infertility, parenthood, social attitudes, stress, psychological, couples, gender, psychosocial, sexuality, women, men: infertility, parenthood, social attitudes, stress, psychological, couples, gender, psychosocial, sexuality, women, men.
This study of 174 infertile couples and 74 presumed fertile couples who became parents, looks at the effects of parenthood on their well-being. It finds that infertile women who experience the greatest stress in relationship to infertility also experience the greatest benefits of parenthood (good quote). Infertile couples who became parents experienced less intimacy and sexual involvement with their partners than those who did not. Some infertile couples may have idealised childrearing ignoring its negative aspects.
2. Abbey A, Andrews FM, Halman LJ. Psychosocial Predictors of Life Quality. Journal of Family Issues. 1994;15(2):253-71.
couples, infertility, parenthood, psychosocial, sexuality, counselling, process, gender, sex roles: couples, infertility, parenthood, psychosocial, sexuality, counselling, process, gender, sex roles.
This article outlines the results of a longitudinal study of 174 infertile and 74 fertile couples, both parents and non-parents. The study looks at the effect of infertility and childbearing/rearing on both marital life quality and 'global' (meaning overall) life quality. Parenthood was associated with increased global life quality for infertile women and diminished marital life quality for everyone except fertile men. It notes that parenthood is often idealised by the infertile and advises professionals to be aware of this when counselling couples.
3. Abdalla HI. Ethical aspects of oocyte donation. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gyenacology. 1994;101:567-570.
oocyte, donors, maternal age: oocyte, donors, maternal age.
The author discusses ethical aspects of oocyte donation, considering age of recipients and donors, social impact of maternal age, outcomes, information sharing with the child, donor payment issues, risks to the donor, risks of fetal abnormalities, sources of eggs, including fetal and cadaveric sources, consent for donation. He also suggests counselling for recipient couples.
4. Abell A, Ernst E, Bonde JP. High sperm density among members of organic farmers' association. The Lancet. 1994;343(June 11):1498.
Denmark, sperm quality: Denmark, sperm quality.
This study found that the members of the Danish Organic Farmers' Association had higher sperm density than members of various blue collar trades.
5. Aboulghar MA, Serour GI, Mansour RT. Ethics and Assisted Reproduction in Egypt. In: Mori T, Tominaga T, Aono T, Hiroi M, eds. Perspectives in Assisted Reproduction. Tokyo: Ares-Serono Symposia Publications; 1994.
ethics, law, Egypt, Islam, Christianity, prohibition, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, IVF, research, couples: ethics, law, Egypt, Islam, Christianity, prohibition, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, IVF, research, couples.
This article outlines the Islamic and Coptic Christian position on assisted reproduction in Egypt and explains draft Egyptian Law in this area. The proposed law in agreement with Islamic principles forbids any situation whereby offspring are created otherwise than by a husband sperm and a wife's ova. Surrogacy is also forbidden. Therapeutic research on embryos etc. designed to assist in the treatment of infertility is permitted within the above principle, and with the consent of the husband and wife.
6. Alesi R, Anderson J. The Experience of Infertility: The Issues of Secrecy and Perceived Community Attitudes. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne, Australia; 1995.
couples, infertility, stigma, IVF, egg donation, DI, social attitudes, family, secrecy, telling the child, records, Australia, openness: couples, infertility, stigma, IVF, egg donation, DI, social attitudes, family, secrecy, telling the child, records, Australia, openness.
This study of couples undergoing IVF treatment both with and without donor gametes found that both groups were equally concerned about the stigma associated with their treatment. It found that the main factor influencing whether couples told people about their infertility and treatment was the perceived response of particular individuals. Two thirds of the sample were ready to inform their offspring about their conception and were accepting of the state of recording keeping donor information for offspring access at maturity.
7. Alsalili M, Yuzpe A, Tummon I, et al. Cumulative pregnancy rates and pregnancy outcome after in-vitro fertilization: >5000 cycles at one centre. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(2):470-7.
IVF, pregnancy rates, practice, clinics, ET, medical aspects, infertility: IVF, pregnancy rates, practice, clinics, ET, medical aspects, infertility.
This paper reports on the pregnancy rates of this clinic by various types of infertility.
8. American Fertility Society. Ethical Considerations of the New Reproductive Technologies. Fertility and Sterility. 1994;62(5: November):1991.
standards, IVF, GIFT, assisted reproduction, health professionals, research, medical aspects, practice, embryos, cryopreservation, clinics, ZIFT, ICSI, embryos, research, interests of child, DI, semen donors, egg donors, ET, couples, legislation, law, parenthood, genetic engineering: standards, IVF, GIFT, assisted reproduction, health professionals, research, medical aspects, practice, embryos, cryopreservation, clinics, ZIFT, ICSI, embryos, research, interests of child, DI, semen donors, egg donors, ET, couples, legislation, law, parenthood, genetic engineering.
This guideline sets out AFS standards on issues of personnel, safety and equipment in ART clinics, and on the ethics and advisability of various procedures. It also makes recommendations for policy and lobbying: Chapters are headed: : The basis for evaluation of an ethical position; The constitutional aspects of procreative liberty; American law and assisted reproductive technologies; Ethics and the assisted reproductive technologies; The moral right to reproduce and its limitations; Ethical concerns and public information; Ethical considerations of patents in reproductive medicine; The biologic characteristics of the preembryo; The moral and legal status of the preembryo; In vitro fertilization; Gamete intrafallopian transfer, Zygote intrafallopian transfer, Husband insemination; Donor insemination; Donor sperm in assisted reproduction; Donor sperm in in vitro fertilization; Donor oocytes in in vitro fertilization; The donation of preembryos; Additional procedures; The cryopreservation of oocytes; The cryopreservation of preembryos; Micro techniques; Preimplantation genetic diagnosis; Surrogate gestational mothers: women who gestate a genetically unrelated embryo; Surrogate mothers; Formation of policy for emerging reproductive technologies; Summary of points of special interest; Dissent on the use of third parties; Minimal genetic screen for gamete donors; Guidelines for Therapeutic Donor Insemination; Guidelines for Oocyte Donation; Revised Minimum standards for in vitro fertilization gamete intrafallopian transfer, and related procedures; Ethical considerations of the new reproductive technologies (AFS reaction to Catholic document on assisted reproduction issues).
9. American Fertility Society/ Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Assisted reproductive technology in the United States and Canada: 1992 results generated from American Fertility Society / Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Registry. Fertility and Sterility. 1994;62(6):1121-8.
USA, Canada, assisted reproduction, technology, clinics, practice, IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, egg donation, ET, surrogacy, women, embryos, cryopreservation, age: USA, Canada, assisted reproduction, technology, clinics, practice, IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, egg donation, ET, surrogacy, women, embryos, cryopreservation, age.
This summary of ART activity in USA and Canadian clinics in 1992 reports a 15% increase in the number of procedures, with a close to static success rate in comparison to earlier collected results. Younger women with no male factor diagnosis are more likely to be seuccessful in ARTs and there is an increase in the use of egg donation and embryo cryopreservation.
10. Anderson J, Alesi R. Personality Profiles of Semen and Oocyte Donors: A Comparison. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual Scientific Meeting; The Sheraton Hotel, Brisbane, Australia; 1994.
screening, oocyte donors, semen donors, psychological, Australia: screening, oocyte donors, semen donors, psychological, Australia.
This study looks at the psychological characteristics of Australian semen and oocyte donors and makes comparisons between them. The results are not presented in this abstract.11. Anderson J. The Role of Infertiliy Counsellors in Australia and New Zealand. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne, Australia; 1995.
counselling, health professionals, doctors, clinics, practice, couples, screening, selection, medicalisation, infertility: counselling, health professionals, doctors, clinics, practice, couples, screening, selection, medicalisation, infertility.
This study of infertility counsellors looked particularly at whether counselling should be provided prior to treatment and whether counsellors should have a role in assessing donors and couples. It notes counsellors disatisfaction with the their position within the medical team and the way team functioned.
12. Anonymous. A licence to breed. New Scientist; 1994.
13. Anonymous MBR. Eggs for sale? Monash Bioethics Review. 1994;13(4):9-10.
IVF, egg donation, payment, UK, policy, HFEA, recruitment, women, clinics, ethics: IVF, egg donation, payment, UK, policy, HFEA, recruitment, women, clinics, ethics.
This newspiece taken from a piece originally in New Scientist, looks at various ways of paying and reimbursing women for donating eggs and recruiting other women to donate in the UK. It also reports that the HFEA has set up a committee to look into this issue.
14. Anonymous MBR. Sperm mix-up and doctor's threats lead to punitive damages. Monash Bioethics Review. 1994;13(4):6-7.
doctors, DI, law, race, ethics, abortion, Australia, interests of child, Catholic, religion: doctors, DI, law, race, ethics, abortion, Australia, interests of child, Catholic, religion.
This newspiece taken from a report in The Age newspaper reports on a case where a women was awarded $185,000 after being given the wrong spem in a DI program, which would have led to her having a baby ethnically different from herself. The doctor in charge pressured the women into having an unwanted abortion with the threat that if she did not she would be barred from further access to services in Australia.
15. Anonymous. A report of a US court case in which a child conceived by her late father's sperm seeks legal recognition as heir. (Summary of contents from Eubios Journal 5(1) January 1995, p 17. Reproductive Freedom News. 1994(16 December):3.
law, USA, offspring, parenthood, posthumous: law, USA, offspring, parenthood, posthumous.
.
16. Anonymous. France to Ban Embryo Research. Science; 1994.
17. Anonymous. Medical Council backs call for birth technology guidelines. The Press. Christchurch; 1994.
18. Anonymous. Auckland group branches out to repeal Adoption Act. Christchurch Press. Christchurch; 1994.
19. Anonymous BoME. Embryo and fetus protection in Europe. Bulletin of Medical Ethics. 1995;105(February).
Europe, ethics, embryos, research: Europe, ethics, embryos, research.
This newspiece reports on the establishment of a European Commision, Human Embryo and Fetus Protection working group, to advise the Commission, make a report, and provide information about developments in European Community member states.
20. Anonymous. New Victorian IVF Law Changes Pioneering Legislation/ Polish Health Officer Stops IVF at Warsaw Clinic. Monach Bioethics Review. 1995;14(3):6.
Australia, law, legislation, prohibition, embryos, research, fetal tissue, posthumous, sex selection, cloning, genetic engineering, commercialisation, surrogacy, contracts, records, openness, couples, DI, single women, Poland, IVF, cryopreservation: Australia, law, legislation, prohibition, embryos, research, fetal tissue, posthumous, sex selection, cloning, genetic engineering, commercialisation, surrogacy, contracts, records, openness, couples, DI, single women, Poland, IVF, cryopreservation.
The first piece notes the changes brought about by the Infertility Treatment Act in Victoria Australia in the area of sex selection, genetic engineering, posthumous repoduction, embryo research, surrogacy, access to ARTs, and offspring access to donor information. the second piece notes the banning of IVF in a Poland on the grounds that freezing embryos contravenes a law which states that 'each human being has a right to life from conception'. Another Polish authority disagrees and the matter will be decided in court.21. Anonymous. Donor males not put off by register. The Press. Christchurch; 1995.
22. Anonymous. Chemicals link to male infertility. Safeguard Update. 1995;32(14 August).
female infertility, environmental factors, scientists, policy: female infertility, environmental factors, scientists, policy.
Outline of recent increase in the concern about male infertility in the USA and Europe.
23. Anonymous. Egg donors to be paid? GenEthics. 1995(July/August):12.
egg donors, egg donation, payment, UK, policy, commodification: egg donors, egg donation, payment, UK, policy, commodification.
This piece quotes informed sources as saying that the HFEA in the UK may soon allow payment of egg donors. Discusses some of the ramifications of this.
24. Anonymous. Italian Doctors ban "Granny Mums". Monash Bioethics Review. 1995;14(3):8.
Italy, regulation, doctors, post menopausal, IVF, eugenics, semen donors, lesbian, single women, DI, surrogacy, prohibition: Italy, regulation, doctors, post menopausal, IVF, eugenics, semen donors, lesbian, single women, DI, surrogacy, prohibition.
This piece outlines the new code of ethics adopted by Italian doctors which prohibits, post menopausal pregnancies, eugenic practices in sperm selection, surrogacy and access to DI by lesbian and single women.
25. Anonymous. Why more ova for older women during IVF. The Lancet. 1996;347(April 13):1032.
IVF, older women, embryos: IVF, older women, embryos.
A study by Michael Hull (Fertility & Sterility, 1996; 65: 783-89) is reported, informing that implantation rate s for women aged 40-44 drops to 6.1% in the IVF cycle. The author of the study suggest that UK guidelines for embryo transfer should be more flexible, allowing a higher number than 3 embryos per cycle in older women.
26. Anonymous / International Digest of Health Legislation. Human Reproduction and Population Policies: Denmark, Norway, USA. International Digest of Health Legislation. 1995;46(1):50-54.
legislation, assisted reproduction, Denmark, Norway, USA, embryos, IVF, egg donation, DI, prohibition, licensing, ethics, doctors, couples, single women, lesbian, consent, selection, psychosocial, semen donors, secrecy, anonymity, sex selection, genetic screening, genetic engineering, infertililty, cryopreservation, research, embryos, counselling, parenthood, law, rights, access: legislation, assisted reproduction, Denmark, Norway, USA, embryos, IVF, egg donation, DI, prohibition, licensing, ethics, doctors, couples, single women, lesbian, consent, selection, psychosocial, semen donors, secrecy, anonymity, sex selection, genetic screening, genetic engineering, infertililty, cryopreservation, research, embryos, counselling, parenthood, law, rights, access.
This paper outlines recent legislation in three countries on ARTs. In Denmark there is a new regulation requiring doctors attempting new ARTs to gain ethical approval from the government. In Norway a new law restricts DI to couples, IVF can not use donated gametes, research on embryos, sex selection and genetic screening are prohibited except in rare situations, and complete secrecy between donors and families is enforced. In the USA an Act has been passed to assure freedom of access to reproductive services.
27. Anonymous / International Journal of Bioethics. Re: Portugese advice on the ethics of Assisted Reproductive Technologies. International Journal of Bioethics. 1995;6:76-8.
Portugal, ethics, assisted reproduction: Portugal, ethics, assisted reproduction.
not seen.
28. Anonymous / Soth African Medical Journal. Surrogacy a legal snare. South African Medical Journal. 1995;85(3):29-30.
law, surrogacy, motherhood, doctors, legislation, DI, adoption, parenthood, infertility, payment, contracts, psychological, reproductive rights, erconomics, prohibition, paternity: law, surrogacy, motherhood, doctors, legislation, DI, adoption, parenthood, infertility, payment, contracts, psychological, reproductive rights, erconomics, prohibition, paternity.
This piece outlines the current legal situation in South Africa in relation to surrogacy and the recommendations of that country's Law Commission on Surrogate Motherhood. Also looks at the opinion of doctors groups in this regard. Looks at issues of payment, contracts, and situations in which various combination of gametes can be used.
29. Anonymous / The Daily Telegraph. Re: a couple in the Netherlands who had twins of which one was black and the other white. The Daily Telegraph. London?; 1995.
30. Anonymous / The Dallas Morning News. Re: a ruling that a girl who was conceived after her fathers' death was entitled to her fathers social security benefits. The Dallas Morning News. Dallas; 1995.31. Ansley B. The mating game. The Listener; 1994.
32. Applegarth L, Goldberg NC, Cholst I, et al. Families Created through Ovum Donation: A Preliminary Investigation Obstetrical Outcome and Psychosocial Adjustment. Authors resident at the Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Cornell University Medical College, Box 1, 525 East 68th Street, New York, New York, 10021; 1995.
33. Araneta MR, Mascola L, Eller A, et al. HIV Transmission through Donor Artificial Insemination. Journal of the Americal Medical Association. 1995;273(11):854-8.
HIV, DI, doctors, medical aspects, screening, semen donors, women, USA, Canada: HIV, DI, doctors, medical aspects, screening, semen donors, women, USA, Canada.
Investigation of DI clinics practices with regard to screening donors for HIV prior to1985. Concludes this can be a health risk.
34. Arda B. Ethics and the commercial use of genetics. Bulletin of Medical Ethics. 1995(Septemeber):19-22.
ethics, sex selection, genetic screening, Turkey, commercialisation, ethics, disability, insurance, eugenics, commodification, anonymity, openness, couples, abortion, doctors, social attitudes culture, poverty, technology, genetics, genetic engineering: ethics, sex selection, genetic screening, Turkey, commercialisation, ethics, disability, insurance, eugenics, commodification, anonymity, openness, couples, abortion, doctors, social attitudes culture, poverty, technology, genetics, genetic engineering.
This piece gives a general overview of commercial uses for genetics. It then looks in detail at sex selection and applies this particularly to the Turrkish context. Concludes that sex selection is in generally not an ethical practice.
35. Atkin WR. Assisted Reproduction and Privacy. Unpublished; 1994.
36. Atkin WR. Medico-Legal Implications of Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Unpublished; 1994.
37. Atkin B. New Zealand Family Law 1994 - More Promise Than Achievement. The International Survey of Family Law. 1996:365-385.
asisted human reproduction, mother, law, New Zealand, Privacy Act, Children Amendment Act.: asisted human reproduction, mother, law, New Zealand, Privacy Act, Children Amendment Act.
The author discusses the topic Assisted Human Reproduction and its legal position in New Zealand. According to him, there is no licensing system for operators in this area and that the only specific legislation is the Status of Children Amendment Act 1987, which treats the birth mother and her partner as the legal mother of any child born following the use of ART. The Privacy Act 1993 gives the child the right of access to information about donor, however if the donor refuses to consent the release of information, the right may be abrogated.
38. Augers J, Kunstmann JM, Czyglik F, Jouannet P. Decline in Semen Quality Among Fertile Men in Paris During the Past 20 Years. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995;332(5):281-5.
sperm quality, male infertility, France, age, environmental factors, medical aspects, semen donors: sperm quality, male infertility, France, age, environmental factors, medical aspects, semen donors.
This study finds that there has a significant decline in sperm quality in Parisien semen donors over a 20 year period. Discusses causes of this and specific factors which influence sperm quality.
39. Avrech OM, Merlob P, Neri A, Kaplan V, Ovadia J, Fisch B. Poland anomaly after in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility. 1994;62(6):1268-60.
IVF, ET, medical aspects, drugs, interests of child: IVF, ET, medical aspects, drugs, interests of child.
This paper describes an anomaly in one triplet in three born as a result of IVF. Concludes that drugs or treatment are probably not the cause of this.
40. Aziza-Shuster E. A child at all costs: posthumous reproduction and the meaning of parenthood. Human Reproduction. 1994;9(11):2182-5.
law, legislation, posthumous, DI, gender, assisted reproduction, France, USA, UK, Canada, Germany, Sweden, parenthood, social attitudes, doctors, interests of child, family, couples, egg donation, organ doning, regulation, cryopreservation, rights, sperm banks, motivation: law, legislation, posthumous, DI, gender, assisted reproduction, France, USA, UK, Canada, Germany, Sweden, parenthood, social attitudes, doctors, interests of child, family, couples, egg donation, organ doning, regulation, cryopreservation, rights, sperm banks, motivation.
This paper looks at posthumous procreation through the use of frozen semen etc. It discusses French and USA legal cases, the meaning of reproduction and parenthood, and the need for either governmental or professional regulation of the area.41. Baetens P, Ponjaert I, Verte D, Devroey P, Streiteghem ACV. Couples Treated With Donor Oocytes: Coping With Secerecy in Relation to the Use of Known or Anonymous Oocytes. Presented at the Fifty-First Annual Meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Abstracts of the Scientific Oral and Poster Sessions. Program Supplement; Seattle, USA; 1995.
egg donation, couples: egg donation, couples.
This study of obstetricians and gynecologists found that while they approved of egg donation only 50% approved of it when used with women over 45. There opinions on selection requirements for women/couples are presented.
42. Baetens P, Ponjaert-Kristoffersen I, Devroey P, Steirteghem ACV. Artificial insemination by donor: an alternative for single women. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(6):1537-42.
single women, lesbian, infertility, couples, psychosocial, psychological, selection, DI, practice, child development, adult development, sexuality, social support, economcs, class, counselling, family, doctors, Belgium, screening, motivation, IVF, egg donation, age, ethics: single women, lesbian, infertility, couples, psychosocial, psychological, selection, DI, practice, child development, adult development, sexuality, social support, economcs, class, counselling, family, doctors, Belgium, screening, motivation, IVF, egg donation, age, ethics.
This study of single women applying for DI at a Belgian clinic looks at their reasons for applying for DI, their demographics and their social situation. It compares the women who were accepted with those who were refused, giving reasons for the refusals. It compares the motivation and situation of these respondents with a similar study of lesbian couples applying for DI. It notes the unknown impact of DI conception on the offspring and urges counselling for the women in these situations.
43. Baird P. New reproductive technologies: the need to ensure that uses in Canada are safe, effective and in the public interest. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1994;151(10):1439-42.
assisted reproduction, Canada, technology, social attitudes, society, regulation, economics, clinics, commercialisation,
commodification, IVF, ethics, law, women, interests of child, records, single women, screening, surrogacy, sex selction, egg donation, post menopausal, selection, couples, family: assisted reproduction, Canada, technology, social attitudes, society, regulation, economics, clinics, commercialisation,
commodification, IVF, ethics, law, women, interests of child, records, single women, screening, surrogacy, sex selction, egg donation, post menopausal, selection, couples, family.
This is a response by the chairperson of the Canadian Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies to criticisms of its report (printed in this issue which we have) by the Canadian Fertility and Andrology Society and D. Rieger. It outlines the reasoning behind many of the commissions decisions.
44. Baker S. Be mindful of lasting effects of adoption. New Zealand Doctor. 1994(29 September):19.
adoption, stress, family, offspring, couples, parenthood, psychological, psychosocial, infertility, doctors, child development, grief: adoption, stress, family, offspring, couples, parenthood, psychological, psychosocial, infertility, doctors, child development, grief.
This paper outlines the long term effects of adoption on all participants which include senses of loss, grief and abandonment. Notes disproportionate no.s of adopted offspring with developmental problems, and incidence of secondary infertility among birth mothers after adopting out.
45. Baker DJ, Paterson MA. Distributive Justice and the Regulation of Fertility Centers: An Analysis of the Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 1994(3):383-90.
couples, infertility, regulation, legislation, USA, payment, access, treatment, pregnancy rates, clinics, licensing, doctors, assisted reproduction, policy, ethics, practice, standards, technology, insurance, prevention: couples, infertility, regulation, legislation, USA, payment, access, treatment, pregnancy rates, clinics, licensing, doctors, assisted reproduction, policy, ethics, practice, standards, technology, insurance, prevention.
This paper looks at the abovementioned Act which comes into force October 1995. It argues that it will not necessarily produce beeter information about live birth rates, and will possibly decrease the range of and increase the cost of services available. Looks at the power of doctors in decision making and licensing procedures. Argues for a greater focus infertility as such rather than the technical aspects of its treatment.
46. Baker S. Push for wider access to infertility services. New Zealand Doctor; 1994.
47. Baker S. Sperm and egg donors have role as parents. New Zealand Doctor; 1994.
48. Baker DJ, Paterson MA. Marketed sperm: use and regulation in the United States. Fertility and Sterility. 1995;63(5):947-52.
DI, USA, doctors, payment, semen donors, sperm banks, guidelines, interests of child, policy, records, psychological, psychosocial, counselling, regulation, screening, attitudes, law, rights, cryopreservation, couples: DI, USA, doctors, payment, semen donors, sperm banks, guidelines, interests of child, policy, records, psychological, psychosocial, counselling, regulation, screening, attitudes, law, rights, cryopreservation, couples.
This general overview of DI practice in the USA looks at legal, medical and social issues. It looks at screening, donor attitudes, and recommends that records be kept of donor information. Draws heavily on 1988 Office of Technology Assessment study.
49. Baker S. Temporary reprieve for CHE infertility service. New Zealand Doctor; 1995.
50. Balmaceda JC. Age-Related Decline in Fecundity - Cause? (Letter). Fertility and Sterility. 1994;61(4: April 1994):792-3.
oocyte, IVF, postmenopausal, female fertility, medical aspects: oocyte, IVF, postmenopausal, female fertility, medical aspects.
This letter in response to an article by Yaron et al uses a medical and statistical argument to say, contrary to Yaron's conclusions, that the differences in pregnancy rate observed by Yaron are due to the status of ovarian function rather than endometrial age.51. Bayertz K. The Concept of Moral Consensus. The Case of Technological Interventions into Human Reproduction. In: Engelhardt Jr. HT, Spicker SF, Wildes KW, et al., eds. Philosophy and Medicine. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1994.
52. Beaurepaire J, Jones M, Thiering P, Saunders D, Tennant C. Psychosocial Adjustment to Infertility and Its Treatment: Male and Female Reponses at Different Stages of IVF/ET Treatment. Journal of Pychosomatic Research. 1994;38(3):229-40.
IVF, ET, couples, psychosocial, gender, stress, coping skills, process, infertility: IVF, ET, couples, psychosocial, gender, stress, coping skills, process, infertility.
This study of 330 couples undergoing IVF/ET treatment, some for the first time, and some for subsequent cycles, found that women reported higher rates of depression, and lack of a sense of control than their husbands. Repeat cycle women were more depressed. Respondents were compared to a control. It is also noted that men and women respond differently to IVF stress and that adaptions that may be positive for one partner may be detrimental to the relationship.
