social support, support groups, adoption, ethics, infertility, psychological, Catholic, economics, stress, process, adult development, parenthood, telling the child, openness, assisted reproduction: secrecy, stigma, social attitudes, family, couples, DI, doctors, counselling, social support, support groups, adoption, ethics, infertility, psychological, Catholic, economics, stress, process, adult development, parenthood, telling the child, openness, assisted reproduction.

This paper looks at the stigma of infertility and the issue that infertile couples must face in coming to terms with infertility and in adjusting to having children by donor gametes. Uses two case studies to explore these issues. Favours openness.

364. Schenker JG. Religious Views Regarding Treatment of Infertility by Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1992;91(1992):3-8.

religion, assisted reproduction, DI, ovum donation, ethics, surrogacy, research, fetal tissue, cryopreservation: religion, assisted reproduction, DI, ovum donation, ethics, surrogacy, research, fetal tissue, cryopreservation.

This article presents Jewish, Christian, Islamic, Buddhist and Hindu views on ART's, donor insemintion, ovum donation, surrogacy and cryopreservation of and research into fetal tissue.

365. Schenker JG. Surrogate Practice in Israel: Suggestions for Regulation. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1992;9(3):180-1.

surrogacy, Israel, regulation, law, prohibition, legislation, surrogates, motivation, commercialisation, anonymity, abortion, contracts, religion, doctors, selection, counselling, economics, pregnancy, couples: surrogacy, Israel, regulation, law, prohibition, legislation, surrogates, motivation, commercialisation, anonymity, abortion, contracts, religion, doctors, selection, counselling, economics, pregnancy, couples.

This paper discusses regulations for surrogacy in Israel. Discusses anonymity, married unmarried and surrogates, commercialisation, counselling, selection of couples and surrogacy etc.

366. Schenker JG. Genetic material donation: sperm, oocyte, pre-embryo. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 1993;43:247-55.

semen donors, egg donors, embryos, fetal tissue, interests of child, screening, parenthood, religion, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, social attitudes, ethics, sperm banks, assisted reproduction, DI, motivation, eugenics, IVF, STDs, single women, lesbian, post menopausal, secrecy, openness, payment, records, policy, law: semen donors, egg donors, embryos, fetal tissue, interests of child, screening, parenthood, religion, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, social attitudes, ethics, sperm banks, assisted reproduction, DI, motivation, eugenics, IVF, STDs, single women, lesbian, post menopausal, secrecy, openness, payment, records, policy, law.

This paper gives a comprehensive overview of assisted reproduction issues with a particular emphasis on donors and reipients. It looks at religious and social attitdes, donor and recipient selection (including post-menopausal, lesbian and single women), legal and policy concerns, secrecy and openness arguments, gamete and embryo banks and record keeping, and payment issues.

367. Schover LR, Collins RL, Quigley MM, Blankstein J, Kanoti G. Psychological follow-up of women evaluated as oocyte donors. Human Reproduction. 1991;6(10):1487-91.

egg donors, screening, psychological, women, motivation, payment, anonymity: egg donors, screening, psychological, women, motivation, payment, anonymity.

This study of egg donors looks at their motivations, psychological states and attitudes to the procedure both prior and after.

368. Schover LR, Collins RL, Richards S. Psychological aspects of donor insemination: evaluation and follow-up of recipient couples. Fertility and Sterility. 1992;57(3):583-90.

DI, psychological, secrecy, stress, sexuality: DI, psychological, secrecy, stress, sexuality.

This study of the effectiveness of using a psychological test and a psychologist to screen unsuitable patients from undertaking DI found that there was a correlation between the psychologist's assessment of the psychological fitness of the couple and the rate at which they conceived, and inverse to the rate at which they dropped out of the programme. It also reports on couples sexual problems in relation to DI and their attitudes to telling other people and their future offspring about the DI conception.

369. Schover LR, Rothman SA, Collins RL. The personality and motivation of semen donors: a comparison with oocyte donors. Human Reproduction. 1992;7(4):575-579.

personality, motivation, semen donors, oocyte, egg donors, psychological, payment, information sharing, offspring, altruism, selection, reproductive trauma, stress, records, gender: personality, motivation, semen donors, oocyte, egg donors, psychological, payment, information sharing, offspring, altruism, selection, reproductive trauma, stress, records, gender.

17 candidates for semen donation evalutated by a psychologist by test and interview. 71% motivated by payment. Only 29% would donate if records open to potential offspring. Psychological results described. 59% excellent candidates, 35% acceptable but with reservations, one donor rejected. Compared with oocyte donors, less altruistic, more affluent, and more likely to have abused alcohol. Women had more traumatic family and reproductive histories. Psychological evaluation a valuable tool in gamete donor selection.

370. Schoysman R, Vanderzwalmen P, Nijs M, et al. Pregnancy after fertilisation with human testicular spermatazoa/ Fertilisation by testicular sperm with strandard IVF techniques. The Lancet. 1993;342(November 13):1237-8.

medical aspects, pregnancy rates, ICSI, IVF: medical aspects, pregnancy rates, ICSI, IVF.