53. Becker G, Nachtigall RD. 'Born to Be a Mother': The Cultural Construction of Risk in Infertility Treatment in the U.S. Social Science and Medicine. 1994;39(4):507-18.
infertility, medical aspects, social attitudes, doctors, couples, USA, gender, risk, rights, technology: infertility, medical aspects, social attitudes, doctors, couples, USA, gender, risk, rights, technology.
This study of 275 infertile persons (132 couples and 11 women) looked at how people conceptualised and responded to the risks of infertility. It found that women perceived more risks than men, were more willing to take risks and made the final decision about whether risks should be taken. It also found that people became more aware of risks as treeatment cycles proceeded and that they became increasingly aware of emotional as opposed to just medical issues. The study also looks at risk taking in the context of American culture and in light of the respondents own biographies.
54. Becker G. Metaphors in Disrupted Lives: Infertility and Cultural Constructions of Continuity. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 1994;8(4):383-410.
infertility, women, men, gender, couples, social attitudes, stress, psychosocial, psychological, USA, identity, medicalisation, post menopausal, assisted reproduction, egg donation, methods: infertility, women, men, gender, couples, social attitudes, stress, psychosocial, psychological, USA, identity, medicalisation, post menopausal, assisted reproduction, egg donation, methods.
This study of 236 men and women who had undergone ARTs looks at the metaphors they use to reconstruct a sense of their identity and of continuity in their life after the trauma of infertility undermines their unexamined cultural assumptions about how the world works. Includes comments from women who received sisters egg to conceive after menopause.
55. Benagiano GPJR. Assisted reproduction: a not so bright future? Human Reproduction. 1995;10:1324-1326.
Ethics, assisted reproduction, ISCI, embryo, cryopreservation, eugenics, ovarian stimulation: Ethics, assisted reproduction, ISCI, embryo, cryopreservation, eugenics, ovarian stimulation.
The author discusses the potential hazards of assisted human reproduction, considering the use of cryopreserved embryos, ICSI techniques, ovarian stimulation, suggesting that the lack of basic research in the area could lead to less than ideal results.
56. Berg BJ. A researcher's guide to investigating the psychological sequelae of infertility: methodological considerations. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994;15:147-56.
infertility, psychological, methods, gender, couples, medical aspects, process, coping skills, women, social class, stress, psychosocial, social attitudes, single women, lesbian, assisted reproduction: infertility, psychological, methods, gender, couples, medical aspects, process, coping skills, women, social class, stress, psychosocial, social attitudes, single women, lesbian, assisted reproduction.
This paper looks at methodological issues in investigating the reactions of the infertile to their infertility. It looks at issues of measurement of psycholgical state, sampling, different responses of male and female partners, doing studies over time (prospective studies), gender differences, and difficulties in getting appropriate comparison groups. It recommends the use of more prospective and qualitative studies.
57. Bernat E. Austria: Legislating for Assisted Reproduction and Interpreting the Ban on Corporal Punishment. University of Louisville Journal of Family Law. 1994;32(2: Spring):247-53.
law, austria, assisted reproduction, couples, semen donors, offspring, secrecy, surrogacy, records, egg donors: law, austria, assisted reproduction, couples, semen donors, offspring, secrecy, surrogacy, records, egg donors.
This article outlines the recent changes in Austrian law with regard to assited reproduction. Notes grounds under which assisted reproduction will be used, the ban on surrogacy, the keeping of extensive donor records to prevent donors inseminating people they are related to, and the lowering of the age at which offspring can gain access to identifying information about donors.
58. Bernstein AC. When the Doctor "Mostly Does Help". Flight of the Stork. What Children Think (and When) about Sex and Family Building. Indianapolis, USA: Perspectives Press; 1994.
telling the child, child development, psychological, couples, sexuality, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, family, openness, fatherhood, motherhood, parenthood, gender, surrogates, paternity, family, DI, medical aspects, adoption, IVF, psychological, secrecy, stigma, surrogacy, blood bond, single women, lesbian, identity, psychosocial, pregnancy, ethics, semen donors, egg donors, egg donation, motivation, commodification, payment, rights: telling the child, child development, psychological, couples, sexuality, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, family, openness, fatherhood, motherhood, parenthood, gender, surrogates, paternity, family, DI, medical aspects, adoption, IVF, psychological, secrecy, stigma, surrogacy, blood bond, single women, lesbian, identity, psychosocial, pregnancy, ethics, semen donors, egg donors, egg donation, motivation, commodification, payment, rights.
This chapter outlines the specific issues involved in telling children conceived by various ARTs how they were conceived, and about how to answer their questions about the other people who contributed to their conception/birth, the motivations of these people etc. Looks at the questions that offspring are likely to ask at various stages and the best way to respond to these questions at these points.
59. Bernstein AC. Flight of the Stork. What Children Think (and When) about Sex and Family Building. Indianapolis, USA: Perspectives Press; 1994.
telling the child, child development, psychological, couples, sexuality, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, family, openness, fatherhood, motherhood, parenthood, gender, surrogates, paternity, family, DI, medical aspects, adoption, IVF, psychological, secrecy, stigma, surrogacy, blood bond, single women, lesbian, identity, psychosocial, pregnancy, ethics, semen donors, egg donors, egg donation, motivation, commodification, payment, rights: telling the child, child development, psychological, couples, sexuality, surrogacy, assisted reproduction, family, openness, fatherhood, motherhood, parenthood, gender, surrogates, paternity, family, DI, medical aspects, adoption, IVF, psychological, secrecy, stigma, surrogacy, blood bond, single women, lesbian, identity, psychosocial, pregnancy, ethics, semen donors, egg donors, egg donation, motivation, commodification, payment, rights.
This book outlines childhood developmental stages and relates these to what children want to know about sexuality and reproduction issues at these various stages. From this basis it gives advice to parents regarding what they should tell their children at various stages. Includes separate chapters on step-families, adoption and families which have utilised various ARTs.
60. Bewley B, Ward RH. Ethics in Obstetric and Gynaecology. London: Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Press; 1996.
doctors, ethics, medical aspects, practice, clinics, doctor patient relations, psychological, psychosocial: doctors, ethics, medical aspects, practice, clinics, doctor patient relations, psychological, psychosocial.
Not seen.61. BIRTH A. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by artificial insemination. BIRTH. 1994;21(3):177.
DI, law, Canada, doctors, HIV, screening, semen donors: DI, law, Canada, doctors, HIV, screening, semen donors.
This piece report on a Canadian case in which a doctor was found negligent when a woman he inseminated contracted HIV through the semen.
62. Blair L. Assisted insemination. Are you ready? Canadian Family Physician. 1994;40(October):1861-3.
Canada, law, policy, infertility, DI, lesbian, single women, practice, screening, selection, interests of child, family, anonymity, telling the child, parenthood, semen donors, psychosocial, fatherhood, parenthood, religion, doctors, clinics, social attitudes: Canada, law, policy, infertility, DI, lesbian, single women, practice, screening, selection, interests of child, family, anonymity, telling the child, parenthood, semen donors, psychosocial, fatherhood, parenthood, religion, doctors, clinics, social attitudes.
This paper looks at the recommendations of the Canadian Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies, and on the attitudes of doctors, ethicicsts and researchers about DI. Looks at issues of screening, anonymity, donor attitudes, efficacy of DI, access of services to lesbian and single women etc.
63. Blank RH. Biomedical Policy. Chicago: Nelson-Hall; 1995.
assisted reproduction, biomedicine, birth, clinics, cloning, commercialisation
commodification, consanguinity, cryopreservation, disability, discrimination, economics, embryos, ethics, eugenics, family, fetal tissue, genetic engineering, genetic screening, genetics, health professionals, hospitals, insurance, IVF, law, legislation, medical aspects, medicalisation, multilple pregnancy, parenthood, philosophy, policy, practice, pregnancy, prohibition, regulation, research, reproductive rights, rights, scientists, sex selection, standards, STDs, technology, USA, women, HIV, organ doning: assisted reproduction, biomedicine, birth, clinics, cloning, commercialisation
commodification, consanguinity, cryopreservation, disability, discrimination, economics, embryos, ethics, eugenics, family, fetal tissue, genetic engineering, genetic screening, genetics, health professionals, hospitals, insurance, IVF, law, legislation, medical aspects, medicalisation, multilple pregnancy, parenthood, philosophy, policy, practice, pregnancy, prohibition, regulation, research, reproductive rights, rights, scientists, sex selection, standards, STDs, technology, USA, women, HIV, organ doning.
This book looks at biomedical policy in a USA context, including looking at ARTs, genetic screening, embryo research, euthanasia, intervention in the brain , prenatal intervention, organ doning and AIDS.
64. Blank RH. Biomedical Policy: The Policy Context of Biomedicine: Human Genetic and Reproductive Intervention. In: Blank RH, ed. Biomedical Policy. Chicago: Nelson Hall; 1995.
assisted reproduction, biomedicine, clinics, commercialisation
commodification, cryopreservation, disability, discrimination, economics, embryos, ethics, eugenics, family, fetal tissue, genetic engineering, genetic screening, genetics, health professionals, hospitals, insurance, IVF, law, legislation, medical aspects, medicalisation, multilple pregnancy, parenthood, philosophy, policy, practice, pregnancy, prohibition, regulation, research, reproductive rights, rights, scientists, sex selection, STDs, technology, USA, women, HIV: assisted reproduction, biomedicine, clinics, commercialisation
commodification, cryopreservation, disability, discrimination, economics, embryos, ethics, eugenics, family, fetal tissue, genetic engineering, genetic screening, genetics, health professionals, hospitals, insurance, IVF, law, legislation, medical aspects, medicalisation, multilple pregnancy, parenthood, philosophy, policy, practice, pregnancy, prohibition, regulation, research, reproductive rights, rights, scientists, sex selection, STDs, technology, USA, women, HIV.
These chapters respectively present an overview of issues in biomedical policy, a discussion of policy development and implementation particularly in a USA context, and a discussions of issues/ policy associated with ART and genetics.
65. Blank R, Merrick JC. Changing Reproductive Rights: Technology and Policy. In: Blank R, Merrick JC, eds. Human Reproduction, Emerging Technologies, and Conflicting Rights. Washington D. C.: CQ Press; 1995.
assisted reproduction, reproductive rights, rights, USA, commercialisation, policy, economics, infertility, DI, IVF, law, consent, technology, family, women, disability, consent, society, social attitudes, embryos, regulation, religion, prohibition, genetic screening, prevention, economics, class: assisted reproduction, reproductive rights, rights, USA, commercialisation, policy, economics, infertility, DI, IVF, law, consent, technology, family, women, disability, consent, society, social attitudes, embryos, regulation, religion, prohibition, genetic screening, prevention, economics, class.
This concluding chapter looks at the public policy issues associated with changing ARTs and at the conflicts between various groups in society in regard to this, at the conflicts which occur between the participants in the ART procedures, and at resource and access issues. It promotes a regulatory approach to these matters and calls for a forward looking commission to look at the impacts of public policy in the USA and to increase public debate about these issues.
66. Blank R, Merrick JC. Surrogate Motherhood: Redefining the Family. In: Blank R, Merrick JC, eds. Human Reproduction, Emerging Technologies, and Conflicting Rights. Washington D. C.: CQ Press; 1995.
rights, USA, commercialisation, policy, surrogacy, economics, infertility, DI, cryopreservation, IVF, law, paternity, consent, technology, feminism, parenthood, family, women, consent, history, couples, contracts, social attitudes, technology, embryos, doctors, commodification, regulation, ethics, clinics, lawyers, payment, motivation, pregnancy, psychological, abortion, legislation, USA, adoption, surrogates, surrogates partners, motherhood, fatherhood, screening, selection, disability, interests of child, class, genetic screening,: rights, USA, commercialisation, policy, surrogacy, economics, infertility, DI, cryopreservation, IVF, law, paternity, consent, technology, feminism, parenthood, family, women, consent, history, couples, contracts, social attitudes, technology, embryos, doctors, commodification, regulation, ethics, clinics, lawyers, payment, motivation, pregnancy, psychological, abortion, legislation, USA, adoption, surrogates, surrogates partners, motherhood, fatherhood, screening, selection, disability, interests of child, class, genetic screening,.
This chapter looks at the issues surrounding surrogacy in a USA context. It looks at the motivation of couples and surrogates to undertake surrogacy and at the nature of, implications of and legality of surrogacy contracts. It discusses the legislation in various USA states and looks at commercialisation and commodification issues. It looks indetail at the 'Baby M' and 'Anna J' cases.
67. Blank P, Boling P. Expecting Trouble: Surrogacy, Fetal Abuse and New Reproductive Technologies. American Political Science Review. 1995;89(4):1020-1.
surrogacy, embryos, rights, assisted reproduction, technology, ethics, women, pregnancy, disability, law, policy, feminism, commodification, medicalisation, interests of child: surrogacy, embryos, rights, assisted reproduction, technology, ethics, women, pregnancy, disability, law, policy, feminism, commodification, medicalisation, interests of child.
This review of the book in the title edited by P. Boling discusses the conflicting rights of women, offspring, and society from the prerspective of public policy and feminist theory. It looks at issues of commodification, the role of men in reproductive issues and the relationship between moral duty and legal censure.
68. Blank R, Merrick JC. Human Reproduction, Emerging Technologies, and Conflicting Rights. Washington D. C.: CQ Press; 1995.
assisted reproduction, medical aspects, technology, rights, ethics, policy, USA, reproductive rights, abortion, law, social attitudes, surrogates, legislation, sterilisation, contraception, regulation, offspring, family, women, access, DI, genetic engineering, infertility, insurance, men women, motherhood, doctors, health professionals, parenthood, surrogacy, couples, genetic screening, pregnancy, embryos, research, counselling, HIV, history, Catholic, interests of child, disability: assisted reproduction, medical aspects, technology, rights, ethics, policy, USA, reproductive rights, abortion, law, social attitudes, surrogates, legislation, sterilisation, contraception, regulation, offspring, family, women, access, DI, genetic engineering, infertility, insurance, men women, motherhood, doctors, health professionals, parenthood, surrogacy, couples, genetic screening, pregnancy, embryos, research, counselling, HIV, history, Catholic, interests of child, disability.
This book looks at a variety of issues in regard to human reproduction in a USA context. It looks at reproductive rights, abortion, sterilisation, contraception, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, genetic screening, conflict in the maternal-fetal relations, embryo research and neonatal care. It looks at ethical and legal issues in these areas and has a particular emphasis on the policy process.
69. Blank R, Merrick JC. Reproductive Rights: Ethical and Policy Context. In: Blank R, Merrick JC, eds. Human Reproduction, Emerging Technologies, and Conflicting Rights. Washington D. C.: CQ Press; 1995.
assisted reproduction, reproductive rights, rights, USA, commercialisation, policy, economics, egg donors, semen donors, infertility, DI, cryopreservation, IVF, law, lesbian, paternity, consent, technology, feminism, parenthood, family, women, disability, eugenics, consent, society, social attitudes, technology, embryos, doctors, commodification, regulation: assisted reproduction, reproductive rights, rights, USA, commercialisation, policy, economics, egg donors, semen donors, infertility, DI, cryopreservation, IVF, law, lesbian, paternity, consent, technology, feminism, parenthood, family, women, disability, eugenics, consent, society, social attitudes, technology, embryos, doctors, commodification, regulation.
This chapter looks at the impact of a rightrs perspective onethical and policy issues in assisted reproduction. It looks at the conflict between various parties and at the balance necssary between individual control over procreation and public good concerns. It looks at the role of the government and the courts in this area in a USA context.
70. Blank R, Merrick JC. Assisted Reproduction: Expanding the Right to Have Children. In: Blank R, Merrick JC, eds. Human Reproduction, Emerging Technologies, and Conflicting Rights. Washington D. C.: CQ Press; 1995.
assisted reproduction, reproductive rights, rights, USA, commercialisation, policy, economics, egg donors, semen donors, infertility, prevention, DI, cryopreservation, IVF, GIFT, pregnancy rates, payment, drugs, standards, women, multiple pregnancy, medical aspects, abortion, ICSI, genetics, feminism, sperm banks, insurance, law, regulation, social attitudes, technology, guidelines, eugenics, sex selection, motherhood, fatherhood, family, embryos, openness, anonymity, legislation, class, access, lesbian, single women: assisted reproduction, reproductive rights, rights, USA, commercialisation, policy, economics, egg donors, semen donors, infertility, prevention, DI, cryopreservation, IVF, GIFT, pregnancy rates, payment, drugs, standards, women, multiple pregnancy, medical aspects, abortion, ICSI, genetics, feminism, sperm banks, insurance, law, regulation, social attitudes, technology, guidelines, eugenics, sex selection, motherhood, fatherhood, family, embryos, openness, anonymity, legislation, class, access, lesbian, single women.
This piece looks at the implications of ARTs for the right to have children in a USA context. It addresses the commercialisation of these procedures, guidelines and legislation which are currently operating with regard to ARTs insurance for this, the rights and responsibilities of various participants, the impact of ARTs on women and the offspring and issues of access for lower class groups and single and lesbian women.71. Blankenhorn D. Fatherless America. Confronting Our Most Urgent Social Problem. New York: Basic Books; 1995.
fatherhood, USA, social attitudes, family, media, motherhood, parenthood, DI, single women: fatherhood, USA, social attitudes, family, media, motherhood, parenthood, DI, single women.
This book looks at the problems associated with fatherlessness in a USA context, describes the sorts of fatherhood which are current in present day USA and outlines what it believes is a better situation. Includes a short section on DI and its use by single women.
72. Blood J. Creating Alternative Families Through Assisted Reproductive Technology. Presented at the 'Infertility Counselling - 1994'; Collection of material from members of Australian and New Zealand Infertility Counselling Association, (ANZICA); 1994.
law, social attitudes, family, post menopausal, age, women, IVF, single women, eggs, cryopreservation, sterilisation, parenthood, surrogacy, social workers, counselling, interests of child, society, openness, semen donors, egg donors, social support: law, social attitudes, family, post menopausal, age, women, IVF, single women, eggs, cryopreservation, sterilisation, parenthood, surrogacy, social workers, counselling, interests of child, society, openness, semen donors, egg donors, social support.
This paper looks at changing family forms in Victoria, Australia, the relationship of law and ARTs to this, and the role of social workers in helping to ensure that the use of ARTs is for the good of offspring, women and society.
73. Blyth E. "I wanted to be interesting. I wanted to be able to say 'I've done something interesting with my life'": interviews with surrogate mothers in Britain. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 1994;12:189-98.
surrogacy, motherhood, age, surrogates partner, blood bond, commercialisation
counselling, couples, family, female infertility, interests of child, known, USA surrogates, law, matching, openness, UK, parenthood, payment, pregnancy, ethics, feminism, psychological, psychosocial, secrecy, social attitudes, social support, stress, technology, telling the child, women, IVF: surrogacy, motherhood, age, surrogates partner, blood bond, commercialisation
counselling, couples, family, female infertility, interests of child, known, USA surrogates, law, matching, openness, UK, parenthood, payment, pregnancy, ethics, feminism, psychological, psychosocial, secrecy, social attitudes, social support, stress, technology, telling the child, women, IVF.
This study of 19 surrogate mothers found them to have a mean age of 30, and to be motivated by a mixture of financial and altruistic motives. It describes the matching and relationships of the surrogate mother and her partner with the couple, their attitudes to secrecy, telling the child, their feelings about IVF treatment, pregnancy, relinquishment etc. Finds a more favourable public response to surrogacy than opinion surveys indicate.
74. Blyth E. Infertility Treatment and the Welfare of the Child: Issue: the National Fertility Association; 1995.
75. Blyth E. Assisted Conception and Surrogacy, the Development of Services. Paper given at Training Workshop: 'Assisted Reproduction - Surrogacy and the Role of the Guardian ad Litem': organised by IRCHIN; 1995.
76. Blyth E. The United Kingdom 's Human Fertilisation and Embriology Act 1990 and the welfare of the child: A critique. The International Journal of Children's Rights. 1995;3:417-438.
.
The study highlights the difficulties faced by staff in licensed treatment centres and by inspectors to meet the requirements of the Act, which seems to be ambiguous and confusing when compared to Human Fertilisation and Embriology (HFEA) Code of Practice and to inforecomendations from the Department of Health.
77. Blyth E. The United Kingdom's Human Fertilisation and Embriology Act 1990 and the welfare of the child: a critique. The International Journal of Children's Rights. 1995;3:417-438.
child, children's rights, welfare, donors, , inspectors, infertility treatment centre, United Kingdom.: child, children's rights, welfare, donors, , inspectors, infertility treatment centre, United Kingdom.
The study highlights the difficulties faced by staff and inspectors to meet the requirements of the Act. It shows that centres have a rudimentary ability to gather information from patients and donors, discusses the ambiguous role of counsellors in these centres and states that the Act has failed to provide priority to the welfare of the child.
78. Boer Ad, Oosterwijk JC, Rigeters-Aris CA. Determination of a maximum numbers of artificial inseminations by donor per sperm donor. Fertility and Sterility. 1995;63(2):419-21.
DI, the Netherlands, consanguinity: DI, the Netherlands, consanguinity.
This statistical study estimates that each semen donor in the Dutch population could contribute to 25 children without their being any negative consequences resulting in terms of consanguinity and inbreeding.
79. Boivon J, Hemmings R, Takefman J. The relationship between treatment stress and biologic response in predicting pregnancy rate with in vitro fertilisation. . in press.
women, infertility, stress, IVF, treatment, pregnancy, psychosocial: women, infertility, stress, IVF, treatment, pregnancy, psychosocial.
This study of women undergoing IVF found that all the women no matter what their pregnancy outcome were affected negatively by the stress of the treatment.
80. Bowman P, Hammarberg K, Oke K, McBain J. Considerations of Known Donors. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual ScientificMeeting; The Sheraton Hotel, Brisbane, Australia; 1994.
oocyte donors, recipients, practice, secrecy, anonymity, Australia, counselling, psychological: oocyte donors, recipients, practice, secrecy, anonymity, Australia, counselling, psychological.
This study of 9 oocyte donors found that 8 of these were prepared to be known rather than anonymous , and that donors were less concerned about secrecy than recipients. Eights donors also found the counselling helpful. It was found that the more information donors were given the better they dealt with treatment. Eight of the donors also experienced disappointment at some point in the treatment.81. Bowman MC, Saunders DM. Community attitudes to maternal age and pregnancy after assisted reproductive techonlogy: too old at 50 years? Human Reproduction. 1994;9(1):167-71.
postmenopausal, social attitudes, Australia, oocytes, embryos, IVF, gender: postmenopausal, social attitudes, Australia, oocytes, embryos, IVF, gender.
This study of the attitudes of 1131 Australians found that 64% accepted oocyte or embryo donation, 55% accepted women having their own eggs transferred to them after menopause, and 38% accepted the donation of eggs or embryos to postmenopausal women. It was found that younger respondents were more accepting than older respondents. Study recommends extensive screening and pretreatment of women applying to undergo this treatment.
82. Bowman MC, Saunders DM. Oocyte donation to older women: when and how do we draw the line? The Medical Journal of Australia. 1994;160(7 March 1994):244-5.
ethics, legislation, social attitudes, female infertilty, post-menopausal women, family,: ethics, legislation, social attitudes, female infertilty, post-menopausal women, family,.
This article describes popular reaction to, and arguments against the idea of post-menopausal women bearing children. It then presents evidence to undermine these arguments. It addresses the idea that we may be at a new era of understanding what parenthood is, and notes social attitudes to post-menopausal women having children. It discusses the idea that while age limits may be advisable in this area it cautions against these being to applied too strictly. It favours an ethics council rather than legislative appoach to setting these limits.
83. Braverman AM, Corson SL. Factors related to preferences in gamete donor sources. Fertility and Sterility. 1995;63(3):543-9.
infertility, adoption, IVF, egg donation, couples, gender, religion, Judaism, Catholic, Protestant, telling the child, secrecy, openness, known donors, anonymity, family, payment, child free, stigma, psychosocial, blood bond: infertility, adoption, IVF, egg donation, couples, gender, religion, Judaism, Catholic, Protestant, telling the child, secrecy, openness, known donors, anonymity, family, payment, child free, stigma, psychosocial, blood bond.
This study of the attitudes of men and women at a gynecological clinic and at an infertility clinic looks at attitudes to accepting anonymous and known semen donors in situations where repondents or their partners were infertile. Also looks at whether respondents would tell their offspring about their conception. Finds significant differences by gender, religion and whether respondents have experience of infertility.
84. Brewaeys A. Donor insemination, the impact on family and child development. J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gyneacol. 1996;17:1-13.
donor insemination, secrecy, family, child: donor insemination, secrecy, family, child.
This paper reviews the empirical research into the development of DI children and families, discussing issues of donor insemination, discussing denials in DI practice, confidentiality, anonymity and information sharing.
85. Brindle D. More women defer babies. Guardian Weekly. London, UK; 1995.
86. Bristol Uo, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. For Information (some notes on D.I. and Fertility Problems). In: M. G. R. Hull PoRMaS, ed. University of Bristol, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology: University of Bristol, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 1995.
87. Broderick P, Walker I. Information access and donated gametes: How much do we know about who wants to know what? Human Reproduction. 1995;10(12):3338-3341.
methods, semen donors, egg donors, couples, doctors, assisted reproduction, openness, secrecy, psychosocial: methods, semen donors, egg donors, couples, doctors, assisted reproduction, openness, secrecy, psychosocial.
This paper outlines 10 flaws in the current research on the attitudes of gamete donors and recipients in ARTs, looking in particular at attitudes towards information sharing. Concludes that flaws are fundamental and that consequently research can not be used to promote the preferability of openness in gamete donation situations.
88. Broderick P, Walker I. Donors, Donation and Dilemmas. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne, Australia; 1995.
semen donors, egg donors, motivation, psychosocial, payment, openness, secrecy, anonymity, records, adoption, organ donation, legislation, Australia: semen donors, egg donors, motivation, psychosocial, payment, openness, secrecy, anonymity, records, adoption, organ donation, legislation, Australia.
This study of egg and semen donnors in Western Australia found that about half of donors were motivated by payment and half by altruism. Few wanted any contact with the offspring and did not want or need legislation enabling offspring access to identifying information. Paper concludes that such legislation would decrease the numbers of egg and semen donors.
89. Bromwich P, Cohen J, Stewart I, Walker A. Decline in sperm counts: an artefact of changed reference range of "normal"? British Medical Journal. 1994;309(2 July 1994):19-22.
sperm quality, research, medical aspects: sperm quality, research, medical aspects.
This article questions the findings of an earlier study (Carlsen et al, 1992) that there has been a decline in sperm counts over the last 50 years. It does this by noting that the distribution of sperm count is skewed and that consequently it is more appropriate to use geometric means in calculations than the arithmetic means used by Carlsen et al. It also claims that the lowering of the rate at which sperm count is considered 'normal' has biased the results. It concludes that the evidence for long term decline in sperm concentrations is unconvincing.
90. Brown V. The Use of Donor Sperm Where the Male Partner is HIV Positive. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual Scientific Meeting; The Sheraton, Brisbane, Australia; 1994.
male infertility, HIV, practice, ethics, couples, semen donors, clinics, Australia: male infertility, HIV, practice, ethics, couples, semen donors, clinics, Australia.
This paper addresses issues which were raised for the Lingard Fertility Center when they were approached by couples in which the male partner was HIV positive. It looks at the definition of infertility, maximum ages for couples and life expectancies of parents, and donor input into how their sperm is to be used.91. Brown H. More than one way to parenthood. Christchurch Star. Christchurch; 1995.
92. Buitendijk SE. Evidence-based in-vitro ferilisation. The Lancet. 1995;346(September 30):901.
IVF, scientists, couples, women: IVF, scientists, couples, women.
This paper argues that it has not been established that IVF other than for blocked tubes is an effective treatment for infertility, and that consequently many women the world over may currently be going through an expensive, emotionally draining and medically unwarrented procedure.
93. Bujan LP, F.; Mieusset, R. Time series analysis of sperm concentration in fertile men in Toulouse, France between 1977 and 1992. BMJ. 1996;312:471-2.
sperm donor, environament, fertile men, France.: sperm donor, environament, fertile men, France.
This study investigates whether sperm production has changed during the past 16 years. Ejaculates from healthy unpaid candidate sperm donors were collected and analysed. Results show that sperm count has not changed with time int the Toulouse are, and suggest that environamental factors such as air quality, water supply, and lifestyle could affect sperm count.
94. Bull A, Lyons C. Purchasing (and rationing) an in Vitro fertilisation service. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1994;101:759-61.
policy, NHS, UK, IVF, clinics, doctors, regulation, economics, couples, selection: policy, NHS, UK, IVF, clinics, doctors, regulation, economics, couples, selection.
This paper describes the process undertaken by the East Sussex Health Commissioning Agency in deciding to purchase, and purchasing IVF facilities under the National Health Service scheme. It looks at limitations placed on couples, and budgetting problems.
95. Butler D. Compromise reached on bioethics bill. Nature; 1994.
96. Butler D. Spermatid injection fertilizes ethics debate. Nature. 1995;377(28 September):277.
sperm quality, France, scientists, ICSI, ethics, disability, interests of child, embryos, DI, couples: sperm quality, France, scientists, ICSI, ethics, disability, interests of child, embryos, DI, couples.
This paper notes that the practice of using less mature sperm (spermatids) in ICSI has aroused s adebate between pratitioners in the field over whether enough animal experiments have been undertaken in this field to determine whether the procedure is safe, and whether or not thiese procedures contravene the 1947 Nuremberg code of medical ethics,.
97. Californian Cryobank Inc. when you succeed, we succeed. In: Rothman CA, Simms CA, eds. 1019 Gayley Avenue
Los Angeles
California 90024-3425: Calornia Cryobank Inc.; 1995.
98. Callahan D. Manipulating Human Life: Is There No End to It? In: Blank R, Bonnicksen A, eds. Medicine Unbound. New York: Columbia University Press; 1994.
ethics, medical aspects: ethics, medical aspects.
This article presents an overview of general medical ethics. It looks at modernist relativistic ethics and traditionalist absolutist ethics and notes the strengths and weaknesses of each. It looks at the idea of repugnance as a guide for ethics. It finally presents a four point alternative to the two abovementioned schools. These are: Emotional repugnance should be taken seriously; Consequences count and need to be construed as broadly as possible, The preservation of life merely for the sake of doing so should not be the highest goal of medicine; The general health of the community as a whole should be the primary goal of health policy, not individual benefit.
99. Campbell AV. A Report from New Zealand. Ethics in a Bicultural Context. Bioethics. 1995;9(2):149-54.
history, NZ, ethics, doctors, legislation, embryos, research, surrogacy, DI, assisted reproduction, genetic engineering, Maori: history, NZ, ethics, doctors, legislation, embryos, research, surrogacy, DI, assisted reproduction, genetic engineering, Maori.
This overview of bioethics in NZ looks specifically at ART issues, emphasising lay involvement, bicultural issues and the need for legislation.
100. Campion MJ. Who's Fit to be a Parent? London: Routledge; 1995.
parenthood, couples, sexuality, age, disbility, couples, gender, men, women, adoption, law, regulation, motherhood, fatherhood, race, assisted reproduction, DI, IVF, surrogacy, single women, lesbian, homosexuality, psychosocial, policy, UKpsychological, pregnancy, divorce, family, interests of child, selection, social work, UK, cryopreservation, embryos: parenthood, couples, sexuality, age, disbility, couples, gender, men, women, adoption, law, regulation, motherhood, fatherhood, race, assisted reproduction, DI, IVF, surrogacy, single women, lesbian, homosexuality, psychosocial, policy, UKpsychological, pregnancy, divorce, family, interests of child, selection, social work, UK, cryopreservation, embryos.
This book looks at issues of the care of children, adoption, ARTs and step parenting in a UK context. It also looks at a series of categories of people generally considered to be on the margins of parenting; homosexuals, single people, older people, the disabled etc. It concludes by lookin at Ideal and Actual models of parenting and assessment issues.101. Campion MJ. Playing God. The medical gift of children. In: Campion MJ, ed. Who's Fit to be a Parent? London: Routledge; 1995.
history, assisted reproduction, couples, offspring, UK, interests ofchild, parenthood, motherhood, fatherhood, doctors, medicalisation, rights, DI, egg donation, cryopreservation, surrogacy, law, clinics, IVF, ethics, embryos, policy, openness, scientists, adoption, regulation, single women, lesbian, infertility, family, age, commodification, payment, blood bond, social attitudes, media, technology, selection, counselling, social workers: history, assisted reproduction, couples, offspring, UK, interests ofchild, parenthood, motherhood, fatherhood, doctors, medicalisation, rights, DI, egg donation, cryopreservation, surrogacy, law, clinics, IVF, ethics, embryos, policy, openness, scientists, adoption, regulation, single women, lesbian, infertility, family, age, commodification, payment, blood bond, social attitudes, media, technology, selection, counselling, social workers.
This looks the history of ARTs in the UK and provides an overview of the various types available. It looks at the ethical and legal situation with a particular focus on who decides who gets access to infertility services. Comments on the competing medical and welfare models in this regard and the role of science and the media in bypassing social debate by presenting new technological advances as fait accomplie.
102. Canada. Canadian Government's response to the report of the Royal Commissionon new Reproductive Technologies. Humane Medicine. 1994;10:136-7.
Canada, policy, assisted reproduction: Canada, policy, assisted reproduction.
not seen.
103. Capron AM. Grandma? No, I'm the Mother! Hastings Center Report. 1994;24(2 (March-April)):24-5.
motherhood, women, assisted reproduction. feminism, doctors, reproductive rights, surrogacy, egg donation, DI, social attitudes, post menopausal, parenthood, child development, age, technology, ethics, law, France, Germany, USA, UK, IVF, prohibition, disability, prohibition: motherhood, women, assisted reproduction. feminism, doctors, reproductive rights, surrogacy, egg donation, DI, social attitudes, post menopausal, parenthood, child development, age, technology, ethics, law, France, Germany, USA, UK, IVF, prohibition, disability, prohibition.
This overview of ethical and legal issues and societal responses to recent ART developments, focusses mainly on reproductive rights, the use of ARTs post menopause, and on the law in a variety of countries.
104. Carmeli YS, Birenbaum-Carmeli D. The Predicament of Masculinity: Towards Understanding the Male's Experience of Infertility Treatments. Sex Roles. 1994;30(9/10):663-77.
male infertility, gender, doctors, couples, social attitudes, assisted reproduction, Canada, Israel: male infertility, gender, doctors, couples, social attitudes, assisted reproduction, Canada, Israel.
This qualitative study of 32 men and women presenting for infertility treatments in Canada and Israel looks at the male experience of infertility treatments. It looks at the ways such treatments are female focussed, how undergoing them often means that men have to work longer hours to meet treatment costs, how women gain greater understanding of the treatments and make more decisions about them, how men are socially marginalised and excluded from treatments, how sperm production is distressing, and how the way treatment has developed has meant that men have to compete with donors.
105. Caton H. Why Not Deregulate Birthing? Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual Scientific Meeting; The Sheraton Hotel, Brisbane , Australia; 1994.
ethics, regulation, assisted reproduction, doctors, rights, policy: ethics, regulation, assisted reproduction, doctors, rights, policy.
This paper postulates what would happen if regulation was removed from the fields of birthing and adoption. It notes a number of advantages, and highlights three community interests around which ethics in this area could be built; marriage, reproduction and population.
106. Cattorini P. Assisted Reproduction in Italy. Hastings Centre Report. 1994(November-December):3-4.
Italy, guidelines, IVF, surrogacy, prohibition, advertising, law, research, post menopausal, single women, lesbian, DI, records, ethics, genetic engineering, commercialisation, cloning: Italy, guidelines, IVF, surrogacy, prohibition, advertising, law, research, post menopausal, single women, lesbian, DI, records, ethics, genetic engineering, commercialisation, cloning.
This newspiece reports on the unregulated assisted reproduction practices in Italy, and the report of a government appointeed committee on bioethics. This committee recommended prohibition of various types of genetic engineering and other practices, that post menopausal, single and lesbian women be refused access to services, that surrogacy was unadvisble and that ethics committees and record keeping systems be set up.
107. Center for Disease Control TU. HIV transmission and artificial insemination. Working paper. Atlanta, Gergia, USA: Center for Disease Control (USA); 1994.
108. Chamberlain S. A Donor Embryo Protocol. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne, Australia; 1995.
couples, embryo donation, legislation, counselling, consent, women, screening, medical aspects, drugs, semen donors, egg donors, screening, selection, practice,: couples, embryo donation, legislation, counselling, consent, women, screening, medical aspects, drugs, semen donors, egg donors, screening, selection, practice,.
This conference abstract outlines the requirements of the Victorian law in relation to embryo donation. It makes recommendations in regards to the screening and selection of donors and recipients and recommends counselling for all parties. Also discusses medical aspects.
109. Chisolm D, Umbers L. Scientist quits over lesbian IVF ruling. Sunday Star-Times. Auckland; 1995.
110. Christchurch Infertility Society Mot. Personal communication with authors as a result of research into the development of this organisation.; 1995.111. Christie GL. The psychogenic factor in infertility. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1994;28:378-90.
infertility, psychological, women, couples, doctors, counselling, psychosocial, abortion, motherhood, family, adult development: infertility, psychological, women, couples, doctors, counselling, psychosocial, abortion, motherhood, family, adult development.
This paper looks at situations in which psychological factors may be lowering womens' fertility. It looks from a psychoanalytic counselling perspective at some of these factors: blocked adult development, grief, guilt, negative relationships with mothers. It offers 3 case studies and favours a holistic approach taking insights from anthropology and sociology.
112. Cobb A. Was it wrong to want a baby?: BMJ, VOL. 311; 1995.
113. Collins JA, Burrows EA, Willan AR. Occupations and Clinical Characteristic of Infertile Couples. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 1994;85(1: Jan-Feb, 1994):28-32.
infertility, medical aspects, social class, assisted reproduction, Canada: infertility, medical aspects, social class, assisted reproduction, Canada.
This study of infertile couples in Canada found that upper quartile of couples in terms of wealth remained infertile 6 months less than the lower quartile. Wealth, however, did not effect couples likelihood of being diagnosed or receiving treatment for infertility. The liklihood oftubal infertility was associated with lower income.
114. Collins JA. A Couple with Infertility. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995;274(14):1159-64.
infertility, IVF, assisted reproduction, practice, treatment, couples, doctors, insurance, payment, economics, USA, Canada, UK, psychological, psychosocial, age, clinics, DI, drugs, GIFT, ZIFT, adoption, counselling, multiple pregnancies, pregnancy rates, women,: infertility, IVF, assisted reproduction, practice, treatment, couples, doctors, insurance, payment, economics, USA, Canada, UK, psychological, psychosocial, age, clinics, DI, drugs, GIFT, ZIFT, adoption, counselling, multiple pregnancies, pregnancy rates, women,.
This paper presents a case study of a couple with unexplained infertility and outlines the way in which this clinic responded to this. Emphasises psychosocial needs of couples and the benefits of natural and low tech approaches. Also discusses pregnancy rates, costs and the provision of insurance for infertility treatment, multiple pregnancies and fetal reduction, and other issues.
115. Colpin H. Parents and children of reproductive technology: chances and risks for their well being. International Journal of Family Care. 1994;6(1):50-71.
parents, children, ART, prent-child relationship: parents, children, ART, prent-child relationship.
This study is a literature review of the issues of having a child by assisted reproduction technologies, identifying the impact of the infertility problems , the medical context, the artificial character of the conception, the vulnerability of the pregnancy and the significance of this issues for the parents, children and parent-child relationship. Provision of counselling is suggested.
116. Colpin Hea. New reproductive technology and the family: the parent-child relationship following IVF. J. Child Psychol. Psychiat. 1995;36(8):1429-1441.
Reproductive technology, in vitro fertilisation, mother, psychological functioning parent-child relationship: Reproductive technology, in vitro fertilisation, mother, psychological functioning parent-child relationship.
Parent-child relationships and the parents psychological functioning were assessed in families with a 24-30 month old, single born child conceived by IVF and in a control group conceived naturally. The investigation included behavioural observation of mother-child interactions in the home and self-rated questionnaires. No significant differences between IVF and control groups were found. However in the case of IVF, employed mothers shouwed less respect for their child's autonomy compared with both nonemployed IVF-mothers and employed control mothers. The author suggests that these data would be relevant for counselling of prospective mothers undergoing an IVF programme.
117. Condon M, Harrison K. Sperm donors: attitudes to openness of information to recipient couples. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 11th Annual Scientific Meeting; Adelaide, Australia; 1994.
semen donors, secrecy, couples, Australia, records: semen donors, secrecy, couples, Australia, records.
This study of 21 donors explored their opinions on issues relating to the release of information about themselves to recipient couples. 20 supported the release of non-identifying information after birth, although some of these had some qualifications with regard to personal information. In contrast 15-9 disagreed with the release of their identity; 4-6 of these would not donate in these circumstances, 9-11 would be less willing to donate. Similarly 18 opposed the release of their identity to a government agency which would be accessable to offspring at 18.
118. Condon M. Sperm donors: what they want to know concerning recipient couples and possible children. Unpublished; 1994.
119. Coney S. Assisted reproduction technology in New Zealand. The Lancet. 1994;344(September 3):674.
assisted reproduction, interests of child, policy, regulation, ethics, Maori, lesbian, single women, couples, prohibition, openness, records, surrogacy, adoption, commercialisation, New Zealand, doctors: assisted reproduction, interests of child, policy, regulation, ethics, Maori, lesbian, single women, couples, prohibition, openness, records, surrogacy, adoption, commercialisation, New Zealand, doctors.
This discussion outlines the NZ report on assisted reproductive technologies. It comments that there is limited ethical discussion, and questions the authors decisions on surrogacy, and allowing single women and lesbians access to infertility treatments. It discusses secrecy and openness issues, regulation, adoption, doctors, Maori, etc.
120. Coney S. Privatising infertilty services in New Zealand. The Lancet. 1995;345(May 20):1298.
infertility, doctors, regulation, economics, NZ, policy, infertility societies, ethics, anonymity: infertility, doctors, regulation, economics, NZ, policy, infertility societies, ethics, anonymity.
This piece outlines the situation in Auckland where the health funding body has awarded the infertility services contract to the private sector with various negative effects for the public sector. The public sector agency is planning to take an injunction against the funding body for the decision.121. Cook R, Golombok S. A Survey of Semen Donation: Phase 2 - the View of the Donors. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(4):951-9.
DI, semen donors, egg donors, egg donation, motivation, recruitment, women, men, gender, policy, age, UK, payment, practice, medical aspects, lesbian, single women, psychosocial, social attitudes, anonymity, telling the child, openness, secrecy, family, psychological, child free, race, infertility, HIV, offspring, interests of child, law, policy, adoption, couples, blood bond, records: DI, semen donors, egg donors, egg donation, motivation, recruitment, women, men, gender, policy, age, UK, payment, practice, medical aspects, lesbian, single women, psychosocial, social attitudes, anonymity, telling the child, openness, secrecy, family, psychological, child free, race, infertility, HIV, offspring, interests of child, law, policy, adoption, couples, blood bond, records.
This study of UK egg and semen donors and a control group looked at motivations for donating, influences on decision to donate, attitudes to who should be able to use gametes, payment, sources of dicomfort about the procedures, understanding about extent and practice of egg donation and DI, attitudes to record keeping and secrecy, etc.
122. Cook R. Surrogacy: Counselling and ethical issues using case studies. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting o fthe Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne; 1995.
surrogacy, counselling, couples, surrogates, family, ethics, social attitudes, psychological, motivation, social support, surrogates partner: surrogacy, counselling, couples, surrogates, family, ethics, social attitudes, psychological, motivation, social support, surrogates partner.
This study of 2 surrogacy situations and the counselling involved in this. It concludes that surrogacy can be psychologically sucessful especially where the surrogacy is altruistic and where the surrogate and her husband have a clear understanding that they have completed their own family.
123. Copperman AB, Feder S, Schanzer K, et al. Attitudes of Obstetricians and
Gynecologists Towards Ovum Donation. Presented at the Fifty-First Annual Meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Abstracts of the Scientific Oral and Poster Sessions. Program Supplement; Seattle, USA; 1995.
doctors, post menopausal, age, ethics, egg donation, selection, parenthood, family, couples: doctors, post menopausal, age, ethics, egg donation, selection, parenthood, family, couples.
This study of obstetricians and gynecologists found that while they approved of egg donation only 50% approved of it when used with women over 45. There opinions on selection requirements for women/couples are presented.
124. Cordray AW. Letter to Dr. Daniels: Unpublished; 1995.
125. Covington SN. The role of the mental health professional in reproductive medicine. Fertility and Sterility. 1995;64(5):895-7.
social workers, psychological, psychosocial, helath professionals, doctors, assessment, selection, education, couples, stress, counselling, assisted reproduction, regulation, guidelines, screening: social workers, psychological, psychosocial, helath professionals, doctors, assessment, selection, education, couples, stress, counselling, assisted reproduction, regulation, guidelines, screening.
This paper outlines the role of various mental helath profesionals inassisted reproduction. It describes the work of the Mental Health Professional Group of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine in creating bibliographies and guidelines in the area and generally promoting the need for competency among mental health professionals in this area.
126. Craft N. BMA issues new guidances on surrogacy. British Medical Journal. 1996;312(17 February):397-398.
surrogacy,: surrogacy,.
This newspiece reports the BMA's new position on surrogacy, which is advised to be used as an option of last resort. It also recommends the surrogacy arrangements to be open, saying that it is better for the surrogate mother to have contact with the intended parents. Criteria are that intended parents must be married and the child genetically related to one of them. There are no regulatory bodies for surrogacy arrangements.
127. Crawshaw M. Report Back on the Questionnaire sent to All Members About the Experiences of HFEA Inspections of those Members Working as Counsellors in Licensed Clinics. Journal of Infertility Counselling. 1994;1(2):16-19.
counselling, infertility, clinics, UK, licensing, regulation: counselling, infertility, clinics, UK, licensing, regulation.
not seen.
128. Crosthwaite J. Feminism and medical ethics. Monash Bioethics Review. 1994;13(3):13-19.
ethics, practice, policy, feminism, IVF: ethics, practice, policy, feminism, IVF.
This paper sees feminist ethics being relevant to bioethics in that it questions the gender neutrality in ethical thinking, and it raises the need for social and political awareness and concern with issues of power particularly in relation to oppressed groups. It also sees it as being useful in helping bioethicists be self-aware of theirincreasing power in medical decision-making. It also outlines various types of specifically feminist ethics and theorising in this area.
129. Cryogenic Laboratories Incorporated. Cryogenic Laboratories Incorporated. Technological Services for Reproductive Medicine. 1944 Lexington Avenue North
Roseville
Minnesota 55113
USA: Cryogenic Laboratories Incorporated; 1995.
130. Cummins JM, Jequier AM. Treating male infertility needs more clinical andrology, not less. Human Reproduction. 1994;9(7):1214-9.
ICSI, doctors, medical aspects, scientists, ethics, male infertility, men, rights, psychological, technology, couples, research, clinics, law, interests of child: ICSI, doctors, medical aspects, scientists, ethics, male infertility, men, rights, psychological, technology, couples, research, clinics, law, interests of child.
This paper counsels against overenthusiasm about ICSI and similar techniques, saying that in treating sperm there is a danger that physiological causes of male infertility may be ignored. Also notes that infertility is often liked to genetic diseases and that in injecting the sperm of othewise infertile men into eggs there is a danger that people may be born with genetic diseases who would not have been born otherwise.131. Curson R, Daniels KR. Recruiting semen donors without offering financial incentives. under editorial review. 1994*.
recruitment, payment, demographics, motivation: recruitment, payment, demographics, motivation.
Reports the KC clinic's recruitment of donors through media and their support group. Demographics of the donors are analysed. Puts forward the idea that men can be reached without financial incentive.
132. Daniels K, Sterna I. Infertility: The Social Work Contribution. Socionomen. 1994;6(2):41-6.
infertility, social workers, psychosocial, couples, social attitudes, family, health professionals, counselling, social suport, psychological, semen donrs, adoption, policy, IVF, DI, surrogacy, NZ, Sweden: infertility, social workers, psychosocial, couples, social attitudes, family, health professionals, counselling, social suport, psychological, semen donrs, adoption, policy, IVF, DI, surrogacy, NZ, Sweden.
This paper discusses the role of social workers in the treatment of infertile couples. It looks at psychosocial and policy issues.
133. Daniels K, Gillet W. Infertility and Donor Insemination: The Impact on Couple's Relationships. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual Scientific Meeting; The Sheraton Hotel, Brisbane, Australia; 1994.
couples, DI, psychosocial, infertility, process, New Zealand: couples, DI, psychosocial, infertility, process, New Zealand.
This study looks at the effect of infertility and donor insemination on couples relationships. It finds that infertility for the majority had a positive effect on couples relationships. It also finds that couples felt increasingly positive about DI as the treatment progressed.
134. Daniels K. The Swedish Insemination Act and its Impact. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1994;34(4):437-9.
secrecy, Sweden, NZ, semen donors, policy, legislation, doctors, interests of child: secrecy, Sweden, NZ, semen donors, policy, legislation, doctors, interests of child.
This paper outlines the openness provision of the 1985 Swedish Insemination Law, the doctors reactions to it and the effect of it on DI offspring. It also discusses the effect of the law on the number of men donating.
135. Daniels K. Assisted Human Reproduction. A Review of the Ministerial Advisory Committee Report. Otago Bioethics Report. 1994;3(3):4-5.
regulation, policy, New Zealand, doctors, ethics, interests of child, Maori, lesbian, single women, embryos, secrecy, openness, surrogacy, psychosocial, social attitudes, research: regulation, policy, New Zealand, doctors, ethics, interests of child, Maori, lesbian, single women, embryos, secrecy, openness, surrogacy, psychosocial, social attitudes, research.
This review of the recent government report outlines the structure that it proposes be set up and looks at its recommendation around the issues of discrimination, secrecy, interests of offspring, genetic research, and surrogacy. It is critical of the health/justice bias to the paper, the problems inherent in the proposed tripartite regulatory structure, and the lack of clarity about the degree of public support for various propositions.
136. Daniels K. Assisted Reproductive Technology Policy in New Zealand: Needs, Rights and Responsibilities. Public Sector. 1994;17(3):22-5.
regulation, policy, NZ, infertility, stress, couples, telling the child, records, rights, family, blood bond, doctors, scientists, lawyers, ethics, interests of child, Maori, lesbian, single women, embryos, secrecy, openness, surrogacy, psychosocial, social attitudes, legislation,: regulation, policy, NZ, infertility, stress, couples, telling the child, records, rights, family, blood bond, doctors, scientists, lawyers, ethics, interests of child, Maori, lesbian, single women, embryos, secrecy, openness, surrogacy, psychosocial, social attitudes, legislation,.