These two pieces report on advances in ICSI and other micromanipulation techniques.371. Seibel MM. Insights and Perspectives into Discontinuing Infertility Treatment. Insights into Infertility. A Newsletter... 1992;Winter 1992:1, 7.

assisted reproduction, infertility, counselling, medical aspects, adoption, stress, post menopausal, doctors, health professionals, IVF, process: assisted reproduction, infertility, counselling, medical aspects, adoption, stress, post menopausal, doctors, health professionals, IVF, process.

This paper discusses various responses to infertility. It looks at the implications of ART's for post menopausal women. It notes that health professionals should also be involved in helping patients reach the decision to stop treatment, and recommends counselling in relation to this. It stresses the importance of being concernd about the patients overall wellbeing not just their desire to have children. Interesting IVF statistics.

372. Seibel MM, Kiessling A, Eastlund DT, Stroncek DE. Compensating egg donors: equal pay for equal time. / More on compensating egg donors. New England Journal of Medicine. 1993;328(10):737.

oocytes, egg donors, semen donors, payment, semen, doctors, practice, blood, altruism, ethics, insurance: oocytes, egg donors, semen donors, payment, semen, doctors, practice, blood, altruism, ethics, insurance.

This article looks at the American Fertility Society policy of not paying but only reimbursing egg donors. It discusses insurance coverage in this area and questions why it should be standard to pay semen donors but not egg donors. There is an associated letter of comment from Drs. Eastlund and Stroncek, and a reply from the authors.

373. Sheldon TA, song F, Freemantle N. Assisted conception on the NHS. British Medical Journal. 1992;305(6852):521.

assisted reproduction, pregnancy rates, IVF, ET, UK: assisted reproduction, pregnancy rates, IVF, ET, UK.

This letter approves of the UK National Health Services' retisence about using ARTs on the grounds that these procedures have not been established as being effective in treating infertility.

374. Shenfield F, Valentine A, Bahadur G, Steele SJS. Ethical and Legal Implications of the HUFE Act 1990 in Reproductive Medicine, and the Role of the HFEA. Effect on a Fertility Unit treating couples with cryopreserved spermatozoa. Dispatches (Centre of Medical Law and Ethics). 1992;3:7-9.

UK, legislation, licensing, practice, cryopreservation, DI, law, ethics, doctors: UK, legislation, licensing, practice, cryopreservation, DI, law, ethics, doctors.

not seen, source, Shenfield 1994.

375. Shenfield F, Matson PL, Hamer F, Lieberman BA, Steele SJS. The Statutory Limit for Embryo Storage in the UK.: A Potential Problem for 1996. Dispatches (Centre of Medical Law and Ethics), London. 1993;4:8-9.

UK, legislation, licensing, practice, cryopreservation, law, ethics, doctors, embryos: UK, legislation, licensing, practice, cryopreservation, law, ethics, doctors, embryos.

not seen, source, Shenfield 1994.

376. Shiloh S, Larom S, Ben-Rafael Z. The Meaning of Treatments for Infertility: Cognitive Determinants and Structure. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 1991;21(10):855-74.

infertility, women, assisted reproduction, couples, attitudes, embryos, psychological: infertility, women, assisted reproduction, couples, attitudes, embryos, psychological.

This study of fertile and infertile women looks at the differences in their attitudes regarding infertility treatments.

377. Shirai Y. Japanese Attitudes to Assisted Procreation. The Journal Law, Medicine and Ethics. 1993;21(1):43-53.

assisted reproduction, social attitudes, infertility, Japan, IVF, surrogacy, couples, doctors, nurses, health professionals, ET, DI, lawyers: assisted reproduction, social attitudes, infertility, Japan, IVF, surrogacy, couples, doctors, nurses, health professionals, ET, DI, lawyers.

This study reports the results from questionnaires with 36 infertile couples and 211 married laypersons. It was found that infertile couples favoured various forms of assisted reproduction more than the married couples and that in the infertile couples sub-group, men favoured assisted reproduction more than women. IVF was favoured by respondents more than various surrogacy and DI procedures. The latter procedures being disapproved of by (sometimes a large) majority.

378. Shoham Z, Zosmer A, Insler V. Early miscarriage and fetal malformations after induction of ovulation (by clomiphene citrate and/or human menotropins), in in vitro fertilization and gamete intrafallopian transfer. Fertility and Sterility. 1991;55:1-11.

drugs, GIFT, IVF, medical aspects, doctors, interests of child: drugs, GIFT, IVF, medical aspects, doctors, interests of child.

This paper includes the conclusion that drugs and ARTs reviewed do not cause greater malformations in offspring than occur in normal births.

379. Shuster E. non-genetic surrogacy: no cure but problems for infertility? Human Reproduction. 1991;6(8):1176-80.

surrogacy, motherhood, surrogates, couples, law, IVF, psychological, psychosocial, commodification, blood bond, family, interests of child: surrogacy, motherhood, surrogates, couples, law, IVF, psychological, psychosocial, commodification, blood bond, family, interests of child.

This paper discusses several legal studies relating to non-genetic surrogacy. It discusses the interests of the child, commodification, baby selling and makes a number of recommendations.

380. Skovmand K. Reproductive technology. The Lancet. 1993;342(November 13):1231.

interests of child, reproductive rights, IVF, DI, egg donation, anonymity, semen donors: interests of child, reproductive rights, IVF, DI, egg donation, anonymity, semen donors.

This paper reports on a conference of experts in technology and childlessnes, and in which it was agreed that the interests of child were more important than the rights of people to have children. A panel formed at the conference recommended that donor anonymity and selective reduction should be abolished.381. Sloan GA. Postponing Parenthood. The Effect of Age on Reproductive Potential. New York: Plenum; 1993.

IVF, GIFT, DI, support groups, age, infertility, couples, assisted reproduction, adoption, health professionals, doctors, economics, stress, psychological, USA: IVF, GIFT, DI, support groups, age, infertility, couples, assisted reproduction, adoption, health professionals, doctors, economics, stress, psychological, USA.

This book includes chapters on the varieties of ARTs available an the pros and cons of using them, on counselling and infertility generally.

382. Smalldridge J, Gudex G, Graham F, Lowe B. In vitro fertilisation and gamete intrafallopian transfer. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1993(25 August):368.

IVF, GIFT, NZ, couples, female infertility, pregnancy rates, drugs, economics, maedical aspects: IVF, GIFT, NZ, couples, female infertility, pregnancy rates, drugs, economics, maedical aspects.

This letter reports on the practice and pregancy rates associated with IVF and GIFT at National Women's Hospital in New Zealand.

383. Smalldridge J, Gudex G, Blake D. Outcome of in vitro fertilisation and gamete intrafallopian transfer at National Women's Hospital 1990. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1993(14 July):287-8.

IVF, GIFT, NZ, couples, female infertility, pregnancy rates, drugs, economics, maedical aspects: IVF, GIFT, NZ, couples, female infertility, pregnancy rates, drugs, economics, maedical aspects.

This paper reports on the practice and pregancy rates associated with IVF and GIFT at National Women's Hospital in New Zealand.

384. Snowden R. Sharing Information about DI in the UK. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):194-5.

secrecy, DI, legislation, ethics: secrecy, DI, legislation, ethics.

This response to Daniels and Taylor's article in the same volume re-emphasizes that there are differing degrees of secrecy and openess in regard to donor insemination. It notes that there is conflict between the rights children have to know about donors and the rights that donors have to their privacy.

385. Snowden R. Ethical and legal aspects of donor insemination. In: Barratt CLR, Cooke ID, eds. Donor Insemination. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1993.

ethics, law, DI, interests of child, legislation, family, identity, child development, blood bond, social attitudes, UK, regulation, records, parenthood, counselling, openness, single women, payment, anonymity, semen donors, lesbian, secrecy: ethics, law, DI, interests of child, legislation, family, identity, child development, blood bond, social attitudes, UK, regulation, records, parenthood, counselling, openness, single women, payment, anonymity, semen donors, lesbian, secrecy.

This overview of the legal and ethical aspects of DI in a UK setting looks at secrecy and openness issues in relation to all participants, interests of the child, what is the meaning of family, and the rights of lesbian and single women to ART's. It discusses the provisions put in place by the HFEA Act and concludes in favour of openness.

386. Snowden R, Snowden E. The Gift of a Child. A Guide to Donor Insemination. Exeter: University of Exeter Press; 1993.

DI, male infertilty, adoption, IVF, regulation, psychosocial, couples, social support, infertilty societies, secrecy, offspring, law, medical aspects, UK: DI, male infertilty, adoption, IVF, regulation, psychosocial, couples, social support, infertilty societies, secrecy, offspring, law, medical aspects, UK.

This book is a general guide for couples about DI and covers, psychosocial, legal, medical, and secrecy aspects.

387. Speirs J. The Welfare of the Child. Presented at the HFEA Annual conference, 30th June; London; 1992.

interests of child, assisted reproduction, policy, practice, regulation: interests of child, assisted reproduction, policy, practice, regulation.

not seen.

388. Stacey M. Changing Human Reproduction. Social Science Perspectives. London: Sage; 1992.

389. Stanton AL, Dunkel-Schetter C. Infertility Perspectives from Stress and Coping Research. In: Meichenbaum D, ed. The Plenum Series on Stress and Coping. New York: Plenum Press; 1991.

390. Stanton AL, Dunkel-Schetter C. Psychological Adjustment to Infertility. In: Stanton AL, Dunkel-Schetter C, eds. Infertility. Perspectives from Stress and Coping Research. New York: Plenum; 1991.

infertility, psychological, couples, motivation, stress, psychosocial, process, crisis, coping skills, race, economics, payment: infertility, psychological, couples, motivation, stress, psychosocial, process, crisis, coping skills, race, economics, payment.

This chapter outlines the extent of infertility in the USA, the increasing use of infertility services, the costs of these services and the disproportion incidence of infertility in certain groups. It then discusses various ways in which infertility has been and is conceptualised, and various psychological approaches to helping the infertile respond to the stress of infertility.391. Stanton ALea. Coping and Adjustment to Infertility. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 1992;11(1):1-13.

coping, adjustment, infertility, couples, wife, husband, avoidance, distancing, self-control, problem solving, distress.: coping, adjustment, infertility, couples, wife, husband, avoidance, distancing, self-control, problem solving, distress.

A questionnaire was applied to 96 women and 72 men from two independent samples. The study examines relations between coping strategies and adjustment to infertility. Attempting to cope with infertility through avoidance was more associated to distress for men than women. Women who coped through accepting responsibility for their infertility were more distressed, and those who mobilised more support were less distressed. Compared to their husbands, wives were less likely to cope through distancing, self-control and problem solving and more through mobilising support and avoidance.