This paper looks at NZ responses to developments in ART's and the issues associated with this, and the governmental action in relation to this. It notes strong support for regulation in the area from various sources.
137. Daniels K. Review of the New Zealand Government Report into Assisted Human Reproduction (AHR). Eubios Ethics Institute Newsletter. 1994;4(September):58-9.
NZ, assisted reproduction, policy, ethics, rights, lesbian, age, single women, telling the child, openness, Maori, surrogacy interests of child, regulation: NZ, assisted reproduction, policy, ethics, rights, lesbian, age, single women, telling the child, openness, Maori, surrogacy interests of child, regulation.
This paper summarises the process by which the abovementioned 1994 report came into being, and summarises its contents. It notes the international importance of this report in terms of its respect for indigenous rights and its concern with openness.
138. Daniels K, Sterna I. Nar barnet vill veta vem som ar dess far. Socionomen. 1994;4:12-15.
.
.
139. Daniels KR. Adoption and Donor Insemination: Factors Influencing Couples' Choices. Child Welfare. 1994;73(1):5-14.
DI, Adoption, Male Infertility, Law, Bonding, Pregnancy, Social attitudes: DI, Adoption, Male Infertility, Law, Bonding, Pregnancy, Social attitudes.
The increasing availability of DI means that many couples faced with male infertility are preferring DI to adoption. The results of a study of 54 New Zealand couples are presented qualitatively and quantitatively. Most of these couples considered adoption prior to deciding to utilise DI instead. This article looks at the perceived disadvantages of adoptions and the perceived advantages of DI and discusses the implications of these perceptions.
140. Daniels K. Policy Directions for Assisted Human Reproduction in New Zealand. Journal of Fertility Counselling. 1995;2(1):14-16.
assisted reproduction, NZ, policy, psychosocial, rights, counselling, regulation, doctors, legislation, openness, social attitudes, semen donors, offspring, Maori, single women, post menopausal, lesbian, interests of child.: assisted reproduction, NZ, policy, psychosocial, rights, counselling, regulation, doctors, legislation, openness, social attitudes, semen donors, offspring, Maori, single women, post menopausal, lesbian, interests of child.
This review of the Ministerial Advisory committees1994 report on assisted human reproduction highlights the policy recommendations made particularly in the areas of openness, access to services, and the interests of offspring.141. Daniels KR, Lewis GM, Gillett WR. Telling DI offspring the nature of their conception: The nature of couples' decision making. Social Science & Medicine. 1995;40(9):1213-20.
couples, secrecy, psychosocial, doctors gender, offspring, DI, NZ: couples, secrecy, psychosocial, doctors gender, offspring, DI, NZ.
This study of 58 couples who had had children by DI in Dunedin NZ, looks at their attitudes to telling their offspring about DI, and the way disagreement and negotiation about the subject were handled by the couples.
142. Daniels K, Lalos O. The Swedish Insemination Act and the Availability of Donors. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(7):1871-4.
Sweden, legislation, semen donors, DI, telling the child, anonymity, records: Sweden, legislation, semen donors, DI, telling the child, anonymity, records.
This paper discusses the recent Act on Donor Insemination and uses material from the Swedish Department of Health Education and Welfare to show that since the Act numbers of donors have increased.
143. Daniels K. Information Sharing in Donor Insemination: A Conflict of Rights and Needs. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 1995;4:217-24.
information sharing, DI, couples, offspring, semen donors, secrecy, openness, rights, interests of child, telling the child: information sharing, DI, couples, offspring, semen donors, secrecy, openness, rights, interests of child, telling the child.
incomplete.
144. Daniels KR. Information sharing in DI - a conflict of needs and rights. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 1995;4:217-24.
psychosocial, secrecy, Sweden, UK, Australia, NZ, psychological, rights, semen donors, DI, couples, interests of child, offspring, law, policy, records, openness, telling the child, anonymity, doctors, legislation, ethics, social attitudes, Maori, blood bond, family, parenthood, education, policy: psychosocial, secrecy, Sweden, UK, Australia, NZ, psychological, rights, semen donors, DI, couples, interests of child, offspring, law, policy, records, openness, telling the child, anonymity, doctors, legislation, ethics, social attitudes, Maori, blood bond, family, parenthood, education, policy.
This paper focus is on the psychosocial and ethical aspects of information sharing between participants in Donor Insemination (DI). It outlines who these participants are, the roles that they have traditionally played in this procedure, and the sorts of information that have been shared between these participants. It looks at how the participants can claim to have rights to either gain access to or to not reveal certain categories of information and at how these rights can come into conflict. It outlines how these issues have been responded to in various countries and at the effect that legislation and participants attitudes have had on the patterns of information sharing.
145. Daniels KR. Access to Assisted Human Reproduction Services by Minority Groups. in press. 1996.
lesbian, infertility, single women, assisted human reproduction, [p;icy development: lesbian, infertility, single women, assisted human reproduction, [p;icy development.
This paper looks at the claims of lesbian and single women to have access to Assisted Human Reproduction (AHR) in New Zealand, discusses legislation, rulings and regulations, as well as the opinions of people who have been involved in this issue. These include clinics and health professionals who provide these services, ethics committees and other bodies, and public opinion. Some implications for policy development are also discussed.
146. Daniels KR, Lewis G. Openness of Information in the Use of Donor Gametes: Developments in New Zealand. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 1996;14:57-68.
New Zealand, Sweden, assisted human reproduction, offspring, embryos, gametes, donor information, openness.: New Zealand, Sweden, assisted human reproduction, offspring, embryos, gametes, donor information, openness.
A committee appointed by the New Zealand Government to inquire into developments in assisted human reproduction recommended in their 1994 report that all offspring born following the donation of embryos or gametes should have access to identifying donor information. This paper presents the Committee's conclusions, along with a description of currents attitudes and practices in New Zealand. Sweden and New Zealand have, until recently been the only two countries in the world that have adopted the openness' approach. Some brief comparisons are made between the approaches followed in these two countries.
147. Daniels KR. Committee Members of an Infertility Society: Their Motivation and Level of Involvement. in press. 1996:in press.
infertility, volunteer, infertility society, members, patterns of involvement: infertility, volunteer, infertility society, members, patterns of involvement.
This paper reports the results of a study concerning the patterns of involvement of committee members of an infertility society. It is, as far as we can ascertain, the first study to be conducted with members of an infertility society which focuses on them in their role as volunteers, rather than in their role as people requiring support or therapy. The research investigated how the committee members became involved, what they found to be satisfying and unsatisfying about this involvement, and their reasons for ceasing to be involved. It looks at the involvement career of these people in the organisation and seeks to ascertain if there are any relationships between the extent and type of their involvement and various demographic and motivational variables.
148. Daniels KR, Lewis G. Donor Insemination: The Gifting and Selling of Semen. Social Science and Medicine. 1996;42(11):1521-1536.
donor insemination, gifts, semen donors, policy: donor insemination, gifts, semen donors, policy.
The authors examine the implications for individuals and society of how semen is provided for use in donor insemination treatment. In particular,they focus in whether 'donors' make a gift of their semen or are paid. The role of health professionals in shaping the nature and meaning of semen provision is also explored. The currently predominant practice of buying semen is compared with other reproductive and biomedical exchanges: oocyte donation, surrogacy, and blood organ and fetal tissue donation. The authors suggest that the commercialisation of semen determines and reflects the type of men frequently recruited to provide semen. This in turn influences the meaning that donors themselves, recipients, offspring, health professionals and society at large attribute to the provision of semen.
149. Daniels KR, Curson R, Lewis GM. Semen Donor Recruitment: A Study of Donors in Two Clinics. Human Reproduction. 1996;11(4):746-751.
motivation, payment, policy, recruitment, semen donor: motivation, payment, policy, recruitment, semen donor.
This paper reports a comparative study of semen donors at two London clinics, which have different recruitment and payment policies. Results presented include demographic characteristics, motivations, means of recruitment, and attitudes towards payments of the donors, as well as their disclosure to others about the donation. Donors from the two clinics were found to differ on the above points. Comparisons with other studies are made and implications for donor recruitment are discussed.
150. Daniels K, Haimes E. Donor Insemination; in press.151. Daniels K, Ericsson H, Burn I. Motivations of Swedish Semen Donors. forthcoming. under editorial review.
.
.
152. Daniels K, Curson R, Lewis G. Semen donors' views on the storage and release of identifying donor information, and tracing. . under editorial review.
.
.
153. Daniels K, Curson R, Lewis G. Semen donors as consumers of DI services - feedback from donors in two clinics. . under editorial review.
.
.
154. Daniels K, Curson R, Lewis G. DI families - the views of donors at 2 clinics. . under editorial review.
.
.
155. Daruvalla A. Poles hired as surrogate mums in illegal trade. Holland/ health fears for 'adopted' children. Independent on Sunday. London; 1995.
156. Dawson K. Assisted Reproductive Technology. some Legal and Ethical Issues. Search. 1994;25(2):53-6.
assisted reproduction, technology, law, ethics,scientistd, doctors, Christianity, Catholic, GIFT, embryos, research, social attitudes, rights, IVF, feminism, women, genetic engineering, sex selection, couples, parenthood, cryopreservation, Australia: assisted reproduction, technology, law, ethics,scientistd, doctors, Christianity, Catholic, GIFT, embryos, research, social attitudes, rights, IVF, feminism, women, genetic engineering, sex selection, couples, parenthood, cryopreservation, Australia.
This paper provides a general overview of ARTs, embryo research,genetic screening and associated ethical and legal issues in an Australian context.
157. Daya S, Gunby J, Hughes EG, Collins JA, Sagle MA, YoungLai EV. Natural cycles for in-vitro fertilization: cost-effectiveness analysis and factors influencing outcome. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(7):1719-24.
medical aspects, IVF, drugs, pregnancy rates, stress, women, economics: medical aspects, IVF, drugs, pregnancy rates, stress, women, economics.
This paper describes this clinics practice of IVF without the use of drugs for ovarian stimulation. It argues that there are benefits in terms of reduced costs, stress and risks in not using drugs in IVF procedures, even though the pregnancy rates are reduced when drugs are not used.
158. De Luca RJ. National Ethics Committee on Assisted Human Reproduction Report. Extract from the Keynote address of New Zealand Infertility Society Conference, July 1995. New Zealand Infertility Society Newsletter. 1995(December):2-3.
ethics, surrogacy, couples, Maori, surrogates, couples, IVF, pregnancy rates, interests of child, NZ, commodification: ethics, surrogacy, couples, Maori, surrogates, couples, IVF, pregnancy rates, interests of child, NZ, commodification.
This piece outlines the issues considered by this ethics committee for and against non-commercial IVF surrogacy. It discusses this in the New Zealand context looking in particular at Maori attitudes to this issue.
159. Dean M. New Controversies over Assisted Conception. The Lancet. 1994;343(January 15):165.
abortion, ethics, social attitudes, assisted reproduction, infertility, eggs, HFEA, UK: abortion, ethics, social attitudes, assisted reproduction, infertility, eggs, HFEA, UK.
This newspiece reports on the recent medical developments which will soon allow human eggs to be taken from aborted foetuses and used to fertilise infertile women. It summarises the HFEA consultation document, Donated Ovarian Tissue in Embryo Research and Assisted Conception, which calls for public comment in this area. This document addresses issues such as safety of techniques, possible effects on children born as a result of this procedure, the risk of if inducing or delaying abortions and consent issues in relation to this. It reports on an opinion poll on these issues which oppose the practice of using aborted foetuses in this manner.
160. Dekker D. The Baby Makers/ Fertility specialists who help childless people have families. The Evening Post. Wellington; 1994.161. Del Valle AP, Scheib JE, Ruberto C, Olson J. A Canadian Study of Disclosure by Recipients of Therapeutic Donor Insemination. forthcoming. 1994.
DI, Canada, secrecy, couples, single women, lesbians: DI, Canada, secrecy, couples, single women, lesbians.
This study of 64 DI recipients, who were married couples, single women and lesbians found that the per-centage who had told others about their DI involvement was higher than in other comparable studies. However, the per-centages were closer to that in other studies when the couples were considered on their own. There is also speculation that the results may have been biased as a result of the respondents being recruited from DI programmes which do not advocate secrecy.
162. deLacey S. 'That Child's Not Mine, Mine Is When It's In Me'. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne, Australia; 1995.
egg donors, egg donation, motivation, known donors, IVF, blood bond, motherhood, family, cryopreservation: egg donors, egg donation, motivation, known donors, IVF, blood bond, motherhood, family, cryopreservation.
This study of egg donors found that they did not have a sense of ownership of the child they were donating an egg to produce. It was also found that while anonymous donors would donate to known recipients, that known donors would not donate anonymously. Discusses this in relation to needs of egg donors and the conception of genetic connectedness.
163. Delany Lea. Altruism by proxy: volunteering children for bone marrow donation. BMJ. 1996;312:240-2.
children, donors, bone marrow donation, family.: children, donors, bone marrow donation, family.
Several authors discuss bone marrow donation by children. Aspects such as children's rights, psychological impact, discomfort after transplant, family grief, and power of decision making whithin a family are discussed.
164. Demyttenaere K, Nijs P, Evers-Kiebooms G, Koninckx PR. Personality characteristics, psychoendocrinological stress and outcome of IVF depend upon the etiology of infertility. Gynecological Endocrinology. 1994;8(4):233-40.
IVF, stress, psychological, psychosocial, infertility, women, medical aspects: IVF, stress, psychological, psychosocial, infertility, women, medical aspects.
not seen.
165. Dill S. Annual Report: Access Australia's National Infertility Network; 1995.
166. Dillner L. Infertility clinics show variation in success. British Medical Journal. 1995;311(21 October):1041.
clinics, pregnancy rates, UK, licensing, couples, infertility, payment, economics, research, medical aspects: clinics, pregnancy rates, UK, licensing, couples, infertility, payment, economics, research, medical aspects.
This piece reports on the publication of the HFEA's booklet ' The Patients' Guides to DI and IVF Clinics' which reports on the pregnancy rates of UK IVF clinics. The median rate is 14% and the best rate is 23%. It describes criticisms which have been made of this grading process and of the actions of the HFEA in relation to this. .
167. Dobbs J. Another Aspect of Infertility. New Zealand Practice Nurse. 1994(March):33-4.
nurses, treatment, counselling, infertility, medical aspects, pregnancy, stress, grief, psychological, social attitudes, family, couples, social support, drugs: nurses, treatment, counselling, infertility, medical aspects, pregnancy, stress, grief, psychological, social attitudes, family, couples, social support, drugs.
This paper describes the emotional aspects of infertility for couples and outlines ways in which nurses can help couples to overcome these.
168. Dorozybnki A. France debates ethics of sperm injection: BMJ; 1995.
169. Dorozynski A. French react strongly to postmenopausal births. British Medical Journal. 1994;308(15 January):154.
post menopausal, France, feminism, prohibition, rights, women, ethics, Europe: post menopausal, France, feminism, prohibition, rights, women, ethics, Europe.
This piece reports on the proposed French Bill banning the use of ARTs for post menopausal women, and the reaction to this.
170. Dorozynski A. French court orders destruction of frozen embryos. British Medical Journal. 1994;308(21 May 1994):1319-20.
embryos, law, legislation, France, ethics, religion, infertility, IVF, posthumous: embryos, law, legislation, France, ethics, religion, infertility, IVF, posthumous.
This newspiece reports the ruling of a French court that a woman undergoing IVF treatment can not have access to the embryos created by her and her husband because her husband is now dead, and that the embryos must be destroyed. She can appeal the decision. It also reports the opinions of the National Ethics Consultative Committee, the French National Assembly and the Catholic Church.171. Dorozynski A. France approves exceptional embryo screening. British Medical Journal. 1994;308(7 May 1994):1186-7.
eugenics, embryos, legislation, regulation, France, genetic screening: eugenics, embryos, legislation, regulation, France, genetic screening.
This newspiece describes the French National Assemblies ruling that genetic screening of preimplantation embryos be allowed in cases where there is a high risk of genetic diseases. It also discusees various doctors fears of eugenics in relation to this.
172. Dorozynski A. France debates ethics of sperm injection techniques. British Medical Journal. 1995;311(7 October):896.
ICSI, France, standards, genetics, ethics, Belgium, pregnancy rates, disability, clinics: ICSI, France, standards, genetics, ethics, Belgium, pregnancy rates, disability, clinics.
This piece reports on the rapid expansion of the use of ICSI in ART clinics around France. It also reports a practice of injecting immature sprm called spermatids into the egg. It discusses the possibility that these procedures could pass on genetic abnormalities to offspring. Also reporston the numbersof these procedures that have been undertaken and the pregnancy rates associated with these.
173. Douglas G. Assisted Reproduction and the Welfare of the Child. In: Freeman M, ed. Current Legal Problems. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1994.
assisted reproduction, interests of child, offspring, couples, semen donors egg donors: assisted reproduction, interests of child, offspring, couples, semen donors egg donors.
not seen.
174. Douglass A. Ethical Review of Patient Satisfaction Surveys. Otago Bioethics Report: Incorporating Bioethics Research Centre Newsletter. 1994;3(3):8-9.
ethics, recipients, doctors, method, hospitals, NZ, rights: ethics, recipients, doctors, method, hospitals, NZ, rights.
This paper looks at the increasing use of, and different sorts of patient satisfaction surveys being used in NZ. It argues that they be submitted to ethical committees for approval before use and that they should be methodologically sound.
175. Drent R. Fertility shapes as mother of debates. Sunday Star. Auckland; 1994.
176. Dyall L, Keith J, Reproduction MCoAH. E Toro Nei Nga Kawai Taura Tangata: The Human Links Extend Like Branches of a Tree. Analysis of Written Submissions Made to Ministerial Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technologies Appendix C. in Assisted Human Reproduction: Navigating our Future: Department of Justice , New Zealand Government; 1994.
177. Edelmann RJ, Humphrey M, Owens DJ. The meaning of parenthood and couples' reactions to male infertility. Brithish Journal of Medical Psychology. 1994;67:291-9.
couples, male infertility, DI, stress, psychological, sexuality, gender, identity, psychosocial, motherhood, fatherhood, parenthood, counselling: couples, male infertility, DI, stress, psychological, sexuality, gender, identity, psychosocial, motherhood, fatherhood, parenthood, counselling.
This study of a 205 couples with male factor infertility looks at the relationship between stress and marital problems, and social identity as a basis for parenthood. Distress and marital problems were higher for women and men who emphasised the importance of fatherhood, motherhood, masculinity and feminity. It looks at findings in relation to use of DI and implications for counselling. Has useful section on the literature about why people have children.
178. Edelmann R, Cook R. Infertility Counselling and Psychological Aspects of Infertility. A Selected Bibliography. In: Association BIC, ed. York, UK: British Infertility Counselling Association; 1994.
179. Editor N. Sex determination banned in India. Nature; 1996.
180. Editorial. More fuss about genetics and embryos. Nature. 1994;367(13 January):99-100.
embryos, media, UK, IVF, abortion, social attitudes, ethics, genetic screening, technology, eugenics, genetic engineering,: embryos, media, UK, IVF, abortion, social attitudes, ethics, genetic screening, technology, eugenics, genetic engineering,.
This editorial argues that technological advances in genetics are more likely to lead to issues of genetic information access and control, than the more commonly feared reproductive upheavals.181. Editorial. Unnatural Childbirth. The Press. Christchurch; 1994.
182. Editorial. Unnatural Childbirth. Moral disquiet over designer babies would not make good law. The Times. London; 1994.
183. Editorial. Why Worry About Embryos. Social Science and Medicine. 1994;38(5):v-viii.
ethics, social attitudes, embryos, philosophy, regulation, UK, law, rights, women: ethics, social attitudes, embryos, philosophy, regulation, UK, law, rights, women.
This editorial is a philosophical discussion about the value of human life, in relation to embryos and women's right to do with them as they see fit.
184. Editorial. Too old at 59? Nature. 1994;367(6 January):2.
post menopausal, age, ethics, IVF, doctors, reproductive rights, UK, media, social attitudes: post menopausal, age, ethics, IVF, doctors, reproductive rights, UK, media, social attitudes.
This paper looks at the response in the UK to a 59 year old woman giving birth to twins. Author favours older women giving birth.
185. Editorial. Ovum donation: move slowly. The Lancet. 1994;344(July, 16):142.
HFEA, ovum donation, public opinion, ethical issues, controversy.: HFEA, ovum donation, public opinion, ethical issues, controversy.
It reports the activities of HFEA seeking public opinion on ovum donation, questioning the constitution of HFEA, and the circumstances in which the opinions are sought. It suggests that what will be slow is the separation between redundant and relevant controversy and ethical and scarcity issues.
186. Editorial. What to do with spare embryos. The Lancet. 1996;347(9007):983.
embryo, embryo research, donors, HFEA: embryo, embryo research, donors, HFEA.
This newspiece reports the discussions arising from storage period for spare embryos in the UK, according to the author, the HFEA plans to give public explanation for new consent forms on embryo storage, which will be dictated by the lenght of time, instead of reproductive age of the donors.
187. Edwards JH, Benham JD, Lieberman BA, Holt E, Maddison J, Sidebotham M. Views on donated ovarian tissue. The Lancet. 1994;344(September 17):824-5.
research, abortion, social attitudes, policy, eggs donation, assisted reproduction, women, UK, fetal tissue: research, abortion, social attitudes, policy, eggs donation, assisted reproduction, women, UK, fetal tissue.
This series of three letters reports on studies of university students, women awaiting donated ovarian tissue, and women undergoing abortions, into their opinions on the use of ovarian tissue and eggs for treatment and research, taken from live donors, cadavers, and aborted fetuses. The women awaiting ovarian tissue were more in favour generally of the collection of ovarian tissue in various situations than the other two groups.
188. Egozcue J. The Practice of Assisted Reproduction in Spain. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1994;11(8):379-81.
assisted reproduction, Spain, ICSI, IVF, Catholic, regulation, legislation, records, embryos, pregnancy rates, clinics, couples, DI: assisted reproduction, Spain, ICSI, IVF, Catholic, regulation, legislation, records, embryos, pregnancy rates, clinics, couples, DI.
This paper reports on the situation with regard to ARTs in Spain. It notes the 1988 legislation in this area which provided for the collection of information on clinics and the referring of difficult ethical decisions to a National Commission on Assisted Reproduction. Notes that neither of these have yet been set up. Notes also the excessive numbers of centres in Spain and the lack of quality control. Reports on clinics pregnancy rates etc.
189. Eisenberg L. Growing Up With Single Parents: What Hurts, What Helps. New England Journal of Medicine. 1995;332(14):966-8.
single women, couples, divorce, race, economics, social attitudes, USA, policy, interests of child, family, single men, contraception, sexuality, Sweden: single women, couples, divorce, race, economics, social attitudes, USA, policy, interests of child, family, single men, contraception, sexuality, Sweden.
This review of the book in the title by S. McLanahan and G. Sandefur outlines the increased risks for children associated with being raised by a single parent. Outlines government policies it sees as being necessary to address these problems.
190. Emery J. Silent suffering: BMJ, vol.311; 1995.191. Endean C. Italy vows to control fertility treatments. British Medical Journal. 1994;308(15 January):155.
Italy, IVF, post menopausal, guidelines, ethics, doctors, interests of child, clinics, law, legislation, women, Catholic,: Italy, IVF, post menopausal, guidelines, ethics, doctors, interests of child, clinics, law, legislation, women, Catholic,.
Report on activities of doctors in Italy in providing IVF services for post menopausal women. Notes report coming soon from National Bioethics Committee. Notes opposition to these IVF procedures from Catholic Church, and opposition to legislation from powerful fertility clinics.
192. Englert Y. Artificial insemination of single women and lesbian women with donor semen. Human Reproduction. 1994;9(11):1969-71.
lesbian, single women, medicalisation, doctors, DI, practice, clinics, Belgium, law, regulation, legislation, social attitudes, psychological, psychosocial, women, family, gender, interests of child, abortion, child development, adult development, fatherhood, sexuality, social support, USA, scientists, technology, policy, prohibition, ethics, selection, psychosocial, semen donors: lesbian, single women, medicalisation, doctors, DI, practice, clinics, Belgium, law, regulation, legislation, social attitudes, psychological, psychosocial, women, family, gender, interests of child, abortion, child development, adult development, fatherhood, sexuality, social support, USA, scientists, technology, policy, prohibition, ethics, selection, psychosocial, semen donors.
This paper reports on the experience of a Belgian clinic in accepting lesbian and single women for DI treatment. It looks at arguments for and against, social attitudes , the development of the child growing up in such families, and the psychological and psychosocial state of the applicants. It finds that lesbian couples are more stable than single women and better cnadidates for the procedure. It argues against the prohibition of the practice but recommends that all doctors be allowed to make up their own minds. Also notes that majority of donors were willing to donate to these candidates.
193. Evans D. Infertiility and the NHS. British Medical Journal. 1995;311(16 December):1586-7.
treatment, state funding, ethics, policy, GIFT, economics, class, doctors, IVF, law, UK, rights, infertility, interests of child: treatment, state funding, ethics, policy, GIFT, economics, class, doctors, IVF, law, UK, rights, infertility, interests of child.
This paper discusses the issues concerning the purchasing of infertility services in the UK. It looks at arguments against purchasing these service and discusses the importance of making these service available freely and not on the grounds of ability to pay. Also discusses doctors conscience clauses in regard to not providing services to certain categories of people.