392. Stanton FG, S. Maternal-fetal Attachment During Pregnacy Following IVF. J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gyneacol. 1993;14:153-158.

anxiety , IVF, child, pregnancy, attachment: anxiety , IVF, child, pregnancy, attachment.

The study examined the degree of anxiety experienced by pregnant women who had conceived by IVF, as well as their attitudes towards the pregnancy and the strenght of their attachment to the fetus. Women who conceived by IVFwere compared with women who had conceived without assistance. There were no differences beteween them. However, it was found that women from both groups who were less positive about pregnacies, childbirth and childcare showed weaker attachment to the unborn child.

393. Stauber Mea. Psychosomatic Profile for Infertile Couples. ARTA. 1992;3:363-369.

IVF, psychosomatic andrology, sterility, infertile couples, counselling: IVF, psychosomatic andrology, sterility, infertile couples, counselling.

The study was designed to evaluate the motivation for procreation, the role of psychogenic steritlity, psychosomatic aspects of andrology, and the various effects of IVF and other methods of assisted reproduction on the well being of the partners. The authors discuss the motivations to have a child, describees psychogenic steritlity, shows correlations between stress, psychosomatic complaints and reduced semen quality and suggests a model for fertility counselling.

394. Stephens T, McLean J, Achilles R, Burnet L, Catano JW. Highlights from the Survey of Canadian Fertility programs. The Canadian Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Women's Health Care. 1993;5(3):441-49.

assisted reproduction, doctors attitudes, HIV, selection, counselling, semen donors, recipients, records, secrecy, Canada, egg donors: assisted reproduction, doctors attitudes, HIV, selection, counselling, semen donors, recipients, records, secrecy, Canada, egg donors.

This article reports the highlights of a survey undertaken with the majority of practitioners ART's in Canada. It notes that there are unsatisfactory record keeping procedures in place in ART programs and that there is wide variation in practices relating to such things as HIV testing and the numbers of offspring allowed to each donor. The majority exceeding the recommendation of no more than ten offspring per donor. It also addresses access to treatment issues, doctor's attitudes to ART.

395. Stephenson PSCW, Marsden G. Tuskey-baster Babies: A View from Europe. The Milbank Quarterly. 1991;69(1).

parenthood, infertility, service providers, donors, discrimination: parenthood, infertility, service providers, donors, discrimination.

The paper discusses the role of medicine as moral gatekeeper, deciding who is fit for parenthood by determining who is eligible for infertility services. Sperm banks in european countries require that recipients are married as well as donors. According to the authors it is another form of discrimination on the basis of social prejudice. In their opinion policies concerning eligibility for infertility services must reflect the opinion of the entire community, not just an elite group of service providers.

396. Stephenson PA, Wagner MG, Benagiano G. WHO recommendations for IVF: do they fit with "Health for All"/ WHO recommendations on IVF. The Lancet. 1993;341(June 26/October 2):1648-9/ 867.

assisted reproduction, WHO, economics, practice, medical aspects, doctors, policy, technology, scientists, prevention: assisted reproduction, WHO, economics, practice, medical aspects, doctors, policy, technology, scientists, prevention.

The first opinion piece outlines the positions reached by a public health meeting on ARTs sponsored by WHO, and a meeting of technical specialists in the same area. Notes the differing conclusions reached by these groups. The second piece is a WHO response to the earlier criticisms.

397. Stephenson P, Wagner MG. Tough Choices: In Vitro Fertilisation and the Reproductive Technologies. Philadelphia: Temple University Press; 1993.

398. Stewart GW. Adoption and surrogacy in New Zealand. Victoria University of Wellington Law Review. 1991;21:131-8.

surrogacy, adoption, law, NZ, couples, surrogates, interests of child, payment, openness, parenthood, advertising, commercialisation, UK: surrogacy, adoption, law, NZ, couples, surrogates, interests of child, payment, openness, parenthood, advertising, commercialisation, UK.

This paper looks at a legal case in which an infertile couple, advertised for a child to adopt. A woman volunteered and received renumeration for surrogacy and was inseminated in the natural way by the husband. The paper considers the ruling that this did not breach the adoption Act about advertising and payment for children. It looks at UK rulings in this area, the interests of the child and fit parenthood issues. Calls for legislation in this area.

399. Stewart DE, Boydell KM, McCarthy K, Swerdlyk S, Redmond C, Cohrs W. A Prospective Study of the Effectiveness of Brief Professionally-Led Support Groups for Infertility Patients. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1992;22(2):173-82.

infertility, support groups, psychosocial, stress, doctors, counselling, social support: infertility, support groups, psychosocial, stress, doctors, counselling, social support.

This article reports the reults of a study of 64 patients at a hospital infertility programme who self-referred themselves for an 8 week professionally led support group, and of 35 patients who did not attend these groups. It was found that there was a significant improvement on several psychological tests of depression, anxiety, feelings of control etc. for the support group patients in relation to the non-support group patients. The latter reporting no improvement on these scales.

400. Stoleru ST, J.P.; Fermanian, J. & Spira, A. Psychological Factors in the Aethilogy of Infertility: A Prospective Cohort Study. Human Reproduction. 1993;8(7):10391046.

couples,fertility, infertility, contraception, psychological factors: couples,fertility, infertility, contraception, psychological factors.