194. Evina A. Infertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Locoh T, Hertrich V, eds. The Onset of Fertility Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa. Liege, Belgium: Derovaux Ordina Editions; 1994.
infertility, Africa, women, men, family, couples, sexuality, STDs, abortion, medical aspects, demographics, culture, prevention, contraception, social attitudes, divorce, poverty: infertility, Africa, women, men, family, couples, sexuality, STDs, abortion, medical aspects, demographics, culture, prevention, contraception, social attitudes, divorce, poverty.
This paper looks at the relationships between age of first union, forms of marriage, stability of marriage, disease, cultural and social attitudes; and their impact on the incidence of infertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. Draws out the implications for family planning programmes.
195. Family Care. Children (Scotland) Bill. Children Conceived with Donated Gametes. Evidence to Select Committee. In: J. Speirs D, ed: Unpublished; 1995.
196. Family Care. Children (Scotland) Bill. Evidence to Select Committee. (Adoption Issues). In: J. Speirs D, ed; 1995.
197. Family Care. The Children (Scotland) Bill. Letter concerning. In: J. Speirs D, addressed to Mr A. Doherty, ed; 1995.
198. Farrow S. Falling sperm quality: fact or fiction? Answering even simple questions is difficult. British Medical Journal. 1994;309(2 July 1994):1-2.
sperm quality, research, media, medical aspects: sperm quality, research, media, medical aspects.
This article overviews an article later in the same journal (Bromwich et al, 1994) which disputes an earlier paper (Carlsen et al, 1992) which claimed there had been a decline in sperm count over the last 50 years. This article adds to the criticism of the Carlsen artcle, by noting that changes in sperm counts occur in an annual cycle. It calls for more careful use of statistical techniques in analysing data, and notes recent public media attention to the issue .
199. Feldman-Savelberg P. Plundered Kitchens and Empty Wombs: Fear of Infertility in the Cameroonian Grassfields. Social Science and Medicine. 1994;39(4):463.
infertility, anxiety, poverty, Cameroon, culture, social attitudes, gender, symbolism: infertility, anxiety, poverty, Cameroon, culture, social attitudes, gender, symbolism.
This article describes the analogy that Bangangte people, and particularly women make between reproduction and cooking. It describes how this metaphor is both descriptive of, and an influence upon the reproductive practioces of these people. It notes that reproductive failure is the quintessential indicatoir of bad fortune and that infertility is often associated with economic decline personally and the moral decline of their society and changes which have been brought about by colonialism.
200. Ferriman A. What shall we tell the children? Dominion. Wellington; 1994.201. Fisher R, Peek J. Giving up Anonymity - Socialising Gamete Donation. Presented at the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology; Brussels, Belgium; 1994.
anonymity, couples, Maori, support groups,
DI, secrecy, recruitment,
family, donor's partners, openness,
infertility, telling the child, known donors
interests of child, law, legislation, New Zealand, semen donors, social attitudes,
women, men, psychosocial, advertising: anonymity, couples, Maori, support groups,
DI, secrecy, recruitment,
family, donor's partners, openness,
infertility, telling the child, known donors
interests of child, law, legislation, New Zealand, semen donors, social attitudes,
women, men, psychosocial, advertising.
This study of recipient couples, semen donors and their partners looks at issues of telling the child, secrecy, anonymity, the source of hearing about DI, objections to donating etc. Looks at the impact of the removal of a guarantee of anonymity for donors at this clinic.
202. Fishman RHB. Israel's surrogacy bill. The Lancet. 1995;345(February 25):512.
legislation, regulation, surrogacy, religion, Judaism, Israel, couples, law, parenthood, women, motherhood: legislation, regulation, surrogacy, religion, Judaism, Israel, couples, law, parenthood, women, motherhood.
This paper describes a bill before the Israeli parliament to regulate surrogacy. It proposes a committee be formed that all surrogacy arrangements would need to gain permission from to pass.
203. Fiske L. Is There Life Beyond Infertility?: The Inside Story. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual Scientific Meeting; The Sheraton Hotel, Brisbane, Australia; 1994.
infertility, process, stress, psychosocial, psychological, assisted reproduction: infertility, process, stress, psychosocial, psychological, assisted reproduction.
This paper looks at patient's experience of infertility and argues that infertility is an ever present complex dynamic which changes over time. It notes that ARTs can exacerbate infertility problems.
204. Fitzgerald TK, Radonsky VE, Everts JF. Families Created by Lesbians and Gay Men: Issues and Implications for Counselling. New Zealand Journal of Counselling. 1994;16(1):15-22.
gey men, lesbian, family, counselling, social attitudes, psyochosocial, psychological, NZ, USA, law, stress, child development, identity, sexuality, parenthood: gey men, lesbian, family, counselling, social attitudes, psyochosocial, psychological, NZ, USA, law, stress, child development, identity, sexuality, parenthood.
This paper looks at social attitudes and legal issues in relation to homosexuality in New Zealand, and issues arising for counselling. It outlines a number of mainly USA studies which indicate the normality and stability of homosexuality and families headed by homosexuals. It outlines, skills, resources and awarenessees that counsellors need in responding to members of homosexual families.
205. Flamigni C, Borini A. Counselling post-menopausal women for donor in-vitro fertilization and hormone replacement therapy. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(5):1237-41.
post menopausal, women, pregnancy rates, age, Italy, law, payment, anonymity, egg donors, screening, egg donation, consent, selection, HIV, practice, medical aspects: post menopausal, women, pregnancy rates, age, Italy, law, payment, anonymity, egg donors, screening, egg donation, consent, selection, HIV, practice, medical aspects.
This paper outlines the practice of this clinic in selecting post menopausal women for egg donation, and in screening egg donors. Also describes its attitudes to anonymity, consent issues etc. Notes that in all except the maternal morbidity area the statistics concerning this practice do not differ from those of younger women.
206. Franz S. Secrecy and Openness in Donor Insemination. unpublished; 1994.
207. Gerrand N. The Notion of Gift-Giving and Organ Donation. Bioethics. 1994;8(2):127-50.
organ doning, gift, ethics, social atitudes, advertising, philosophy, anonymity, payment: organ doning, gift, ethics, social atitudes, advertising, philosophy, anonymity, payment.
This paper argues that organ doning is better thought of as a form of charity rather than a type of gift-giving. It concentrates on donations from cadavers and looks at the various components of various types of gift giving and charity, and how these are comparable to organ doning.
208. Gibson S. Reasons for Having Children; Ends, Means and 'Family Values'. Journal of Applied Philosophy. 1995;12(3):231-40.
philosophy, family, interests of child, psychosocial, policy, single women, ethics, society, lesbian, DI, assisted reproduction, eugenics, social attitudes, fatherhood, couples, surrogacy, commodification, embryos, motivation, sex selection, genetic screening: philosophy, family, interests of child, psychosocial, policy, single women, ethics, society, lesbian, DI, assisted reproduction, eugenics, social attitudes, fatherhood, couples, surrogacy, commodification, embryos, motivation, sex selection, genetic screening.
This paper discusses the various reasons people have for having children and what type of reasons are ethical in this regard. Concludes that having a child is ethical as long as their is an intention to develop a certain type of loving relation ship with that child based upon respect. Concludes that single and lesbian women are not automatically excluded from these criteria and therefore should not be prevented from having children via ARTs.
209. Gillett W, Peek J, Lilford R. Costs and Effectiveness of Infertility Services in New Zealand: A Decision Analysis. Consultation Document: National Advisory Committee on Core Health and Disability Support Services; 1995.
210. Gillett WR, Herbison GP. Assessment of causes, investigation, treatment and outcome of infertility in the Otago region. Unpublished; 1995.211. Gillon R. Medical Ethics: four principles plus attention to scope. British Medical Journal. 1994;309(16 July):184-8.
ethics, doctors, social attitudes, law, health professionals, embryos, abortion: ethics, doctors, social attitudes, law, health professionals, embryos, abortion.
This paper presents an ethical decision making frame work for health professionals, based on the four principles: autonomy, beneficence, non-malficence, and justice, and an attention to the scope of ones responsibilities to preserve or prevent the extinguishing of life.
212. Golombok S, Cook R. A survey of semen donation: phase 1 - the view of UK licensed centres. Human Reproduction. 1994;9(5):882-8.
UK, clinics, doctors, licensing, HFEA, UK, semen donors, selection, regulation, medical aspects, HIV, DI, recruitment, screening, payment: UK, clinics, doctors, licensing, HFEA, UK, semen donors, selection, regulation, medical aspects, HIV, DI, recruitment, screening, payment.
This study of 81 (93% of total) of the clinics offering DI in the UK found that while the numbers of donors coming forward to donate had increased, this had not resulted in an increased supply of donors. The reasons for this being: the increased demand for donor sperm, the greater number of donors needed since the setting of a limit of 10 live births per donor, and the increase in numbers of donors failing the probably more stringent screening procedures. Paper also looks at clinics' attitudes to recruitment and at their recruitment, payment and screening practices. Looks at all of above in relation to HFEA Act.
213. Golombok S, Tasker F. Donor insemination for single heterosexual and lesbian women: issues concerning the welfare of the child. Human Reproduction. 1994;November 9( (11)):1972-6.
lesbian, single women, parenthood, couples, psychosocial, psychological, social attitudes, gender, child development, sexuality, motherhood, DI, family, UK, USA, Europe, semen donors, known donors, doctors, interests of child: lesbian, single women, parenthood, couples, psychosocial, psychological, social attitudes, gender, child development, sexuality, motherhood, DI, family, UK, USA, Europe, semen donors, known donors, doctors, interests of child.
This paper reviews research into the effects of single heterosexual women, lesbian women, and heterosexual couples on the development of children in their care. It concludes that there is little difference between the offspring in each of these situations, in terms of gender, emotional or social development. It notes that the issues faced by women and offspring in which DI has been used to produce children will be different from those faced by single and lesbian women in other situations.
214. Golombok S, Cook R, Bish A, Murray C. Families Created by the New Reproductive Technologies: Quality of Parenting and Social and Emotional Development of the Children. Child Development. 1995;64:285-98.
child development, DI, IVF, psychosocial, psychological, assisted reproduction, parenthood, stress, family, telling the child, anonymity, blood bond, adoption, infertility, couples, age, class, motherhood, fatherhood, offspring, openness, policy, UK: child development, DI, IVF, psychosocial, psychological, assisted reproduction, parenthood, stress, family, telling the child, anonymity, blood bond, adoption, infertility, couples, age, class, motherhood, fatherhood, offspring, openness, policy, UK.
This study of couples with children who had been conceived, by DI, IVF, naturally or who had adopted children found that the quality of parenting in the ART families was higher than that in the families with naturally conceived children, and that ART offspring suffered no significant emotional or developmental difficulties in relation to the other groups. Paper discusses the lack of negative consequences for DI offspring (aged 4-8 years) of not being told about their conception in relation to the secrecy/openess debate.
215. Goodman NW. Towards ageism. Nature. 1994;367(6461):312.
post menopausal, age, ethics, rights, infertility, women, single women, class: post menopausal, age, ethics, rights, infertility, women, single women, class.
This letter argues that the use of ARTs, particularly to assist women unwilling to conceive naturally, or post menopausal women is inequitable when as a result of poverty many in the world are unlikely to see their natural children grow to adulthood.
216. Gordon E, Hanafin H, Mikesell S, Paddock D. Anonymous and Non-Anonymopus Oocyte Donors. A Comparison of Their Post Retrieval Attitudes. Presented at the Fifty-First Annual Meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Abstracts of the Scientific Oral and Poster Sessions. Program Supplement; Seattle, USA; 1995.
anonymity, egg donors, attitudes, egg donation, openness, payment, couples: anonymity, egg donors, attitudes, egg donation, openness, payment, couples.
This study of anonymous and known egg donors found that a considerable percentage of the anonymous donors expressed a preference for known donation, and that nearly all of these were willing to be contacted by the offspring. Comparisons were also made between the two groups in other areas.
217. Gorman C. Brave New Embryos. Time; 1994.
218. Graham A. Involving Couples in Planning Counselling Services. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual Scientific Meeting; The Sheraton Hotel, Brisbane, Australia; 1994.
infertility, couples, social support, support groups, men, women, counselling, health professionals, practice, clinics, psychosocial: infertility, couples, social support, support groups, men, women, counselling, health professionals, practice, clinics, psychosocial.
This paper reports on a counsellors development of clinic based support groups and the attempt to enable couples to have input into the provision of, and topics covered by these groups. 124 men and women attended these groups, about half of those who were approached.
219. Graham f. fertility Manangement Today and Tomorrow. New Zealand Doctor; 1996.
220. Grant JLP. Single women and conception. Canadian Family Physician. 1994;40(October):1709-11.
DI, single women, lesbian, doctors, practice, sperm banks, clinics, women, rights, HIV, medical aspects, infertility, social attitudes, family, gender, economics, openness, Canada, psychological, solo parents, STDs, screening, selection, records: DI, single women, lesbian, doctors, practice, sperm banks, clinics, women, rights, HIV, medical aspects, infertility, social attitudes, family, gender, economics, openness, Canada, psychological, solo parents, STDs, screening, selection, records.
This paper discusses the practice of this doctor in providing DI services, and argues that it be more widely practiced by family physicians. It also argues that DI services should be available to lesbian and single women on the grounds that society does not prohibit single women from raising children conceived naturally, and that leaving such women to use untreated semen from friends, increases the medical risk of STDs. Approves of openness with donors, but seems ambivalent about psychological screening of recipients.221. Greenfeld DA, Mazure CM, Greenfeld DG, Keefe DL. Social and Psychological Characteristices of Donor Oocyte Recipients. Presented at the Fifty-First Annual Meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Abstracts of the Scientific Oral and Poster Sessions. Program Supplement; Seattle, USA; 1995.
egg donors, psychosocial, egg donation, women, known donors, psychological, openness, religion, age, education, anonymity, telling the child, secrecy: egg donors, psychosocial, egg donation, women, known donors, psychological, openness, religion, age, education, anonymity, telling the child, secrecy.
This study found that there were no differences socially and demographically between infertile women utilising known and anonymous donors. Users of anonymous donors were morelikely to have used psychotherapy, and were less likely to tell or have told others or the offspring about the means of conception.
222. Greenhalgh S. Quest for Conception: Gender, Infertility and Egyptian Medical Tradition. Population and Development Review. 1995;21(2):431-2.
Egypt, infertility, women, culture, doctors, history, anthropology: Egypt, infertility, women, culture, doctors, history, anthropology.
This review of this book by Maria C. Inhorn describes its focus on the plight of poor Egyptian women in infertile marriages as they seek help from ineffective ethnogynecologists and harmful biogynecologists. Inhorn places the blame for the low standard of biogynecology in Egypt on British colonialism.
223. Greenhalgh S. The Power in/of Population. Current Anthropology. 1995;36(5):875-8.
infertility, women, feminism, anthropology, family, social attitudes, Third world, USA, Egypt, poverty, class, gender, psychosocial, motherhood, race, doctors, men, policy, prevention, environmental factors: infertility, women, feminism, anthropology, family, social attitudes, Third world, USA, Egypt, poverty, class, gender, psychosocial, motherhood, race, doctors, men, policy, prevention, environmental factors.
This piece reviews three books. Quest for conception, by M. C. Inhorn, which looks at the situation of infertile working class women in Egypt: Mothering, Edited by E. N. Glenn et al, which looks at the ideology, politics and diversity of experience of motherhood in the USA in the 19th, 20th centuries, and: Ethnography of Fertility and Birth which was a groundbreaking work in the ethnography of child bearing and birthing. This reviewer emphasises global impacts upon fertility and motherhood and outlines ways in which feminist anthropologists and others can move forward in this area.
224. Griel A. Race, Class, and Psycholgical Distress Among Male and Female Infertility Patients. Presented at the Fifty-First Annual Meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Abstracts of the Scientific Oral and Poster Sessions. Program Supplement; Seattle, USA; 1995.
race, class, psychological sstress, psychosocial, couples: race, class, psychological sstress, psychosocial, couples.
This study comparing the stress levels of white infertile couples with those of non-white couples and couples from lower socio-economic status levels found that while there were higher levels of stress in the latter groups this did not necessariily have anything to do with their infertility.
225. Guinan ME. Artificial Insemination by Donor. Safety and Secrecy. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994;273(11):890-1.
HIV, DI, screening, semen donors, women, regulation, USA, doctors, practice, history, records, secrecy, lesbian, clinics, access: HIV, DI, screening, semen donors, women, regulation, USA, doctors, practice, history, records, secrecy, lesbian, clinics, access.
This editorial looks at issues of screening of donors in the USA for HIV in light of the seven women who have contracted the disease in this way. It looks at the history of and present status of practice and regulation, and calls for a tightening of current regulations. It also calls for an end to cetain secrecy related record keeping practices onthe grounds that they endanger public health.
226. Haire MCH, J. Donation of heart valve tissue: seeking consent and meeting the needs of donor families. MJA. 1996;164:28-31.
heart valve tissue, donors, family, social worker.: heart valve tissue, donors, family, social worker.
This study reports successful experience of senior social workers in maximising the availability of heart valve tissue for donation. Review of records of a five year period show that 81% of the families consented to donation. The difficulties involved lack of information about the donor and his/her families, limited available time for tissue retrieval and trial to obtain consent by telephone. The needs of the family included information on the donation procedure and outcome, grief counselling, emotional and practical support, and recognition of their contribution.
227. Halperin R, Bracha Y, Schneider D, Maymon R, Kraicer PF, Hadas E. Human decidua-associated protein hDP200 in menstrual fluid: comparison between fertile women and women after failed in-vitro fertilization/embryo transfer. Human Reproduction. 1995;19(2):324-7.
infertility, medical aspects, women, IVF, age, contraception, ET: infertility, medical aspects, women, IVF, age, contraception, ET.
This study found that the latter group of women in the title had lower concentrations of hDP200 than the former and that concentrations of this fluid were effected by age (being highest in 28-30 year olds) but were not effected by the use of IUDs.
228. Hassler S. Reproductive Technologies, Reproductive Responsibilities. Bio/Technology. 1995;13(September):925.
USA, regulation, economics, payment, ethics, policy, couples, parenthood, doctors, Catholic, policy: USA, regulation, economics, payment, ethics, policy, couples, parenthood, doctors, Catholic, policy.
This editorial outlines the situation with regard to ARTs in the USA, the issues this raises, and the need for regulation. It recommends the the establishment of a USA commission of reproductive technologies.
229. Hastings D. Aids risk from sperm donors little known. Evening Post. Wellington; 1994.
230. Havatti O. Personal Communication; 1995.231. Hazekamp JT. Current differences and consequences of legislation on practice of assisted reproductive technology in the Nordic countries. Acta Obst, Gynecol Scand. 1996;75:198-200.
assisted human reproduction, legislation, infertile couples, Nordic countries: assisted human reproduction, legislation, infertile couples, Nordic countries.
This report points out the problems caused by differences in legislation and practice of ART in the Nordic countries. Infertile couples seek treatment across the legislative borders. According to the author a working group has been set up to to coordinate ART guidelines and practices in the different countriesfrom a commom ART platform.
232. Healy DL, Trounson AO, Andersen AN. Female Infertility: causes and treatment. The Lancet. 1994;343(June 18):1539-44.
female infertility, assisted reproduction, IVF, ICSI, medical aspects, egg donation, stress, psychosocial, women: female infertility, assisted reproduction, IVF, ICSI, medical aspects, egg donation, stress, psychosocial, women.
This article looks at the reasons for female infertility and the ways of managing it. As for reasons it looks at age related decline of oocyte quality, venereal disease, various genetic and medical issues, recurrent miscarriages, lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol, diet, clothing, exercise), and stress. As for management it looks at anovulation management, microsurgery, superstimlulation, assisted reproduction and operative hysteroscopy.
233. Heft R. Heartbreak of the stolen eggs. NZ Herald. Auckland; 1995.
234. Heineman-Kuschinsky A, Davis S, Borchard E, Vasilenko P. Assessment of Recipient Patient's Concerns and Feelings Associated With Anonymous Oocyte Donation. Presented at the Fifty-First Annual Meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Abstracts of the Scientific Oral and Poster Sessions. Program Supplement; Seattle, USA; 1995.
couples, egg donors, psychosocial, egg donation, women, psychological, openness, IVF,couples, family, anonymity, telling the child, secrecy: couples, egg donors, psychosocial, egg donation, women, psychological, openness, IVF,couples, family, anonymity, telling the child, secrecy.
This study of couples involved in egg donation found that they tended to to feel they had little control over donor selection, and that they felt they should have more control. 57% did not plan to tell the child and 57% planned to or had told other people. Couples were particularly interested in the genetic profile, talents, blood type and personallity of the donor.
235. Henaghan M. The Report of the Ministerial Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technologies many questions - few answers. Otago Bioethics News. 1994;3(3):5-7.
assisted reproduction, law , legal, regulation, policy, doctors, recipients, ethics, rights, interests of child, surrogacy, embryos, research, insurance, gender, single women, lesbian, secrecy, openness, clinics, New Zealand: assisted reproduction, law , legal, regulation, policy, doctors, recipients, ethics, rights, interests of child, surrogacy, embryos, research, insurance, gender, single women, lesbian, secrecy, openness, clinics, New Zealand.
This review of the government report looks at whether ART should be controlled, who should control it and who is entitled to it. It also looks at issues of secrecy, the intersts of the offspring, surrogacy, the use 'spare' embryos and gametes are put to, genetic research and insurance. It is critical of the report placing many decisions in the hands of a new committee, its bias towards maintaining the position of the current practitioners, and of the lack of comment on the effects of different types of ART.
236. Hernon Mea. Review of the organised support network for infertility patients in licenced units in the UK. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(4):960-964.
infertility, counselling, HFEA, support network, UK: infertility, counselling, HFEA, support network, UK.
The study intended to evaluate the support and counselling services made available by the licensed units through the administration of a questionnaire to every treatment unit in the UK. The HFEA requires that all units have a trained counsellor, although counselling is not compulsory. The results show that 95% have their own counsellor, 98.6% were trained in counselling and that 78.8% of the centres do not follow-up patients . Counselling vary between 2 and 5 sessions.
237. HFEA. Third Annual Report: Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority; 1994.
238. HFEA. Recent deliberations on the case of human fetal oocytes and on pregnancies in post-menopausal women by the British Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. Human Reproduction. 1995;9(12):239-44.
infertility, post menopausal, women, age, IVF, embryos, egg donation, research, counselling, interests of child, doctors, social attitudes, UK, psychosocial, abortion, psychological, identitity, couples, religion, commercialisation, law, parenthood, assisted reproduction, scientists, commodification, ethics: infertility, post menopausal, women, age, IVF, embryos, egg donation, research, counselling, interests of child, doctors, social attitudes, UK, psychosocial, abortion, psychological, identitity, couples, religion, commercialisation, law, parenthood, assisted reproduction, scientists, commodification, ethics.
This paper presents the recommendation of the HFEA that only ovarian tissue and eggs from live donors (excluding fetuses) be able to be used in assisted reproduction and embryo research. It outlines the extensive responses it had to the consultation on this matter, including the responses to its questionnaire on these and associated issues, and the results of 3 surveys undertaken by respondent groups.
239. HFEA. Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority Conference Paper on Payment for Egg and Sperm Donors. Presented at the Payment for Egg and Sperm Donors; Oxford; 1995.
egg donation, DI, egg donors, semen donors, payment, couples, infertility, ethics, regulation, UK, policy, interests of child, stigma, psychological, commercialisation, gift, blood, altruism, motivation, screening, psychosocial: egg donation, DI, egg donors, semen donors, payment, couples, infertility, ethics, regulation, UK, policy, interests of child, stigma, psychological, commercialisation, gift, blood, altruism, motivation, screening, psychosocial.
This discussion document presents the current position with regard to paying gamete donors in the UK and presents arguments for and against payment. Includes discussion of rights of various parties and makes comparisons to blood donation.
240. Holbrook SM. Adoption, Infertility, and the New Reproductive Technologies: Problems and Prospects for Social Work and Welfare Policy. Social Work. 1994;35:333-7.
assisted reproduction, psychosocial, social workers, infertility, stress, adoption, ethics, secrecy, DI, surrogacy, IVF, gender, rights of children, motherhood, embryos, social attitudes: assisted reproduction, psychosocial, social workers, infertility, stress, adoption, ethics, secrecy, DI, surrogacy, IVF, gender, rights of children, motherhood, embryos, social attitudes.
This article outlines the issues surrounding infertility, adoption and assisted reproduction for social workers. It outlines ethical and counselling issues and the potential social effects of these developments, on couples, offspring, donors and society as a whole.241. Holmes HB. The cost of designer children. The Women's Review of Books. 1995;12(9):20-22.
rights, reproductive rights, feminism, USA, assisted reproduction, identity, technology, ethics, genetic engineering, pregnancy, abortion, class, poverty, couples, disability, genetic screening, women, medicalisation, demographics, race, economics: rights, reproductive rights, feminism, USA, assisted reproduction, identity, technology, ethics, genetic engineering, pregnancy, abortion, class, poverty, couples, disability, genetic screening, women, medicalisation, demographics, race, economics.
This is a book review of Children of Choice: Freedom and the New Reprodcutive Technologies, by J. A. Robertson, and Women and Prenatal Testing: Facing the Challenges of Genetic Technology edited by K. H. Rothenberg and E. J. Thomson. The reviewer is critical of Robertsons rights based framework. She outlines some of the essays in the other book but critisises both works as escapist in the light of world poverty.