Sixty three couples with initially undetermined fertility stats were prospectivelly studied, first shortly after cessation of contraception then 13 months later. Questionnaires were applied, scores were constructed to measure the difference between spouse's responses. Psychological factor scores were significantly higher in fertile subjects. according to the author the results support the conclusion that in both men and women, psychological factors specifically related to the project of conceiving a child are significant predictors of the couple's fertility status.401. Stone JL. Contextualising Biogenetic and Reproductive Technologies. Critical Studies in Mass Communication. 1991;8:309-32.

infertility, couples, parenthood, fatherhood, feminism, technology, assisted reproduction, USA, genetic engineering, genetic screening, sex selection, doctors, research, economy, commercialisation, social attitudes, psychosocial, medicalisation, media, male infertility, female infertility, sexuality, women, history, psychological, environmental factors, doctors, stress, demographics, motherhood, STDs, clinics: infertility, couples, parenthood, fatherhood, feminism, technology, assisted reproduction, USA, genetic engineering, genetic screening, sex selection, doctors, research, economy, commercialisation, social attitudes, psychosocial, medicalisation, media, male infertility, female infertility, sexuality, women, history, psychological, environmental factors, doctors, stress, demographics, motherhood, STDs, clinics.

This paper uses a study of USA magazines from the 50's through the 80's to highlight changes in the way in which infertility and ARTs are presented. It looks at ways different causes of infertility are highlighted at different times, the differences in presetnations of male and female infertility, and the overstatement of the extent of infertility in the USA. Outlines reasons for these changes/presentations.

402. Strickler J. The new reproductive technology: problem or solution? Sociology of Health and Illness. 1992;14(1):111-32.

feminism, couples, doctors, assisted reproduction, economics, family, history, identity, infertility, interest of child, IVF, law, male infertility, medicalisation, men, psychological, psychosocial, reproductive rights, sex roles, technology, drugs, pregnancy, USA, class, social attitudes, social support, stress: feminism, couples, doctors, assisted reproduction, economics, family, history, identity, infertility, interest of child, IVF, law, male infertility, medicalisation, men, psychological, psychosocial, reproductive rights, sex roles, technology, drugs, pregnancy, USA, class, social attitudes, social support, stress.

This paper looks at the world views of doctors, infertile couples and feminists in regards to ARTs and particularly IVF. Presents their arguments with regard to whether ARTs are a problem or a solution and notes the difficulty of coming to a consensus on these sorts of issues.

403. Sullivan L. Surrogacy: The Case for a Conventional Approach. Medicine & Law. 1991;10(4):401-415.

Surrogacy, Australia: Surrogacy, Australia.

The paper discusses the legislation for reproductive technologies in Australia and it is argued that surrogacy should be subject to the same regulation as adoption, debarring commercialisation but without legislative intervention into the area of private contracts on surrogacy. As the contracts on surrogacy are not bound by law, the author suggests that it will discourage the procedure.

404. Suominen JV, Matti. Semen Quality of Finnish Men. BMJ. 1993;306(June, 12):1579.

semen, sperm count: semen, sperm count.

This paper reviews the studies measuring the sperm counts in Finland and concludes that the sperm count of Finnish men was nearly double that of men worlwide. It suggests that one possible reason for the halt in the decline in sperm counts in the 1960s mightt be the revolution in birth control methods, which allowed more sexual freedom and shorter abstinence periods. The low in incidence of testicular cancer especially in rural, indicates, according to the author, that environamental factors maybe important in the aetiology of testicular malfunction and disease.

405. Surrogacy and Donor Insemination Fo. Forum on Surrogacy and Donor Insemination. Presented at the Forum on Surrogacy and Donor Insemination; Melbourne; 1993.

surrogacy, DI, Australia: surrogacy, DI, Australia.

not seen.

406. Swanson HSW. Donor Anonymity in Artificial Insemination: Is It Still Necessary. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems. 1993;27((1) Fall):151-190.

DI, secrecy, anonymity, childern's interest: DI, secrecy, anonymity, childern's interest.

The author presents DI in a historical perspective, discussing secrecy and anonymity as a common practice among physicians in order to protect patients against malpractice. The lack of proper legislation was also added to the scenario, reinforcing these aspects, as well as religious and societal considerations. In his opinion, safeguarding the children's interests mandates enactement of legislation that guarantees their access to the information they need, even if such access involves exposing the donor.

407. Tan SLea. Cumulative Conception and Livebirth Rates After IVF. The Lancet. 1992;339(June (6)):1390-1394.

IVF, pregnancy, age, infertility factors.: IVF, pregnancy, age, infertility factors.

5055 consecutive IVF cycles undertaken on 2735 patients in a single IVF unit in order to assess the effects of patient's age and cause of infertility in the outcomes. Findings suggest that there is a progressive decline in cumulative conception and birthrate in IVF with advancing age over 34 years, the lowest rates are in couples with multiple infertility factors or male-factor infertility. Pregnancy failure rate is inependent of the cause of infertility or treatment cycle during which conception occurs, but is higher in women over 34 years of age.

408. Tannsjo T. Who Are the Beneficiaries? Bioethics. 1992;6(4):288-296.

.