242. Hope T, Lockwood G, Lockwood M, Jackson J, Bewley S, Craft I. Should older women be offered in vitro feritilisation?/ The interests of the potential child/ Can older women cope with motherhood?/ In vitro fertilsationis rarely successful in older women/ The role of ethics committees. British Medical Journal. 1995;310(3 June):1455-8.
post menopausal, women, doctors, interests of child, age, ethics, practice, fetal tissue, adoption, motherhood, IVF, race, class, payment, economics, UK, selection, access: post menopausal, women, doctors, interests of child, age, ethics, practice, fetal tissue, adoption, motherhood, IVF, race, class, payment, economics, UK, selection, access.
This series of opinions on whether older women should have access to IVF discusses such issues as the interests of the child, limited resources for infertility treatments, doctors' and women's responsibilities, the role of ethics committees, the possibility that the women will not live to see the child grow up, and the lower success rates of IVF with older women.
243. Howards SS. Treatment of Male infertility. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995;332(5):312-7.
doctors, male infertility, couples, medical aspects, environmental factors, assisted reproduction, IVF, pregnancy rates, economics, age, ICSI: doctors, male infertility, couples, medical aspects, environmental factors, assisted reproduction, IVF, pregnancy rates, economics, age, ICSI.
This paper discusses various causes of and treatments for male infertility, including ARTs. Discusses pregnancy rates and costs of these ARTs.
244. Howarth A. A new facet of family life. Dominion. Wellington; 1995.
245. Howlett D. New Legislation on IVF procedures. The Fertility Society of Australia Newsletter. 1995;32(November):7.
IVF, Australia, legislation, interests of child, family, couples, infertility, licensing, consent, research, cloning, surrogacy, prohibition, embryos, cryopreservation, openness, records, egg donors, semen donors: IVF, Australia, legislation, interests of child, family, couples, infertility, licensing, consent, research, cloning, surrogacy, prohibition, embryos, cryopreservation, openness, records, egg donors, semen donors.
This piece outlines the provision of the Victorian Infertility Treatment Act 1995. It outlines the role of the Infertility Treatment Authority and describes the principles established in the Act for government activity in this area. Outlines the position with regard to IVF, surrogacy and embryo experimentaion and mentions the provision that a child born of donor gametes will have access to identifying information about the donor upon reaching 18 years.
246. Hull M. Complications of pregnancy after infertility treatment: awareness and prevention. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1995;102:520-4.
infertility, women, medical aspects, pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, adisbility, drugs, age, preganancy rates: infertility, women, medical aspects, pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, adisbility, drugs, age, preganancy rates.
This paper outlines the dangers facing subfertile women once they have achieved pregnancy. It looks at miscarriage rates and the implications of multiple pregnancies. It also looks at the effects of fertility drugs, surgery, various medical conditions and age on the outcome of the pregnancy (including the chances of offspring disability), and the reproductive health of the women.
247. Human Rights Commission N. Submission of the Human Rights Commission to the Ministerial Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Human Rights Commission; 1994.
248. Inhorn MC, Buss KA. Ethnography, Epidemiology and Infertility in Egypt. Social Science and Medicine. 1994;39(5):671-86.
infertility, Egypt, risk factors, social attitudes, couples, doctors, medical aspects, culture: infertility, Egypt, risk factors, social attitudes, couples, doctors, medical aspects, culture.
This study of 100 infertile and 90 fertile lower class Egyptian women found that there were significant relationships between certain practices and infertility. These were: the practice of cervical electrocautery as a mistaken cure for infertility by tradition bound medical practitioners; male occupational exposure to noxious agents; male waterpipe (tobacco) smoking; and intermarriage with close cousins. This study uses epedemiological as well as ethnographic methods to arrive at its conclusions.
249. Inhorn M. Kabsa (A.K.A. Mushahara) and Threatened Fertility in Egypt. Social Science and Medicine. 1994;39(4):487-505.
infertility, social attitudes, gender, Egypt, culture: infertility, social attitudes, gender, Egypt, culture.
This article reports on research conducted with Egyptian women into the cultural belief in kabsa, which is seen to cause infertility. Kabsa occurs at certain points in women's reproductive life and there are a variety of cures for infertility caused by kabsa most of which are unpleasant. All these practices are viewed from an anthropological perspective and as forms of ritual. They are discussed in relation to gender issues, and recent neo-colonial attempts to limit reproduction in Egypt, and the resistance of some to these attempts.
250. Inhorn M. Interpreting Infertility: Medical Anthropological Perspectives. Social Science and Medicine. 1994;39(4):459-61.
AIDS, infertility, Cameroon, Egypt, India, USA, gender, assisted reproduction, gender, social attitudes, culture: AIDS, infertility, Cameroon, Egypt, India, USA, gender, assisted reproduction, gender, social attitudes, culture.
This article introduces and summarises four other articles in the same issue on anthropology and infertility. It notes that women often bear the worse aspects of infertility and that the topic as a whole has had very little attention paid to it.251. Interim National Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technology. No Approval for IVF Surrogacy. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1995(25 January, NZ Medical Association Newsletter):6.
IVF, surrogacy, NZ, ethics, rights, interests of child: IVF, surrogacy, NZ, ethics, rights, interests of child.
This piece reports on the authors decision to do what the title says on the grounds of ensuring the rights of all the parties involved, especially the child.
252. Irvine DS. Falling sperm quality. British Medical Journal. 1994;309(13 August):476.
sperm quality, scientists, male infertility, medical aspects: sperm quality, scientists, male infertility, medical aspects.
This paper investigates the statistics surrounding the idea of falling sperm counts, and concludes that they are indeed falling.
253. Irvine SC, E.; Richardson, D.; MacDonald, E. & Aitken, J. Evidence of deteriorating semen quality in the UK: birth cohort study in 577 men in Scotland over 11 years. BMJ. 1996;32:467-471.
semen, donors, semen quality, infertility, age.: semen, donors, semen quality, infertility, age.
This study reports an experiment with volunteer semen donors born between 1951 and 1973. Semen samples were collected and analysed. Results show that sperm concentration and motility decreased among younger subjects. The author suggests that further studies are required to assess whether quality of semen has an impact on male fertility or not.
254. Jamison A. Growing Up Adopted. Children. A newsletter from the Office of the Commisioner for Children. 1995;19(December):14-17.
adoption, identity, child development, family, blood bond, psychological, parenthood, methods, race, USA, psychosocial, economics, education, NZ, media: adoption, identity, child development, family, blood bond, psychological, parenthood, methods, race, USA, psychosocial, economics, education, NZ, media.
This is review of a study in the USA of adoptive families. This study finds that adoption is generally a positive experience. This study is then critisised for its methodology and the way it presents results and is compared to studies which are more negative or ambivalent in regard to the effect of adoption on children and their development.
255. Jansen PS. Law reform for reproductive technology? The Medical Journal of Australia. 1995;162(1 May):501.
legislation, assisted reproduction, infertility, rights, semen donors, egg donors, single women, lesbian, abortion, ethics, sperm banks, doctors, contracts, Australia, surrogacy: legislation, assisted reproduction, infertility, rights, semen donors, egg donors, single women, lesbian, abortion, ethics, sperm banks, doctors, contracts, Australia, surrogacy.
This letter argues for a recognition of a difference between social and medical childlessness in the proposed legislation. It argues for a conscience clause for doctors inrelation to this, and argues that the rights of donors be respected in terms of their having a say about who there gametes can go to.
256. Jecker NS, Carrese JA, Pearlman RA. Caring for Patients in Cross-Cultural Settings. Hastings Center Report. 1995(Jan-Feb):6-14.
social attiudes, race, culture, doctors, medicalisation, medical aspects, practice: social attiudes, race, culture, doctors, medicalisation, medical aspects, practice.
This paper looks at ways of dealing with doctors and patients different views of and goals with regard treatment. Suggests ways of dealing with this based upon idea of integrity.
257. Johns M. Infertility: Current Available Treatments. New Zealand Practice Nurse. 1994(March):30-31.
nurses, IVF, DI, medical aspects, stress, couples, psychosocial, drugs, women, men, psychological, pregnancy rates, cryopreservation, infertility, treatment: nurses, IVF, DI, medical aspects, stress, couples, psychosocial, drugs, women, men, psychological, pregnancy rates, cryopreservation, infertility, treatment.
This paper provides information for nurses about infertility treatments, IVF and DI. It also outlines the psychosocial concerns of couples and ways in which nurses can best respond to these.
258. Jones J, Moore C. Designer baby ethics divide the experts / Conservative approach for NZ birth technology. The Press. Christchurch; 1994.
259. Jones HW. Twins or more. Fertility and Sterility. 1995;63(4):701-2.
multiple pregnancy, IVF, women, doctors, ethics, embryos, guidelines, legislation, USA, UK, Germany, Italy, medical aspects: multiple pregnancy, IVF, women, doctors, ethics, embryos, guidelines, legislation, USA, UK, Germany, Italy, medical aspects.
This paper looks at the law and guidelines with regard to transferring multiple embryos in IVF situation in various countries. Concentrates on USA context.
260. Jones HJ. The time has come. Fertility & Sterility. 1996;6(June):1090-1092.
ART, guidelines, surveillance, regulation, USA.: ART, guidelines, surveillance, regulation, USA.
The author mentions the Nineth World Congress in Vienna, 1995 on Assisted Reproductive Technology, the countries which operate under specific laws or voluntary guidelines and the discrepancies among theses countries and each ART technique. He calls for regulation in the USA, as he can foresee consumer attention getting the attention of the legislative process.261. Jonsen AR, Cohen CB. Ethical advice in reproductive medicine. Fertility and Sterility. 1994;61(2):236-8.
ethics, assisted reproduction, family, policy, doctors, scientists, research, fetal tissue, research, embryos, egg donation, USA: ethics, assisted reproduction, family, policy, doctors, scientists, research, fetal tissue, research, embryos, egg donation, USA.
This paper looks at the work of the National Advisory Board on Ethics in Reproduction, which is associated with the American Fertility Society. This independent body gathers information, discusses ART ethical issues, and makes submissions to US govt committees etc.
262. Joyce R, Hildebrand J. Age limits on infertility treatment and adoption. British Medical Journal. 1994;309(3 December):1515-6.
IVF, age, women, social attitudes, adoption, parenthood: IVF, age, women, social attitudes, adoption, parenthood.
This letter argues that ages at which women are generally allowed to adopt and use ART's to conceive children should be raised to 26-45 from its present range of 21-38, on the grounds that the current policy punishes women for having careers and contributung to the greater good of society early in their lives.
263. Justice IHCo. Surrogacy - Israel. Monash Bioethics Review. 1995;14(4):10.
surrogacy, couples, IVF, embryos: surrogacy, couples, IVF, embryos.
Israel High Court of Justice lifted a ban on surrogacy. The Court accepted a petition by 25 couples, arguing that a 1987 ban by the minister of health on implanting IVF embryos in a surrogate mother was injustified. Some religious authorities and women's group have raised objections.
264. Justice DoN. Assisted Human Reproduction. A Commentary on the Report of the Ministerial Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technologies (Consultation Document). Wellington: Department of Justice; 1995.
265. Kaminski MG, Micheline. Infertility, Assisted Reproduction Programmes and Public Health. Human Reproduction. 1995;10:1328.
ART, couples, psychological aspects, depression, distress, infertility: ART, couples, psychological aspects, depression, distress, infertility.
the paper mentions social and psychological consequences of multiple births, the high pecentage of failure of couples undergoing some treatment with ART, and the prevalence of depression and emotional distress among women who fail to conceive through use of ART, suggesting that there is a crucial need for evaluation of infertility treatments and well designed observational studies.
266. Kane H, Blood J, Bourne K, Oke K. A.R.T. and Social Work. Presented at the Science and Social Work are they compatible?, Australian Association of Social Workers Conference 1995.
social work, social workers, assisted reproduction, scientists, ethics, economics, Catholic, feminism, technology, couples, infertility, family, health professionsal, IVF, medical aspects, DI, egg donation, semen donors, egg donors, Australia, history, counselling, nurses, doctors, practice, law, legislation, guidelines, philosophy, embryos, research, psychosocial, psychological , stress, process, interests of child, clinics, pregnancy rates, drugs, consent, rights, selection, parenthood, social attitudes: social work, social workers, assisted reproduction, scientists, ethics, economics, Catholic, feminism, technology, couples, infertility, family, health professionsal, IVF, medical aspects, DI, egg donation, semen donors, egg donors, Australia, history, counselling, nurses, doctors, practice, law, legislation, guidelines, philosophy, embryos, research, psychosocial, psychological , stress, process, interests of child, clinics, pregnancy rates, drugs, consent, rights, selection, parenthood, social attitudes.
This paper looks at the development of and legsislation pertaining to ARTs in Australia. It describes the practices of one clinic and discusses the role of social workers, in relation to other health professionals, in working with infertile couples. It discusses what legal, ethical, psychosocial and practical issues social workers should discuss with couples prior to ARTs. It also looks at issues of consent and if social workers should assess couples fitness for parenthood and access to these programmes.
267. Kaplan LJ, Tong R. An Ethical and Legal Framework. In: Kaplan LJ, Tong R, eds. Controlling Our Reproductive Destiny. A Technological and Philosophical Perspective. Cambridge, USA: MIT Press; 1994.
ethics, philosophy, law, prohibition, history, social attitudes, embryos, rights, abortion, technology, society, policy: ethics, philosophy, law, prohibition, history, social attitudes, embryos, rights, abortion, technology, society, policy.
This is a general description of philosophical traditions and issues applied to reproductive technnology issues. Looks at ways of resolving ethical and policy conflicts particularly in relation to abortion.
268. Kaplan LJ, Tong R. Controlling Our Reproductive Destiny. A Technological and Philosophical Perspective. Cambridge, USA: The MIT Press; 1994.
infertility, assisted reproduction, sex selection, history, ethics, law, technology, rights, philosophy, medical aspects, embryos, contraception, sterilisation, social attitudes, abortion, male infertility, female infertility, DI, sperm banks, offspring, egg donors, semen donors, cryopreservation, IVF, ET, surrogacy, motherhood, contracts, pregnancy: infertility, assisted reproduction, sex selection, history, ethics, law, technology, rights, philosophy, medical aspects, embryos, contraception, sterilisation, social attitudes, abortion, male infertility, female infertility, DI, sperm banks, offspring, egg donors, semen donors, cryopreservation, IVF, ET, surrogacy, motherhood, contracts, pregnancy.
This book looks at the ethical, legal and social dimensions of abortion, DI, IVF, ET, surrogacy, contraception, sterilisation and infertility. It also describes the human reproductive sustem and provides an overview of philosophical traditions in relation to assisted reproduction, infertility and sex selection.
269. Karow AM. Shaping the future of gamete banks. The American Fertility Society Fertility News. 1994;29:8.
sperm banks, egg banks, cryopreservation, USA, law, policy: sperm banks, egg banks, cryopreservation, USA, law, policy.
not seen.
270. Katz MA. Federal Trade Commission staff concerns with assisted reproductive technology advertising. Fertility and Sterility. 1995;64(1):10-12.
regulation, advertising, USA, pregnancy rates, clinics: regulation, advertising, USA, pregnancy rates, clinics.
This paper outlines the definitions that the USA Federal Trade Commission uses in deciding whether or not advertising for pregnancy success rates in clinic ART programmes are deceptive. Also addresses the necessity of making appropriate statements about safety issues.271. Katz J. Do We Need Another Advisory Commission on Human Experimentation? Hastings Center Report. 1995(January-February):29-31.
law, policy, USA, research, scientists, doctors, technology, rights, ethics, regulation, social attitudes, history: law, policy, USA, research, scientists, doctors, technology, rights, ethics, regulation, social attitudes, history.
This paper looks at the development of government response to human research issues in the USA. It looks at the present structure, the proposed structure and proposes a more publically accountable, regulatory approach.
272. Kazem Rea. Current attitudes towards egg donation among men and women. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(6):1543-1548.
attitudes, egg donation, fertile, infertile, men, women.: attitudes, egg donation, fertile, infertile, men, women.
The study aimed to assess the attitudes of both fertile and infertile men and women as well as egg donors and egg recipients towards egg donated for treatment, diagnosis and research. The majority in both fertile and infertile groups approved the use of eggs for research and treatment. Fetal or cadaveric sources of oocytes were less likely to have widespread approval. There were no significant statistical differences in responses between men and women for most of the topics, although men were more likely to accept fetal or cadaveric sources of eggs.
273. Keates T. An IVF code at last for Italy? The Lancet. 1995;345(April 15):974-5.
IVF, Italy, regulation, guidelines, ethics, surrogacy, DI, lesbian, single women, post menopausal, IVF, posthumous, assisted reproduction, commodification, interests of child, couples, clinics, doctors, Catholic, prohibition: IVF, Italy, regulation, guidelines, ethics, surrogacy, DI, lesbian, single women, post menopausal, IVF, posthumous, assisted reproduction, commodification, interests of child, couples, clinics, doctors, Catholic, prohibition.
This piece looks at the proposal of a code by the Florence region of the Italian Medical Association to regulate ARTs. The code bans surrogacy, proposes DI for heterosexual couples only, no post menopausal ARTs, and no IVF after the partners death. Reports the response of various medical, political and Catholic actors in the Italian scene.
274. Keiding N, Giwercman A, Carlsen E, Skakkebaek NE. Importance of empirical evidence. British Medical Journal. 1994;309(2 July 1994):22.
sperm quality, research, medical aspects: sperm quality, research, medical aspects.
This is a commentary on an article by Bromwich et al 1994, which criticises the findings of a study by Carlsen et al 1992 (the same authors as of this commentary), which found that there had been a decline in sperm count in the last 50 years. This article responds to the Bromwich et al criticisms by noting that they have not given any empirical reference to their findings and that they are incorrect in their assumption that the studies cited originally excluded certain levels of sperm count at different times.
275. Keiding N, GIwercman A, Carlsen E, Skakkebaek NE. Falling sperm quality. British Medical Journal. 1994;309(9 July 1994):131.
sperm quality, research, medical aspects: sperm quality, research, medical aspects.
This letter is in response to an article by Farrow 1994 which criticises the findings of a study by Carlsen et al 1992 (the same authors as of this letter), which found that there had been a decline in sperm count in the last 50 years. This letter responds to Farrow's criticisms by noting the precautions the authors took in selecting their studies, and in doing their statistical analysis. They admit in agreement with a paper by Bromwich et al 1994, that it would have been better to use medians rather than means in their analysis.
276. Kikendall KA. Self-Discrepency as an Important Factor in Addressing Women's Emotional Reactions to Infertility. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 1994;25(3):214-20.
female infertility, psychological, motherhood, counselling, stress, crisis, social attitudes: female infertility, psychological, motherhood, counselling, stress, crisis, social attitudes.
This article outlines the situation with regard to female infertility in the USA. It outlines Self-Discrepency Theory which looks at the relationship between the types of discrepencies between what people are and what they think they should be ideally, and various sorts of emotional reactions which occur when goals can not be met. It applies this theory to infertility and suggests that different women react differently depending on the way they view themselves and their ideal self, and that consequently they should be counselled differently.
277. Klock SC, Jacob MC, Maier D. A prospective study of donor insemination recipients: secrecy, privacy, and disclosure. Fertility and Sterility. 1994;62(3):477-84.
secrecy, openness, couples, offspring, interests of child, DI, psychological, infertility, stress, counselling, doctors, adoption. telling the child: secrecy, openness, couples, offspring, interests of child, DI, psychological, infertility, stress, counselling, doctors, adoption. telling the child.
This study of DI couples found them to be within normal range of psychological stress. Twenty-seven percent of couples planned to tell their offspring about DI, 37% planned to tell somebody, 95% thought that psychological consultation (counselling) should be mandatory. Lack of stress among couples is contrary to other studies. Authors argue against adoption analogy and for couples being allowed to make own decisions. They outline ways in which medical personnel can help couples' decisionmaking.
278. Kondro W. Canada calls for moratorium on IVF technologies. Tehe Lancet. 1995;346(August 5 1995):367.
Canada, regulation, assisted reproduction, payment, sex selection, commercialisation., surrogacy, cloning, genetic engineering, prohibition, egg donation, semen donors, regulation, ethics, social attitudes, technology, scientists: Canada, regulation, assisted reproduction, payment, sex selection, commercialisation., surrogacy, cloning, genetic engineering, prohibition, egg donation, semen donors, regulation, ethics, social attitudes, technology, scientists.
This piece reports on a 'voluntary moratorium' on various ART and genetic engineering practices including; sex selection, commercial surrogacy, and payments for gamete donation. Clinics providing these services will have their public funding withdrawn, however, only private clinics are currently providing these services. Also describes an advisory council that will be set up to monitor the moratorium, and discusses the possibility of further management of the area.
279. Kondro W. Canada to limit artificial reproduction technologies. The Lancet. 1996;347(April 20):1110.
legislation, reproductive technologies, Canada: legislation, reproductive technologies, Canada.
The introduction of legislation regarding reproductive technologies in Canada is reported, mentioning it as a response to the findings of the royal commission.
280. Kozaki N, Kuroki H, Islam MN, Wakasugi C. Application of reproductive techniques in Japan and Japanese views on surrogate motherhood. Fertility and Sterility. 1995;64(4):686-8.
social attitudes, Japan, surrogacy, blood bond, assisted reproduction, doctors, regulation, prohibition, commercialisation, law, blood bond, paternity, prohibition, interests of child, DI, couples, single women: social attitudes, Japan, surrogacy, blood bond, assisted reproduction, doctors, regulation, prohibition, commercialisation, law, blood bond, paternity, prohibition, interests of child, DI, couples, single women.
This study of Japanese attitudes to DI, IVF and surrogacy, found that 92% approved of DI and IVF while 63% approved of surrogacy and 72% approved of gestational surrogacy. There are, however, methodological problems with these results. Contrasts this with more restrictive attitude of relevant medical association which has effectively banned surrogacy in Japan. Notes the emergenece of commercial agencies operating with surrogates outside of Japan and calls on government to pass legislation in this area.281. Kozaki Nea. Application of reproductive techniques in japan and Japanese views of surrogate motherhood. Fertility & Sterility. 1995;4(4 (October)):686-688.
surrogate motherhood, ART, artificial insemination, IVF, Japan: surrogate motherhood, ART, artificial insemination, IVF, Japan.
Four thousand adult inhabitants of the Kinki region in Japan were randomly selected and sent questionnaires, 960 of them were recovered, having 345 of them answered all questions. results show that 92.4% approved artificial insemination conditionally, 92.4% aproved IVF, and 62.6% apprved surrogate motherhood. Seventy two percent approved nongenetic surrogacy. Elderly were more likely to disapprove artificial insemination and IVF, while disapproval for surrogate and non-genetic surrogacy had no correlation with age or sex. the authors suggest that enactment of legislation should consider either prohibition of all practices of ART, or approve such practices considering the current state of public opinion.
282. Kuhse H. New Reproductive Technologies: Ethical Conflict and the Problem of Consensus. In: Bayertz K, ed. The Concept of Moral Consensus. Dordrecht: 1994; 1994.
assisted reproduction, ethics, philosophy, social attitudes, embryos, policy, technology, rights, reproductive rights, interests of child: assisted reproduction, ethics, philosophy, social attitudes, embryos, policy, technology, rights, reproductive rights, interests of child.
This paper utilises the debate about ARTs to look at the philosophical and ethical issue of consensus. Also touches on pragmatic and policy concerns, and ways of reaching agreement.
283. Kyriakopoulos V. Name that sperm. The Bulletin. 1995(July 11):31-2.
couples, DI, semen donors, law, Australia, interests of child, secrecy, openness, telling the child, surrogacy, support groups, attitudes, family, IVF, doctors, psychosocial: couples, DI, semen donors, law, Australia, interests of child, secrecy, openness, telling the child, surrogacy, support groups, attitudes, family, IVF, doctors, psychosocial.
This piece reports on the Victorian legislation which allows DI offspring access to donors' identifying information. Invcludes opinions on this from DI offspring support groups, ethicists, government spokespeople and doctors. Looks at implications in terms of change in type and number of donores coming forward and in terms of the impact of these changes on families and family dynamics.
284. Laffont I, Edelmann RJ. Psychological aspects of in vitro ferilization: a gender comparison. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994;15:85-92.
IVF, gender, psychological, process, couples, stress, France: IVF, gender, psychological, process, couples, stress, France.
This study of 117 women, and 101 men involved in an IVF programme in France finds that women are more likely than men to feel that IVF interfered with their lives, that they experienced more emotional stress, and that they experienced a greater loss of sexual desire. Men and women were in agreement about the degree which they found the various aspects of the IVF process to be stressful. Participants found that they were as close or closer to each other after IVF as before. Study also covers respondents feeling after IVF failure, and the reasons given for continuing with another cycle.
285. Laino C. Cigarettes and family stress make sperm lazy/ Greater success with IVF on long dark nights. New Zealand Doctor; 1994.
286. Lampe L, Bodnar B. Ethical questions of oocyte donation (in Hungarian). Orsovi Hetilap. 1994;135(30):1641-4.
ethics, egg donation, Hungary, egg donors, post menopausal, selection: ethics, egg donation, Hungary, egg donors, post menopausal, selection.
The authors discuss about the ethical questions connected with the human egg donation. After expounding the indications of the egg donation they analyse the age limits of the donors and the recipients and the consequences of these age limits by tbe point of ethics. The selection of the donors, the types of them and the ethical relations of the donation rise a lot of questions. After wording the possible answers the authors state their standpoints. (copied from Medline).
287. Lampman C, Dowling-Guyer S. Attitudes Toward Voluntary and Involuntary Childlessness. Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 1995;17(1-2):213-22.
infertility, child free, couples, class, economics, social attitudes, stigma, stress, psychological, pstychosocial, insurance, parenthood, family: infertility, child free, couples, class, economics, social attitudes, stigma, stress, psychological, pstychosocial, insurance, parenthood, family.
This study of the attitudes of university students to voluntarily and involuntarily childless couples and parents finds that while voluntarily childless couples tend to be viewed negatively, involuntariliy chiless couples may not be and in some aspects are viewed more positively than parents. Notes though that the stigma attached to the voluntarily childless my also be attached to the involuntarily childless when the reason for the couples childlessness is not known. Draws out implications in terms of public attitudes to providing the infertile with specific social dispensations and access to insurance.
288. Lancaster PAL. Children of IVF. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne, Australia; 1995.
IVF, Australia, child development, multiple pregnancy, cryopreservation, disability, male infertility, ICSI: IVF, Australia, child development, multiple pregnancy, cryopreservation, disability, male infertility, ICSI.
This paper discusses the development of children born as a result of IVF treatments. It notes that there do not seem to be any particular diabilities or developmental problems associated with these offspring apart from those associated with a higher rate of multiple pregnancies. Notes also the potential problems which may result from the use of ICSI in terms of passing on undesirable genetic characteristics.
289. Lansac J, Lannou DL. Sperm Donation and Practice of AID in France. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1994;11(5):231-6.
France, infertility, clinics, doctors, health professionals, psychological, psychosocial, couples, lesbian, single women, ethics, parenthood, rights, interests of child, practice, regulation, legislation, family, screening, selection, recruitment, anonymity, telling the child, policy, sperm banks, matching, pregnancy rates, multiple pregnancy, semen donors, assisted reproduction, cryopreservation, payment, DI, IVF, STDs, HIV, guidelines, history, state funding: France, infertility, clinics, doctors, health professionals, psychological, psychosocial, couples, lesbian, single women, ethics, parenthood, rights, interests of child, practice, regulation, legislation, family, screening, selection, recruitment, anonymity, telling the child, policy, sperm banks, matching, pregnancy rates, multiple pregnancy, semen donors, assisted reproduction, cryopreservation, payment, DI, IVF, STDs, HIV, guidelines, history, state funding.
This paper outlines the history and current practice of CECOS, the French Assisted Reproduction Federation. It reports on CECOS internal organisation and its policies on accepting couples for ARTs., recruiting donors, its screening and selection practices in relation to these groups, and the no.s of donors and couples who have used CECOS services in recent years. All donors must be anonymous. It also discusses issues of payment for and funding of various services and to various parties, and discusses its pregnancy and birth rates.
290. Lapane KLZ, S.; Lasater, T.M.; et al. Is a history of depressive symptoms associated with an increased risk of infertility in women? Psychosomatic Medicine. 1995;57:509-513.
infertility, depressive symptoms, depression, women.: infertility, depressive symptoms, depression, women.
Women were surveyed with the purpose to investigate the association beteween history of depressive symptoms and the risk of infertility. Results women with a history of depressive symptoms were nearly twice as likely to report infertitily relative to women without a history of depresive symptoms. Data suggest that depressive symproms as well as the drugs used to treat these conditions may play an important role in the pathogenesis of infertility.291. Laruelle C, Englert Y. Psychological study of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer participants' attitudes towards the destiny of their supernumerary embryos. Fertility and Sterility. 1995;63(5):1047-50.
psychological, IVF, ET, couples, multiple births, embryos, research, pregnancy, ethics, blood bond, parenthood, cryopreservation, embryo donation, law, motivation, attitudes: psychological, IVF, ET, couples, multiple births, embryos, research, pregnancy, ethics, blood bond, parenthood, cryopreservation, embryo donation, law, motivation, attitudes.
This study of infertile couples unndergoing IVF-ET attitudes to the destination of their supernumerary embryos found that most were agreeable to them being destroyed, and that willingness to donate embryos to other couples was highest amongst couples who stress the importance of childrearing rather than genetic linkage in parent-child bonding. Also discusses couples attitudes to having twins and triplets.
292. Leeton J. Ethics in A. R. T. : How Much Control? Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual Scientific Meeting; The Sheraton Hotel, Brisbane, Australia; 1994.
ethics, legislation, policy, Victoria, Australia, UK, assisted reproduction: ethics, legislation, policy, Victoria, Australia, UK, assisted reproduction.
This paper compares the development of ART legislation in the state of Victoria, Australia; with that in the UK. It concludes that the Victorian legislation was produced too quickly and is too strict. It favours professional bodies which review the technical aspects of ART periodically and give advice. Other options are considered.
293. Leeton J. Identifying the problems of IVF surrogacy. The Fertility Society of Australia Newsletter. 1995;32(November):8.
IVF, Australia, economics, ethics, legislation, infertility, surrogacy, prohibition, policy: IVF, Australia, economics, ethics, legislation, infertility, surrogacy, prohibition, policy.
This piece describes the situation in regard to IVF surrogacy in various Australian states. Notes that in some situations the decision whether or not to allow this procedure has been legislated but in other cases this decision has been left to ethics committees.
294. Leeton J. World Stage: Rights and access to treatment. The Fertility Society of Australia Newsletter. 1995;32(November):13.
couples, infertility, assisted reproduction, access, Switzerland, rights, Canada, Greece, law, USA, regulation, clinics, Australia, insurance, doctors, law: couples, infertility, assisted reproduction, access, Switzerland, rights, Canada, Greece, law, USA, regulation, clinics, Australia, insurance, doctors, law.
This piece describes the role of Sandra Dill in lobbying for infertile people's rights to have access to infertility treatment and to be reimbursed for that treatment. Mentions limitation of access issues in a variety of countries, but mainly focusses on the Australian situation.
295. Leiblum SR, Palmer MG, Spector IP. Non-Traditional Mothers - Single Heterosexual/Lesbian Women and Lesbian couples Electing Motherhood via Donor Insemination. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1995;16(1):11-20.
infertility, policy, single women, lesbian, motherhood, DI, motherhood, social attitudes, motivation, parenthood, social support, matching, telling the child, openness: infertility, policy, single women, lesbian, motherhood, DI, motherhood, social attitudes, motivation, parenthood, social support, matching, telling the child, openness.
This study of single heterosexual, and lesbian women's motivations for and post delivery experiences of DI. Looks at their motivations for parenthood, the characteristics they looked for in semen donors, whether they wanted more information about donors, and whether they would tell the child about their conception (all the lesbians said they would). Respondents were concerned about lack of designated father in child's life but were generally satisfied with experience of DI.
296. Lessor Rea. A survey of public attitudes toward oocyte donation between sisters. Human Reproduction. 1996;5(7):889-892.
oocyte donation, sister, log linear analysis, public opinion, survey: oocyte donation, sister, log linear analysis, public opinion, survey.
A survey of public opinion was conducted utilising a random sample of 501 adults in order to identify correlates of attitudes. Log linear analysis showed a significant relationship between sex of the respondent and attitudes towards oocyte donation. Men woere more likely tosuppot oocyte donation by sister than women. The authors discuss the favourability among men as a function of inability to completely identify with the medical and emotional complexity of the procedure a female patient would undergo.
297. Lester EP. A surrogate carries a fertilised ovum: multiple crossings in ego boundaries. Int. J. Psycho-Anal. 1995;76:325-34.
surrogacy, IVF, psychogenic infertility, sexual fantasies, dream, boundaries, ego-object relationships, transference, counter-transference.: surrogacy, IVF, psychogenic infertility, sexual fantasies, dream, boundaries, ego-object relationships, transference, counter-transference.
This paper explores psychological implications during full surrogacy, isng a case study of a young woman whose exposure was related to her mother's use of anti-miscarriage hormone during pregnancy. During the analysis there was evidence of boundary crossing and confusion between the client's self and the surrogate's self. Sexual thoughts about the obstetrician were reported as well as fears and fantasies of the client being the fetus, being poisoned and experience pregnancy herself. Some of the psychoanalyst's inference are based upon her use of dream analysis.
298. Levinson G, Coulam CB, Spence WC, Sherins RJ, Schulman JD. Recent Advance in Reproductive Genetic Technologies. Bio/Technology. 1995;13(September):968-73.
technology, genetic screening, ICSI, disability, doctors, practice, consent, abortion: technology, genetic screening, ICSI, disability, doctors, practice, consent, abortion.
This paper outlines recent developments in ICSI and genetic screening which have not yet been utilised by doctors in general practice. Briefly discusses ethical issues in realtion to certain gentic screening issues.
299. Lieber-Wilkins C. Talking to Children about their Conception: A Parent's Perspective. Presented at the ART Parents and Children: An Integration of Clinical Experience and Psychosocial Research to Counsel the Next Generation: 28th Annual Postgraduate Program; Seattle, USA; 1995.
telling the child, adoption, psychosocial, child development, family, parenthood, egg donors, semen donors, surrogates, assisted reproduction, identity, sexuality, education,: telling the child, adoption, psychosocial, child development, family, parenthood, egg donors, semen donors, surrogates, assisted reproduction, identity, sexuality, education,.
This paper draws on the authors' experience of talking to her children conceived via adoption and egg donation, to outline when and what children should be told about their various means of conception etc. . Outlines the developmental stages in relation to what questions children are likely to be asking about their conception etc. at various stages.
300. Lieberman BA, Marson PL, Hamer F. The UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 - how well is it functioning? Human Reproduction. 1994;9(9):1779-82.
regulation, legislation, licensing, doctors, clinics, IVF, GIFT, DI, payment, ethics, counselling, semen donors, cryopreservation, practice, UK, law, egg donation, consanguinity, age, embryos, research, health professionals,: regulation, legislation, licensing, doctors, clinics, IVF, GIFT, DI, payment, ethics, counselling, semen donors, cryopreservation, practice, UK, law, egg donation, consanguinity, age, embryos, research, health professionals,.
This study of those responible for infertility treatment clinics, on their attitudes to the HFEA found that respondents thought that the system was working satisfactorily, though many doubted whether its implementation had been beneficial. Respondents questioned the emphasis on counselling, the fees and other procedural matters.301. Liesen LT. Feminism and the Politics of Reproductive Strategies. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1995;14(2):145-62.
women, men, history, scientists, psychosocial, culture, feminism, gender, genetics, sexuality, couples, single women, family, offspring, blood bond: women, men, history, scientists, psychosocial, culture, feminism, gender, genetics, sexuality, couples, single women, family, offspring, blood bond.
This paper outlines sociobiological premises and the traditional feminist criticisms of these. It then discusses ways in which sociobiology can be seen to provide arguments to further the feminist cause.
302. Lilford R, M.Jones A, Bishop DT, Thornton J, Mueller R. Case-control study of whether subfertility in men is familial. British Medical Journal. 1994;309(3 September):570-3.
male infertility, men, family, genetics: male infertility, men, family, genetics.
This study of 148 subfertile men in the UK found that there was a relationship between subfertility and other men in their family being subfertile, in comparison to a control group. Consequently, there was a familiar component to subfertility. It noted that several genes were probably involved.
303. Lindheim SR, Legro RS, Morris RS, et al. Altered responses to stress in women undergoing in-vitro fertilzation and recipients of oocyte donation. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(2):320-3.
infertility, IVF, stress, psychological, egg donors, egg donation, women, medical aspects, coping skills: infertility, IVF, stress, psychological, egg donors, egg donation, women, medical aspects, coping skills.
This study utilised psychological tests on fertile women, women undergoing IVF, egg donors and women receiving donated eggs. Looks at the differences in active and passive coping responses of these four groups of women and relates this to the debate about whether infertility is caused by or causes stress.
304. Listener. Do we need to have children to be fulfilled? New Zealand Listener; 1994.
305. Listener/Heylen. Test-tube babies: what do you think? New Zealand Listener; 1994.
306. Listener/Heylen Monitor. Who is left holding the baby? Listener; 1995.
307. Locoh T, Hertrich V. The Onset of Fertility Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: H. Page (Chair of Committee on Comparative Analysis of Fertility (1990-94), ed. Liege, Belgium: Derouaux Ordina Editions; 1994.
308. Logan B. Laying down the law on choice. The Press. Christchurch; 1994.
309. Looi K. Burnt Offerings: Sexuality Issues in Infertility. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne, Australia; 1995.
male infertility, men, sexuality, psychological psychosocial, counselling, couples: male infertility, men, sexuality, psychological psychosocial, counselling, couples.
This conference abstract discusses the psychosexual problems that men have upon learning of their infertility and of ways in which counselling can help address these issues.
310. Lui SC, Weaver SM, Robinson H, et al. A survey of semen donor attitudes. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(1):234-8.
advertising, altruism, anonymity, counselling, couples, DI, donor's partners, ethics, family, social attitudes, soecrecy, fatherhood, law, matching, methods, motivation, offspring, openness, payment, practice, psychological, records, recruitment, regulation, screening, semen donors, single women, students, telling the child, UK: advertising, altruism, anonymity, counselling, couples, DI, donor's partners, ethics, family, social attitudes, soecrecy, fatherhood, law, matching, methods, motivation, offspring, openness, payment, practice, psychological, records, recruitment, regulation, screening, semen donors, single women, students, telling the child, UK.
This study of 55 potential semen donors in the UK looks at their motivations and detachment/involvement generally and in relation to the recipients and the offspring. Of these prdominantly younger, student donors 89% required anonymity to donate, 82% would provide non-identifying information, and 69% expected financial recompense.311. Lyall H, Murray E, Glasier A, Baird DT. Donated ovarian tissue in embryo research and assisted conception - the view of women of reproductive age. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(5):1242-45.
social attitudes, women, fetal tissue, infertility, embryos, research, egg donors, abortion, consent, interests of child, ethics, psychological, technology, anonymity, payment, law, paternity, rights, doctors: social attitudes, women, fetal tissue, infertility, embryos, research, egg donors, abortion, consent, interests of child, ethics, psychological, technology, anonymity, payment, law, paternity, rights, doctors.
This study of women at a family planning clinic, an infertility clinic and women about to have an abortion found that 60% favoured the use of eggs from aborted fetal tissue for research, and 54% for infertility treatment. 89% thought that ways should be sought to increase the supply of eggs for research and treatment. Only on minor issues were significant differences found between the three groups. Qualitative responses are also outlined.
312. Macer DRJ. Perception of Risk and Benefits in In Vitro Fertilisation, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. Social Science and Medicine. 1994;38(1):23-33.
Japan, NZ, USA surrogacy, IVF, assisted reproduction, genetic engineering, social attitudes, education: Japan, NZ, USA surrogacy, IVF, assisted reproduction, genetic engineering, social attitudes, education.
This article presents the results of a Japanese mail questionnaire which received responses from 1630 repondents in a variety of occupational categories. It notes that the Japanese have a high awareness and high degree of concern about biotechnology. These results are compared with the results of similar surveys in other countries. The article calls for continued debate about biotechnology and argues against one-sided public education campaigns designed to convince the public of biotechnological benefits.
313. Macklin R. Surrogates and Other Mothers: The Debates over Assisted Reproduction. Philadelphia: Temple University Press; 1994.
infertility, couples, surrogacy, motherhood, assisted reproduction, law, policy, ethics,: infertility, couples, surrogacy, motherhood, assisted reproduction, law, policy, ethics,.
Accompanying progress in maternal-fetal medicine are a host of bio-ethical, legal, and policy problems. Macklin explores them through the development of a hypotheicial case of a subfertile couple.
314. Macklin R. Reproductive Technologies in Developing Countries. Bioethics. 1995;9(3/4):276-82.
assisted reproduction, economics, class, poverty, ethics, doctors, post menopausal, social attitudes, reproductive rights, infertility, pregnancy rates, IVF: assisted reproduction, economics, class, poverty, ethics, doctors, post menopausal, social attitudes, reproductive rights, infertility, pregnancy rates, IVF.
This paper looks at ethical arguments about ARTs in developing countries. It looks specifically at the overpopulation argument, the limited resources argument and the problems associated with unethical and poorly trained medical practitioners.
315. Macklin R. Splitting embryos on the slippery slope: Ethics and public policy. Monash Bioethics Review. 1995;14(2):51-63.
embryos, research, scientists, ethics, policy, cloning, interests of child, assisted reproduction, cryopreservation, USA, commercialisation, identity, regulation, law, prohibition, media,: embryos, research, scientists, ethics, policy, cloning, interests of child, assisted reproduction, cryopreservation, USA, commercialisation, identity, regulation, law, prohibition, media,.
This paper written in a USA context looks at issues of cloning, embryo research, and general ethical issues in relation to ARTs. Calls for regulation of embryo research and prohibition of commercialisation of frozen embryos.
316. Mahlstedt PP. Psychological Issues of Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology. Urologic Clinics of North
America. 1994;21(3):557-66.
assisted reproduction, couples, stress, psychological, psychosocial, infertility, coping skills, stress, social attitudes, donors, doctors, clinics, records, identity, sexuality, pregnancy, secrecy, anonymity, DI, IVF, known donors, family: assisted reproduction, couples, stress, psychological, psychosocial, infertility, coping skills, stress, social attitudes, donors, doctors, clinics, records, identity, sexuality, pregnancy, secrecy, anonymity, DI, IVF, known donors, family.
This paper looks at the various types of loss associated with infertility for couples. It also looks at the additional issues introduced by including a donor in the treatment, and looks at what doctors can do to help meet couple needs.
317. Makler A. Donor insemination according to recent and strict guidelines - how safe patients and doctors can be? Human Reproduction. 1995;10(8):2050-2051.
semen, donor insemination, coagulability.: semen, donor insemination, coagulability.
The author presents possible problems regarding donor insemination, in which semen donors may not provide their own semen, but someone else's semen. In order to avoid this, he suggests that all specimens be provided on site, in the local rest room and in containers provided by the clinic. The coagulability of the ejaculate should be inspected immediately.
318. Massey JB, Cort HI, Tucker MJ, et al. "The Best of Us" Letters to the Editor. Fertility and Sterility. 1994;62(4: October):893-5.
cloning, ethics, scientists, technology, doctors, assisted reproduction, research embryos: cloning, ethics, scientists, technology, doctors, assisted reproduction, research embryos.
These three letters discuss the definition of cloning provided in an earlier article and debate the development and regulation of certain types of cloning procedures.
319. Mattes J. Two examples of an agreement with a known donor. In: House R, ed. Single mothers by choice. New York; 1994.
sperm donor, recipient, unmarried mother, parental responsibilities, parental rights.: sperm donor, recipient, unmarried mother, parental responsibilities, parental rights.
The appendix suggests two agreements between recipient and sperm donor, stating rights and responsibilites for each party.
320. Matthews DR, Martin-Matthews A. Issues in Becoming a 'Nonparent': Male versus Female Differences in Accepting Infertility and Seeking Medical Treatment. forthcoming. 1994*.
infertility, gender, process, psychological, stress, psychosocial, couples, social attitudes: infertility, gender, process, psychological, stress, psychosocial, couples, social attitudes.
This study of 203 couples who presented at a fertility clinic found that men reported experienced less emotional concern about the possibility of infertility than females. It postulates that the couples felt this way as a result of their awareness that in being infertile they were breaking a social norm and that this would cause many in society to view them negatively. It describes how the couples proceed along a treatment career, noting whether male or females exercised initiative at various stages, how they came to accept infertility.321. Maun AR, Williams RS, Graber B, Myers WG. The Passage of Florida's Statute on Assisted Reproductive Technology. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994;84(5: November):889-92.
USA, law, legislation, Catholic, surrogacy, embryos, parenthood, cryopreservation, posthumous, rights, motherhood, regulation, assisted reproduction, scientists, doctors, ethics, payment, egg donors, sperm donors, ET, couples, adoption, psychological: USA, law, legislation, Catholic, surrogacy, embryos, parenthood, cryopreservation, posthumous, rights, motherhood, regulation, assisted reproduction, scientists, doctors, ethics, payment, egg donors, sperm donors, ET, couples, adoption, psychological.
This paper details the development of an Act on assisted reproduction, and its passage through the Florida State Legislature. It notes the importance of careful legal research, consultation with appropriate lobby groups, involving doctors and scientists, and having access to influential people.
322. May ET. Barren in the Promised Land. Childless Americans and the Pursuit of Happiness. New York: Basic Books; 1995.
history, USA, infertility, child free, rights, law, sterilisation, adoption, social attitudes, family, eugenics, sexuality, assisted reproduction, class, race, parenthood, psychology, clinics, abortion, religion, Christianity, DI, economics, IVF, consent, semen donors, policy, women, interests of child, contraception, drugs, divorce, demographics, egg donation, GIFT, fatherhood, feminism, fertility, gay men, lesbian, identity, psychosocial, technology, reproductive rights, stress, insurance, motherhood, doctors, poverty, surrogacy, STDs, stigma, sperm quality, pregnancy: history, USA, infertility, child free, rights, law, sterilisation, adoption, social attitudes, family, eugenics, sexuality, assisted reproduction, class, race, parenthood, psychology, clinics, abortion, religion, Christianity, DI, economics, IVF, consent, semen donors, policy, women, interests of child, contraception, drugs, divorce, demographics, egg donation, GIFT, fatherhood, feminism, fertility, gay men, lesbian, identity, psychosocial, technology, reproductive rights, stress, insurance, motherhood, doctors, poverty, surrogacy, STDs, stigma, sperm quality, pregnancy.
This book aims to be a history of American childlessness; it looks at the impact of religion, eugenic ideas, economics, the baby boom, and reproductive technologies upon childlessness and attitudes to childlessness. It also looks at voluntary childlessness. Based partially on responses to a query by the author placed in newspapers.
323. May L. Challenging Medical Authority. The Refusal of Treatment by Christian Scientists. Hastings Center Report. 1995(Jan- Feb):15-21.
rights, doctors, religion, philosophy, law, medicalisation, social attitudes, family, interests of child, ethics, USA: rights, doctors, religion, philosophy, law, medicalisation, social attitudes, family, interests of child, ethics, USA.
This paper looks at the conflict between doctors and Christian Scientists with regard to treatment. Proposes a compromise based on changing the socialisation of both groups. Discusses philosophical approaches to consensus and compromise.
324. McCall M. Pursuing conception: a physician's experience with IVF. Can Med Assoc J. 1996;154(7 (Apr, 1)):1075.
IVF, infertility, embryo transfer: IVF, infertility, embryo transfer.
A physician reports her experience of infertility and her trial to become pregnant through IVF. Social pressures, stress related to the procedure and its outcomes after each embryo transfer are reported from a very personal point of view.
325. McDaniel SH. Within-family reproductive technologies as a solution to childlessness due to infertiltity: psychological issues and interventions. Journal of Clinical Psychologiy in Medical Settings. 1994;1(4):301-308.
infertility, ART, insemination, sperm, eggs, couples, surrogacy: infertility, ART, insemination, sperm, eggs, couples, surrogacy.
The paper focuses on infertile couples who choose family members or close friends to donate sperm or eggs or make surrogate arrangements in order to conceive and produce babies. Medical family therapy is presented as a technique that offers these couples a framework from which to examine issues involved in this solution to childlessness. She concludes that although within family solutions are not the most aproapriate for most situations, psychologists need to facilitate the decision making process by the family, rather excluding this solution because of preconceived notions about family relationships and reproduction.
326. McDonald V, Axworthy D, Golombok S, Cook R, Bish A, Murray C. New techniques in assisted conception: Consultation Document Incomprehensible / Parents and their children happy with assisted conception. British Medical Journal. 1994;308(5 March):658-9.
UK, eggs, embryos, women, rights, social attitudes, ethics, IVF, DI, child development, psychological, family, parenthood, blood bond: UK, eggs, embryos, women, rights, social attitudes, ethics, IVF, DI, child development, psychological, family, parenthood, blood bond.
The first of these two letters complains that the HFEAs new consultation document on 'Donated Ovarian Tissue in Embryo Research and Assisted Conceptions' is incomprehensible (See HFEA 1995). The second reports on a study by the authors of family function after DI and IVF finding that these ART families had a higher quality of parenting than natural families (See Golombok et al. 1995).
327. McKinney M, Downey J, Timor-Tritsch I. The psychological effects of multifetal pregnancy reduction. Fertility and Sterility. 1995;64(1):51-61.
women, stress, psychological, abortion, multiple pregnancy, pregnancy, embryos: women, stress, psychological, abortion, multiple pregnancy, pregnancy, embryos.
This study of women who had undergone pregnancy reduction and sucessfully and then given birth found that they were not any more likely than pregnant women who did not undergo this procedure to experience depression or other psychological problems. Reports the women's experiences, reasoning, fantasies etc. in relation to this procedure.
328. McNeil K. Donor shortage foils couples. Fertility clinics seek 'healthy, responsbile' men aged 20-50. The Press. Christchurch; 1995.
329. Melbourne IVF. Consent forms and Information Sheets for IVF participants; 1995.
330. Menezo YD, Brian. Paternal contribution to successful embryogenesis. Human Reproduction. 1995;10:1326.
ICSI, genetic consequences, infertility: ICSI, genetic consequences, infertility.
The authors mention studies warning the risk of ICSI, suggesting possible links between some form of infertility and adverse genetic consequences, and points out the need for basic research in this field.331. Miall CE. Community constructs of involuntary childlessness: Sympathy, stigma, and social support. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anropology. 1994;31(4):392-421.
social attitudes, parenthood, motherhood, assisted reproduction, fatherhood, infertility, Canada, gender, women, men, technology, medicalisation, psychosocial, sexuality, psychological, social support, stress, couples: social attitudes, parenthood, motherhood, assisted reproduction, fatherhood, infertility, Canada, gender, women, men, technology, medicalisation, psychosocial, sexuality, psychological, social support, stress, couples.