The author discusses whether it is valid to spend money on medical or research projects intended to help people to solve their infertility problems in a philosophical approach, he analysis it from the point of view of the couples and of the children to be created by IVF. He defends the idea that creating life is better than not creating life at all.

409. Tarlatzis I, Tarlatzis BC, Diakogiannis I, et al. Psychosocial impacts of infertility on Greek couples. Human Reproduction. 1993;8(3):396-401.

psychosocial, Greece, stress, couples, infertility, sexuality, psychological, culture, counselling, gender, IVF, DI, secrecy: psychosocial, Greece, stress, couples, infertility, sexuality, psychological, culture, counselling, gender, IVF, DI, secrecy.

This study of men and women undergoing ARTs in Greece found that men and women experienced the stress of infertility differently, and that psychological problems were particularly predominant among those undergoing DI.

410. Taus L, Gerzova J. Personality of semen donors and their social behaviour. Czech Medicine. 1991;14(3):173-183.

semen donors, personality, behaviour, demographics, selection, assessment, Europe, Czechoslovakia, methods, psychological: semen donors, personality, behaviour, demographics, selection, assessment, Europe, Czechoslovakia, methods, psychological.

Examined the personality structure of 80 semen donors. Describes demographics and how donors were divided into sub-groups. The donors are balanced personalities and no pathological phenomena were observed. Describes donors' personalities. The donors make a favourable impression with regard to the demand of mental health and transmission of genetic information. The authors recommend the use of a questionnarie like theirs for assessing potential donors.411. Templeton A. Gamete donation and anonymity. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991;98(April 1991):343-4.

HFEA, UK, law, secrecy, egg donors, anonymity, semen donors, assisted reproduction, attitudes, couples, records, parents, gender, family: HFEA, UK, law, secrecy, egg donors, anonymity, semen donors, assisted reproduction, attitudes, couples, records, parents, gender, family.

This paper look at assisted reproduction issues in the UK post-HFEA. It summarises studies which look at peoples opinions about ARTs and looks at issues of secrecy, anonymity, and the differences between men and women on these issues.

412. Thiering Pea. Mood State as a Predictor of Treatment Outcome After IVF/ Embryo Transfer. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1993;37(5):481-491.

IVF, embryo transfer, women, pregnacy, depression.: IVF, embryo transfer, women, pregnacy, depression.

A study about association between mood state and treatment outcome was carried out with a sample of 330 women. Initial evaluation of mod state indicated a significantly higher level of depression amongst women who were repeat the cycle than the ones who were participating in the IVF/ET for the first time. Up to twelve months after initial assessment, a significante difference was observed in the course of pregnancy over time between depressed and non-depressed women. Depressed women exibited a lower pregnacy rate for the first treatment cycles than non-depressed women. Vulnerability to depression following treatment failure and influence from the psychoneuroendocrinal system are explanations offered to link mood state and treatment failure.

413. Topp K. Positive reflections: growing up as a DI child. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality. 1993;2(3):149-151.

DI, offspring, telling the child, donor, payment: DI, offspring, telling the child, donor, payment.

25 year old DI offspring reflects on DI and the donor, her relationships with her parents, particularly father. Was told quite young about her conception. Positive outcome. Curious about donor but, as she is aware that she can't find out anything, she is not concerned.

414. Townsend AB. Ethical Issues of Gamete and Embryo Donation: Implications for Nursing. Journal of Perinatology. 1992;12(4):359-362.

Gamete, Embryo, Donation, DI, IVF, ART: Gamete, Embryo, Donation, DI, IVF, ART.

The paper discusses ethical issues related to the formation of families through ART, such as donor selection, cryopreservation, secrecy and anonymity, and emotional exaustion in females caused by the IVF treatment. However, it suggests that societal changes will follow scientific advances and that care givers can identify needs of individual growth,marital stability, and family development.

415. Triseliotis J. Maintaining the links in adoption. Br. J. Social Wk. 1991;21:401-414.

adoption, children, birth family, psychological family, child's identity,law.: adoption, children, birth family, psychological family, child's identity,law.

The paper examines the issue of open adoption or adoption with contact, states that the younger the children, the less difficulty they have in admitting a step-parent. It defends the view that adoption with contact helps the child to base his developing identity on the reality of the biological and psychological parents. It also points out that the attitude of the judiciary towards adoption is inconsistent and needs greater legal clarity.

416. Triseliotis J. Donor Insemination and the Child. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):195-7.

DI, secrecy, adoption, family, physicians: DI, secrecy, adoption, family, physicians.

This response to Daniels and Taylor's article in the same volume focuses on the power of the medical profession to influence peoples decisions, and on the experiences of adopted children with regard to seeking information about their biological parents. It favours greater openess in regard to donor insemination.

417. Turner C. A Call for Openness in Donor Insemination. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1993;12(2):197-9.

DI , secrecy, policy, social attitudes, legislation, family, prohibition: DI , secrecy, policy, social attitudes, legislation, family, prohibition.

This reponse to Daniels and Taylor's article in the same volume supports greater openess about donor insemination and presents further arguments for this. It also discusses the political realities of getting DI openess legislation implemented, and presents information about how parents can tell their children about their DI origins.

418. United Kingdom Government. Bill to amend fertilisation Act. Bulletin of Medical Ethics. 1992;May:2.

legislation, UK, records, secrecy: legislation, UK, records, secrecy.

This paper presents the main provisions of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology (

Disclosure of Information) Bill 1992 (?).

419. Van Noord-Zaadstra BMea. Delaying Childbearing: Effect of Age on Fecundity and Outcome of Pregnacy. BMJ. 1991;302:1361-1365.

.

.

420. Van Nord-Zaadstra BM. Delaying Childbearing: Effect of Age on Fecundity and Outcome of Pregancy. BMJ. 1991;302(8 June):1361-1365.

fecundity, pregnancy, age, baby, smoking, alcohol, male fertility, sexual performance.: fecundity, pregnancy, age, baby, smoking, alcohol, male fertility, sexual performance.

The purpose of this study was to identify the start of fall in fecundity, the probability of a pregnancy leading to a healthy baby and to determine the age dependent probability of getting a healthy baby. The fall in fecundity was estmated to start around 31 and the probability of having a health baby decresead by 3.5% a year after the age of 30. Combining these factors the authors inform that the chance of a woman aged 35 having a healthy baby was about half that of a woman aged 25. Factors like male fertility, sexual performance, effects of alcohol consumption and smoking were also considered.421. Vanderwater B. Meanings and Strategies of Reproductive Control: Current Feminist Approaches to Reproductive Technology. Issues in Reproductive and Genetic Engineering. 1992;5(3):215-230.

Feminism, women, reproductive technologies,: Feminism, women, reproductive technologies,.

The paper presents different points o f view on reproductive technology and their benefits or risks to women. It is argued that the position advocating resistance to the technologies holds more potential for women's reproductive control and that theyir power and potential resistance is limited by the strenght of the medical model.

422. Verrier NN. The Primal Wound: Legacy of the Adopted Child. The Effects of Separation from the Birthmother on Adopted Children. Presented at the American Adoption Congress International Convention; Garden Grove, California; 1992.

adoption, psychological, psychosocial, child development, openness, interests of child, motherhood, medical aspects, stress: adoption, psychological, psychosocial, child development, openness, interests of child, motherhood, medical aspects, stress.

This paper relates the author's experience of raising an adopted child. It looks at the literature on abandonment, and discusses the benefits of open adoption and adoptive parents telling children the truth about their background. It looks at the debates on when to tell children. It discusses, motherhood and gestational bonding. It discusses illness and antisocial reactions which adopted offspring exhibit.

423. Warnock m. Ethical challenges in embryo manipulation. British Medical Journal. 1992;304(18 april):1045-1048.

embryos, manipulation.: embryos, manipulation.

The author defends the manipulation of embryos, suggesting that they produce knowledge amd knowledge can only be useful, by contrast with ignorance.

424. Warren MA. Embryo manipulation and experimentation. Bailliere's Clinical Obstetrics and Gyenacology. 1991;5(September,3):591-609.

embryo research, women, experimental manipulation,: embryo research, women, experimental manipulation,.

The author argues that early embryos are not human being and do not have moral rights. They lack capacity for sentience. In her opinion it is not wrong to manipulate embryos experimentally, as far as they are not returned to the womb and become sentient. She defends the rights of women in embryo experimentation, stating that in countries were women receive court order to perform ceasarian section in their body for the sake of the fetus, embryo research can be threatning to them. In her opinion embryo research should have the consent for use of gametes from the ones who donated sperm or ova.

425. Wasser SK, Sewall G, Soules MR. Psychosocial stress as a cause of infertility. Fertility and Sterility. 1993;59(3):685-9.

female infertility, medical aspects, psychosocial, stress.: female infertility, medical aspects, psychosocial, stress.

This study finds that psychosocial stress was causative of non-anatomical infertility in a significant percentage of 38 women presenting for infertility treatment. This is in agreement with the Reproductive Filtering model which contends that the human reproductive system reacts to unfavourable environmental factorsand stress by shutting down; thus causing infertility.

426. Wasserman D, Wachbroit R. The Technology, Law, and Ethics of In Vitro Fertilization, Gamete Donation , and Surrogate Motherhood. Reproductive Medicine. 1992;12(3):429-48.

egg donors, technology, law, ethics, IVF, egg donation, DI, surrogacy, rights, psychosocial, interests of child, women, assisted reproduction, GIFT, ZIFT, history, family, blood bond, adoption, USA, single women, feminism, gender, class, embryos, eugenics, regulation: egg donors, technology, law, ethics, IVF, egg donation, DI, surrogacy, rights, psychosocial, interests of child, women, assisted reproduction, GIFT, ZIFT, history, family, blood bond, adoption, USA, single women, feminism, gender, class, embryos, eugenics, regulation.

This paper is a general discussion of assisted reproduction and its social impact in the USA, especially on the nuclear family. Discusses legal, ethical and policy issues.

427. Weaver SM, Clifford E, Gordon AG, Hay DM, Robinson J. A follow-up study of 'successful' IVF/GIFT couples: social-emotional well-being and adjustment to parenthood. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993;14(Special Issue):5-16.

IVF, GIFT, couples, psychosocial, parenthood, stress, family, psychological, infertility: IVF, GIFT, couples, psychosocial, parenthood, stress, family, psychological, infertility.

This study of 20 couples who had achieved children through IVF and GIFT found that they were generally no different to a control group in terms of their psychological adjustment, and their attitudes to their children. The exception to this was their greater degree of protectiveness towards their children.

428. Webb S. Child Checkers. Social Work Today. 1992(9 January):20-1.

China, infertility, sex selection, infertility, assisted reproduction, family, policy, adoption, economics, abortion, gender, social attitudes: China, infertility, sex selection, infertility, assisted reproduction, family, policy, adoption, economics, abortion, gender, social attitudes.

This paper outlines China's one child policy, and its effects, noting that infertile couples are allowed access to assisted reproduction, or adoption.

429. Weiss tJea. Trends in causes and treatment of infertility at Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, 1976-1989. The Medical Journal of Australia. 1992;156(March 2):308-311.

infertility, couples, IVF,GIFT, DI, endometriosis.: infertility, couples, IVF,GIFT, DI, endometriosis.

The study describes the causes of infertility among couples present to fertility clinic over a period of 14 years, and changes in the respective treatment methods. According to the author, the incidence of semen defects remained constant, while ovulation problems declined. Pelvic disfunction increased, specially endometriosis. The mains treatments were ovulation induction, IVF, GIFT and DI.

430. Wellsmore H, Clark L. The Use of Known Sperm Donors. A Review of 17 Cases. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 10th Annual Scientific Meeting; Lorne, Australia; 1991.

semen donors, secrecy, couples, family, sexuality: semen donors, secrecy, couples, family, sexuality.

This paper discusses 17 cases were donors have been known to and specifically chosen by couples. Donors were brothers, fathers, frineds and a son of the couples, most were already married. It notes that there was a high proportion of withdrawals from the treatment (5/17) and a high proportion of self-inseminations (6/17). The paper speculates that these may indicate: a strong desire from couples to take back control; a willingness to take risks in using fresh sperm; and a desire to begin insemination as soon as possible.431. Wellsmore H. Patients Choice of Sperm Donor - Important Aspects. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 10th Annual Scientific Meeting; Lorne, Australia; 1991.

semen donors, couples, matching: semen donors, couples, matching.

This study found that the aspects of donors which couples were most interested in were the ability of donors to cause a pregnancy and their matching with the husband. They also found that in descending order of importance couples were interested in donor's intelligence, that he had fathered children, his skills, marital status and interests, and that he be a Christian. It is suggested that donor information be available to couples when they are deciding on a donor.

432. Wellsmore H. The Ethical Issues of Embryo Donation. A Fertility Counsellors View. unpublished, Lingard Fertility Centre, 23 Merewether St, Merewether, New South Wales, Australia; 1991?

433. Western Australia LA. Human Reproductive Technology Act. Pert, Western Australia: Western Australia Legislative Assembly; 1991.

434. Western Australian Commissioner of Health. Directions given by the Commissioner of Health to set the standards of Practice under the Human Reproductive Technology Act 1991, on the Advice of the WA Reproductive Technology Council. Perth, Western Australia: Western Australia; 1993.

435. Wheeler M. Mind over Matter - Can Emotional Blocks Cause Infertility? Unpublished; 1993.

436. Whittington C. Preventing Consanguineous Unions in Artificial Insemination; 1992.

437. Williams LS. Adoption actions and attitudes of couples seeking IVF: an exploratoty study. Journal of Family Issues. 1992;13(1):99-113.

IVF, infertile couples, adoption, social exchange theory, child, Canada: IVF, infertile couples, adoption, social exchange theory, child, Canada.

The study examines the adoption actions and attitudes of 16 childless women, and the husbands of14 of these women, who applied or underwent IVF in Canada. The theoretical framework used was the social exchange theory, which assumes that individuals have unmet needs that they are attempting to satisfy, in which they act in a way that will maximise their rewards and minimise their costs. In terms of this theory, most of the couples in the study maximised the possibility of reward of a chid and minimised the cost of failure of becoming parents by pursuing both IVF and adoption simultaneously.

She also suggests that adoption agencies should accept IVF couples for adoption and thatIVF practitioners should not discourage IVF couples from seeking adoption due to the low rate of live birth for this technique.

438. Williamson L. Fertility rights. Evening Post. Wellington; 1992.

439. Williamson L. Telling Tales. Next; 1993.

440. Wirtberg I. His or her childlessness: Karoliska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 1992.441. Working Party for ART MMMoMA. Guidelines for the use of Assisted Reproductive Technology. Wellington: Reprinted in the report of the Ministerial Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technology, 1994, Assisted Human Reproduction: Navigating Our Future (Appendix E). NZ Govt.; 1991.

442. World Health Organisation Scientific Group. Recent Advances in Medically Assisted Conception: World Health OrganisationPlenum; 1992.

443. Wright J, Bissonette F, Duchesne C, Benoit J, Sabourin S, Girard Y. Psychosocial distress and infertility: men and women respond differently. Fertility and Sterility. 1991;55(1):100-108.

psychosocial, couples infertility, gender, longitudinal,: psychosocial, couples infertility, gender, longitudinal,.

This study looks at the stress associated with infertility for 449 consecutive first admission couples to a fertility clinic. Women were found to be more distressed than men. The level is stress is compared to generalised stress in the population, and reasons for stress differences between men and women are discusssed.