This study looks at social attitudes to infertility in Canada. Finds that respondents tended to hold views which stigmatised the infertile, and that the advent of ARTs and the form of social support which recommended medical intervention actually made the stress of infertile couples worse.
332. Midford S, Chibnall J, Coall D, Reid N, Webb N, Willis G. Adolescent understanding of, and attitudes to the diversity of family categories. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual Scientific Meeting; The Sheraton Hotel, Brisbane, Australia; 1994.
social attitudes, adolescents, family, Australia, assisted reproduction, IVF, DI, surrogacy, education: social attitudes, adolescents, family, Australia, assisted reproduction, IVF, DI, surrogacy, education.
This study of Year 10 students in 5 metropolitan Perth High Schools sought to find out students understanding of various family categories including families created using ART's. It makes recommendations about the planning of educational resources based on these findings. The findings are not presented in this abstract.
333. Midford S. Are We Ready to Allow Children Born from Gamete Donation to Grow Up? Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne, Australia; 1995.
offspring, DI, telling the child, secrecy, openness, rights, family: offspring, DI, telling the child, secrecy, openness, rights, family.
This abstract reports on interviews with 5 DI teenagers all of whom thought offspring should be told about DI, and all of whom expressed love and regard for their parents for telling them about their conception. They also felt that offspring should have the right to identifying information about the donor and were prepared to allow the donor to have access to information about them.
334. Ministerial Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technology. Assisted Human Reproduction: Navigating our Future: Department of Justice , New Zealand Government; 1994.
335. Morell V. Attacking the Causes of "Silent" Infertility. Science. 1995;269(11 August):775-7.
infertility, medical aspects, STDs, age, women, men, IVF, genetics, race, scientists, couples: infertility, medical aspects, STDs, age, women, men, IVF, genetics, race, scientists, couples.
This paper discusses recent research into the possible causes of the 15% of both male and female infertility that is still unexplained. It focuses on the immune system which may be stimulated by the detritus of STDs, and which nmay be killing embryos once they enter the uterus, or be killing sperm. Discusses differences in the incidence of disorders associated with overactive immune systems in different parts of the world and in different racial groups.
336. Moreno JR, Garcia CV, Merita MLG, Martinez MGT. Personality characteristics analysis in couples undergoing artificial insemination. Human Reproduction. 1994;9(1):172-5.
DI, couples, psychological, sexuality, gender, Spain: DI, couples, psychological, sexuality, gender, Spain.
This study of the personalities of couples undergoing DI in Spain, found that the women presented a higher conformity to the group, had stronger personalities, and more self-control, emotional discipline, and initiative. They were socially bolder, and more active and socially more adapted. The men were more radical, liberal and self-sufficient and less attached to a group. The study cautions against using personality tests as a basis upon which couples be excluded from DI programmes. It also notes that men are largely forgotten in the DI process.
337. Morris RSG, Norbert. Genetic abnormalities, male infertility and ICSI. The Lancet. 1996;347(May, 11):1277.
ICSI, male infertility, gene, offspring: ICSI, male infertility, gene, offspring.
The paper discusses ICSI as a new technique for treatment of male infertility, being practiced since 1992, and suggests that although ICSI may contribute to an expansion of mutations in the general gene pool, genetic infertility can occur even without ICSI. It warns that this technique must be viewed with caution because long term follou-up data with offspring are not available.
338. Mudur M. Delhi plans sperm donor laws. British Medical Journal. 1995;310(13 May):1224.
infertility, legislation, payment, DI, couples, cryopreservation, clinics, regulation, India, secrecy, interests of child, doctors, HIV: infertility, legislation, payment, DI, couples, cryopreservation, clinics, regulation, India, secrecy, interests of child, doctors, HIV.
This piece reports on a Bill before Indian state government which looks at regulation of DI providers, screening cryopreservation etc. Also describes situation with regard to infertility and cost of DI in India and that the bill will also address secrecy and interest of the child issues.
339. Mulkay M. Science and Family in the Great
Embryo Debate. Sociology. 1994;28(3):699-715.
family, embryos, research, assisted reproduction, technology, social attitudes, media, law, legislation, UK: family, embryos, research, assisted reproduction, technology, social attitudes, media, law, legislation, UK.
This article looks at the public and parliamentary response to the Warnock report in the UK. It focuses on issues of the threat to traditional family structures and on embryo research. It notes that both sides involved in the argument about banning embryo research appealed to the traditional conception of family, and ignored the issues of non-biological parenthood made possible by new reproductive technologies.
340. Mulkay M. Women in the Parliamentary Debate over Embryo Research. Science Technology and Human Values. 1994;19(1):5-22.
gender, law, legislation, regulation, embryos, research, UK, family, women, men, rights: gender, law, legislation, regulation, embryos, research, UK, family, women, men, rights.
This study of the debates in the UK parliament around the issue of whether or not to allow embryo research to continue looks at the language, arguments and emphasis of the male and female speakers. It finds that male speakers used rights based language and tended to begin with the interests of embryos and children. Women speakers tended to use arguments centred around the reproductive experiences and best interests of women. Both men and women and pro and anti-research groups both were concerned with whether this research threatened or benefitted conventional familylife and womens traditional role within this.341. Mulkay M. Changing minds about embryo research. Public Understanding and Science. 1994;3:195-213.
UK, legislation, ethics, embryos, research, genetic engineering, scientists, regulation, policy, prohibition, social attitudes: UK, legislation, ethics, embryos, research, genetic engineering, scientists, regulation, policy, prohibition, social attitudes.
This paper uses documentary research to discover how and why there was a change in the UK parliament from opposition to, to favouring of embryo research. This was achieved by a science lobby which influenced the general public and the media by emphasising the benefits of genetic screening; and by directly lobbying parliamentarians by bringing them into their research facilitates to show them their activities. It also reports on the ban on certain forms of research and the arguments about whether this sort of ban will stick over time.
342. Munthe C. The argument from transfer. Bioethics. 1996;10(1):27-42.
utilitarianism, transfer, procreation, moral dilemma.: utilitarianism, transfer, procreation, moral dilemma.
It examines the common utilitarian claim that overpopulation and destitution in the world mean that , in practice, this obligation turns into a categorical obligation not to procreate. It is argued that the argument from transfer may place many people facing the choice of procreation in a peculiar moral dilemma. The author also discusses the usability and applicability of the argument.
343. Murphy TF. Sperm Harvesting and Post-Mortem Fatherhood. Bioethics. 1995;9(5):380-98.
posthumous, DI, women, gender, doctors, ethics, law, USA, consent, paternity, motivation, stress, social attitudes, stigma, child development, interests of child, rights, single women, lesbian, family, fatherhood, motherhood, organ donation, practice, genetics: posthumous, DI, women, gender, doctors, ethics, law, USA, consent, paternity, motivation, stress, social attitudes, stigma, child development, interests of child, rights, single women, lesbian, family, fatherhood, motherhood, organ donation, practice, genetics.
This paper discusses the ethics of and practice issues related to collection of sperme from dead or brain dead men with or without their consent. It argues that there are no conclusive arguments against this practice. Looks at the rights of, and impacts upon men, women and offspring in this area. Also discusses issues of who should have control over whether this practice should be undertaen in particular circumstances. Based upon a case study.
344. Nachtigall RD. Donor Insemination and Human immunodeficiency virus: A risk/benefit analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994;170:1692-8.
DI, guidelines, medical aspects, HIV, American Fertility Society, USA, policy, doctors, economics, cryopreservation, pregnancy rates, regulation: DI, guidelines, medical aspects, HIV, American Fertility Society, USA, policy, doctors, economics, cryopreservation, pregnancy rates, regulation.
This article questions the 1988 guidelines of the American Fertility Society, which advised against the use of fresh semen. It notes that the use of frozen semen double treatment costs, reduces fecundity, increases patient dropout due to low pregnancy rates and increases doctors incomes. It also argues that the risk of HIV transmission is below the level of risk generally of concern to federal regulatory agencies.
345. Nakatani K. Some Legal and Ethical Issues on Assisted Reproduction in Japan. In: Mori T, Tominaga T, Aono T, Hiroi M, eds. Perspectives on assisted Reproduction. Tokyo: Ares-Serono Symposia Publications; 1994.
law, ethics, assisted reproduction, Japan, surrogacy, egg donation, multiple, policy, couples pregnancy, abortion, prohibition, adoption: law, ethics, assisted reproduction, Japan, surrogacy, egg donation, multiple, policy, couples pregnancy, abortion, prohibition, adoption.
This article looks at the legal and ethical issues surrounding surrogacy and ovum donation and selective reduction of fetuses in multiple pregnancies in Japan. It notes that the guidelines of the Japan Society of Obstetrics and and Gynecology effectively ban surrogacy and ovum donation in Japan. However, some Japanese circumvent this by going overseas to get access to surrogate mothers, and return with the child in their name, thus bypassing the adoption laws. The author addresses various laws in this area, decides that they are inadequate and calls for further discussion of these subjects.
346. Nature. Sex determination banned in India. Nature; 1996.
347. Nature. UK embryo authority apologises. Nature. 1996;380:194.
embryo, cryopreservation, mice, morphology, behaviour .: embryo, cryopreservation, mice, morphology, behaviour .
The article reports that HFEA apologised to a group of
French researchers for wrongly claiming that they had withdrawn a study suggesting that mice born from frozen embryos show differences in morphology and behaviour. The researchers found that cryopreservationcaused no major abnormalities. HFEA extended to 10 years the period allowed for storage of embryos.
348. Nau JY. Defence of medically assisted pregnancies in France. The Lancet. 1994;344(August 27):606.
France, women, scientists, female infertility, doctors: France, women, scientists, female infertility, doctors.
This newspiece reports on a new report in France which questions the use of some drugs to stimulate ovaries as part of infertility treatments. Claims that they cause cancer. Scientists and Doctors defend the drugs.
349. Nau J. Debate about IVF in France. The Lancet. 1994;343:January 15.
IVF, France, law, ethics, post menopausal, law, genetic screening: IVF, France, law, ethics, post menopausal, law, genetic screening.
This piece reports on the debate about the ethics and legality of post menopausal IVF and genetic screening in France.
350. Nayudu PL. In-vitro growth of oocytes. The use of immature human oocytes for reproductive technology: potential risks and benefits. Human Reproduction. 1994;9(9):1585-8.
medical aspects, ethics, scientists, doctors, eggs, cryopreservation, IVF, embryos, research: medical aspects, ethics, scientists, doctors, eggs, cryopreservation, IVF, embryos, research.
This paper outlines recent developments in maturing oocytes from embryos for use in IVF. Outlines differrent methods and emphasises importance of ethical concerns. V. medical.351. Neff DL. The Social Construction of Infertility: The Case of the Matrilineal Nayars in South India. Social Science and Medecine. 1994;39(4):475-485.
India, infertility, gender, ritual, religion, culture, social attitudes, power, women, couples, female fertility,: India, infertility, gender, ritual, religion, culture, social attitudes, power, women, couples, female fertility,.
This article describes the subtle power that women exercise in this matrilineal caste in the Kerala area of South India. In this caste women are seen to possess the life force more strongly than men, and female fertility is seen to be maintained by traditional matrilineal household groupings. Female fertility is seen to ensure not just the reproductive but also the social and economic success of these household groupings. Various rituals are noted in which fertility gods are said to enter women (particularly infertile women) in a trance, who then point out the disharmony or incorrect religious practice in this group which needs to be rectified. The article notes the increasing conflict between these traditional practices and marital forms and more modern influences.
352. Neilsen AF, Pedersen B, Lauritsen JG. Psychosocial aspects of donor insemination. Attitudes and opinions of Danish and Swedish donor insemination patients to psychosocial information being supplied to offspring and relatives. Acta Obstetrica Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1995;74:45-50.
DI, economics, infertility, legislation, psychosocial,
semen donors, social attitudes, couples, Sweden, Denmark, family, telling the child, STDs, anonymity, secrecy, law: DI, economics, infertility, legislation, psychosocial,
semen donors, social attitudes, couples, Sweden, Denmark, family, telling the child, STDs, anonymity, secrecy, law.
This study of 259 Swedish and Danish couples who had undergone DI in Denmark found that the majority would not tell anyone about DI, and only half would tell the child. Most Danish couples would still have undergone DI if anonymity had not been guaranteed.
353. New South Wales Law Reform Commission. Reproduction technology, surrogacy and adoption. Chapter 10 of Review of the Adoption of Children Act 1965 (NSW),: State of New South Wales, Australia; 1994.
354. Niekerk AvZ, L.v. The ethics of surrogacy: woman's reproductive labour. Journal of Medical Ethics. 1995;21(21):345-9.
Surrogacy, prostitution, reproduction, alienated labour, dehumanisation.: Surrogacy, prostitution, reproduction, alienated labour, dehumanisation.
This paper discusses the moral aspects of surrogacy from the perspective of the surrogate mother. The author discusses the views that surrogacy is similar to prostitution, and points out that similarities are superficial and unimportant compared to the differences between the two cases. In considering surrogacy as an alientaed labour, the author defends the view that human reproductive labour is not only physical labour, but also a social and psychological process in which a bond with the fetus in expectation to its birth. He also criticises the objection to surrogacy as a dehumanising labour, considering the altruistism required by the surrogate mother. He concludes that surrogacy arrangements wil be always said to be dehumanising or alienating as long as the bond between surrogate mother and child is illegitimate and her perspective on her pregnancy is denied.
355. Nieschlag E, Hertle L, Fischedick A, Behre HM. Treatment of varicocele: counselling as effective as occulsion of the vena spermatica. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(2):347-53.
male infertility, couples, doctors, treatment, methods, counselling, sperm quality, age: male infertility, couples, doctors, treatment, methods, counselling, sperm quality, age.
This study of infertile males with a particular condition finds that there is no significant difference in pregnancy rates for couples who received treatment for this condition as compared to those who did not, when all subjects received counselling. Sperm quality did however improve for those who received treatment.
356. Njikam Savage OM. Secrecy Still the Best Policy: Donor Insemination in Cameroon. Politics and the Life Sciences. 1995;14(1):87-8.
secrecy, policy, Cameroon, culture, family, male infertility, social attitudes, adoption, semen donors, doctors, couples: secrecy, policy, Cameroon, culture, family, male infertility, social attitudes, adoption, semen donors, doctors, couples.
This piece discusses the cultural issues in Cameroon surrounding infertility and argues against openness in this context. Notes attitudes toward open adoptions in regard to this.
357. Novaes S. Ethical Dilemmas and The Law: Using Medical Justification as a Legal Norm. unpublished; 1995.
358. Oke Ke. Infertility Counselling - 1994. In: Association AaNZIC, ed. Collection of material from members of Australian and New Zealand Infertility Counselling Association, (ANZICA): ANZICA; 1994.
359. Orenstein P. Are You My Father? New York Times Magazine; 1995.
360. Paces Cryobank and Infertility Services. Donor List and Pamphlet. In: C. P. Garrison MD, ed. 124 Hammond Drive
Atlanta
Georgia
USA: Pacers Cryobank and Infertility Services; 1995.361. Painter LM, Langlands JM, Walker JI. Donor families experience of organ donation: a New Zealand study. New Zealand Medical Journal. 1995;108:295-6.
family, stress, organ donation, organ donors, consent, doctors, practice, counselling, social support, motivation, altruism, health professionals: family, stress, organ donation, organ donors, consent, doctors, practice, counselling, social support, motivation, altruism, health professionals.
This study of family members of deceased organ donors looks at their attitudes to their decision to donate at the time and now, and what sort of information they would have liked provided, including information about the recipients. Discusses ways in which process of responding to needs of donors families can be improved.
362. Palca J. Doing Things with Embryos. Hastings Center Report. 1995(January-February):5.
embryos, research, law, USA, policy, ethics, religion, Christianity, IVF, genetic engineering, prohibition, guidelines, economics, social attitudes,: embryos, research, law, USA, policy, ethics, religion, Christianity, IVF, genetic engineering, prohibition, guidelines, economics, social attitudes,.
This newspiece reports on the removal of the de facto ban on funding embryo research in the USA. Reports on the process of coming to a guideline, outlines the guidelines, and indicates that for various reasons funding for research may still not eventuate for a while.
363. Parens E. What Research? Which Embryos? Hastings Center Report. 1995;25(1, January-February):36.
embryos, research, interests of child, scientists, USA, policy, guideline, economics, cloning, genetic engineering, IVF, assisted reproduction, ethics: embryos, research, interests of child, scientists, USA, policy, guideline, economics, cloning, genetic engineering, IVF, assisted reproduction, ethics.
This is a summary of the guidelines of the USA National Institute of Health's, Human Embryos Research Panel on proecedures whicch are acceptable etc. for federal funding.
364. Pedersen B, Neilsen AF, Lauritsen JG. Psychosocial aspects of donor insemination. Sperm donors - their motivations and attitudes to artificial insemination. Acta Obstetrica Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1994;73:701-5.
DI, psychosocial,
semen donors, law, blood bond, anonymity, couples, recipients, lesbian, single women, Denmark, screening, medical aspects, STDs, motivation, recruitment, offspring, Sweden, payment: DI, psychosocial,
semen donors, law, blood bond, anonymity, couples, recipients, lesbian, single women, Denmark, screening, medical aspects, STDs, motivation, recruitment, offspring, Sweden, payment.
This Danish study of 25 mainly students donors finds that donors are generally motivated by money, would not donate without anonymity, and would not like to meet offspring.
365. Pennings G. Should donors have the right to decide who receives their gametes? Human Reproduction. 1995;10(10):2736-2740.
gamete donation, moral communities, religious communities, donors, gift.: gamete donation, moral communities, religious communities, donors, gift.
The paper suggests that a strategies to increase the amount of gamete donation would be to adjust the donation procedure to the wishes and desires of the donors. Donors should have the right to direct their gametes to categories accepted as relevant by the moral and religious communities in their society. In case donors are not allowed to allocate their gift, they should at least be informed as to which categories of recipients are treated by the hospital or clinic to enable them to decide whether they want to donate gametes.
366. Pennings G. Partner consent for sperm donation. Human Reproduction. 1996;11(5):1132-1137.
sperm donation, moral aspects, legal aspects, consent, partner, marriage, oocyte donation.: sperm donation, moral aspects, legal aspects, consent, partner, marriage, oocyte donation.
The author discusses the practice of consent of the spouse for sperm donation, from the point of view of family composition, sexual exclusivity and adultery and procreational exclusivity. He argues that although there is a moral obligation to inform and demand consent, the partner shouldn ot be given the legal right to control the procreational activities of her partner, nor should have a veto in these matters. Some comparisons are made between sperm and oocyte donation. Secrecy and anonymity are also discussed.
367. Pierce Jea, Schenker JG, Franco Jr. JG. Should gamete donation between family members be restricted? Human Reproduction. 1995;10(6):1330-1337.
oocyte donation, ethical values, donor, family members, anonymity, sterility, legal age.: oocyte donation, ethical values, donor, family members, anonymity, sterility, legal age.
A case study of oocyte donation, in which a woman has her 16 years old daughter as a donor. The arguments against donation by the daughter include the risk of emotional complications for the donor and recipient, risk of sterility caused by the donation, legal age, lack of previous history of pregnancy by the donor. Religious, ethical values, legislation and lack of legislation on anonymity and definition of legal mother are also arguments against the donation. The arguments in favour of donation are that physicians should not be required moral permission, that the age of the daughter allows her to make judgement and mature decisions.
368. Platt EF. Whose Child is it Anyway? Medico-Legal Journal. 1994;62(4):1994.
couples, UK, law, legislation, medical aspects, DI, IVF, ET, GIFT, ICSI, women, men, doctors, lawyers, semen donors surrogacy, surrogates, interests of child, Italy, USA, embryos, research, sperm banks, genetic engineering, sex selection, gender, France, posthumous, patents, commodification, fatherhood, motherhood, blood bond, consent, organ donation, adoption, post menopausal, single women: couples, UK, law, legislation, medical aspects, DI, IVF, ET, GIFT, ICSI, women, men, doctors, lawyers, semen donors surrogacy, surrogates, interests of child, Italy, USA, embryos, research, sperm banks, genetic engineering, sex selection, gender, France, posthumous, patents, commodification, fatherhood, motherhood, blood bond, consent, organ donation, adoption, post menopausal, single women.
This speech and subsequent discussion outlines recent ART developments and discusses these in relation to UK law in this area. Looks at the rights and responsibilities of various parties in various areas, and particularly details several legal cases involving surrogacy. Claims that in certain situations donors can become legally responsible for resultant offspring. Looks at posthumous reproduction, issues of consent, the eventual storage of live testis and ovaries, transferral of uteruses, sex selection etc.
369. Post SG. Spheres of Love: Towards a New Ethics of the Family. Dallas, USA: Southern Methodist University Press; 1994.
ethics, family, psychosocial: ethics, family, psychosocial.
not seen.
370. Poulain P, Lannou DL, Martelot MTL, et al. Socioeconomic approach to the practice of in vitro fertilization in the Brittany region in 1993 (in French). Contraception, Fertilite, Sexualite. 1995;23(4):261-6.
infertility, economics, infertility, couples, France, treatment, ET, medical aspects, practice, doctors: infertility, economics, infertility, couples, France, treatment, ET, medical aspects, practice, doctors.
This study assesses all the economic costs associated with treatment for IVF in Brittany, France; including hospitalization, transport etc. Concludes the cost of IVF is reasonable.371. Pruett KD. Essential Human Relationships and the New Reproductive Technologies. forthcoming. 1994.
secrecy, assisted reproduction, philosophy, family, identity, psychological, offspring, child development, process, male infertility, fatherhood, process, couples: secrecy, assisted reproduction, philosophy, family, identity, psychological, offspring, child development, process, male infertility, fatherhood, process, couples.
This article outlines assisted reproduction, and the identity and secrecy issues associated with this for offspring and couples. It also raises questions about how ART offspring are raised differently from other children and outlines ways in which children can be told about their origins. It then outlines a case study of a child with psychological problems which were partly resultant from her not having been told about her DI origins.
372. Purdie A, Peek JC, Adair V, Graham F, Fisher R. Attitudes of parents of young children to sperm donation - implications for donor recruitment. Human Reproduction. 1994.
recruitment, potential semen donors, practice, policy, social attitudes, motivation, donor partners, information, anonymity, recipients, DI, family, offspring, demographics, advertising: recruitment, potential semen donors, practice, policy, social attitudes, motivation, donor partners, information, anonymity, recipients, DI, family, offspring, demographics, advertising.
Anonymous questionnaire circulated to parents of young children to survey exposure to publicity about and attitudes to sperm donation (n=192; 50% response rate). In 55% couples either man or woman had heard of the need for sperm donors, for 26% one or both partner had considered, and for half of these there were no objections to donating. However, only 2 men had approached the clinic. Notes the concerns some (incl partners) had about donating. Many people are aware and even receptive to the idea of donaing but very few act. Many would prefer that their sperm was used for only one or a few couples about whom they had some information.
373. Purves L. That's enough mother worship. The Times. London; 1994.
374. Ragone H. Surrogate Motherhood: Conception in the Heart. Boulder: Westview Press; 1994.
surrogacy, doctors, health professionals, mothehood, fatherhood, family, pregnancy, couples, psychosocial, psychological, stress: surrogacy, doctors, health professionals, mothehood, fatherhood, family, pregnancy, couples, psychosocial, psychological, stress.
This book written from the perspective of cultural anthropology, contains descriptions of the experiences of the participants and staff involved in surrogacy arrangements, and looks at questions of what constitutes motherhood, fatherhood, kinship, family and reproduction.
375. Ramsay S. IVF successes. The Lancet. 1995;345(January 28):246.
pregnancy rates, IVF, DI, UK, regulation, clinics, sex selection, ICSI, genetic screening, cryopreservation, egg donation, payment, semen donors, egg donors: pregnancy rates, IVF, DI, UK, regulation, clinics, sex selection, ICSI, genetic screening, cryopreservation, egg donation, payment, semen donors, egg donors.
This piece reports that the HFEA in the UK has been under pressure to publish pregnancy rates of clinics who are providing IVF and DI so that consumers and health purchasers can make relevant decisions in the area. Outlines extent of DI and IVF use in the UK and notes the topics that the HFEA may possibly hold public consultations about.
376. Ramsay S. Experts advise on payment for gametes in UK. The Lancet. 1995;345(June 10):1498.
egg donation, DI, semen donors, egg donors, payment, policy, commercialisation, ethics, gift, altruism, research, motivation, UK: egg donation, DI, semen donors, egg donors, payment, policy, commercialisation, ethics, gift, altruism, research, motivation, UK.
This piece reports on the recent HFEA conference on payment for egg and semen donation. It outlines the idea of a tarrif system for reimbursement of donors, discusses the idea of an ideal donor, and outlines the donor shortages in the UK.
377. Ramsey S. IVF successes. The Lancet. 1995;345(January 28):246.
IVF, DI, pregnancy rates, sex selection, payment, semen donors, egg donors, UK, ICSI, eggs, cryopreservation, genetic screening, regulation, couples, clinics, age, economics: IVF, DI, pregnancy rates, sex selection, payment, semen donors, egg donors, UK, ICSI, eggs, cryopreservation, genetic screening, regulation, couples, clinics, age, economics.
This piece reports that the HFEA will soon be releasing success rates, costs and other information about various clinics offering DI and IVF services. It expects its database to have info on 40, 000 IVF, and 60,000 DI cycles by mid-1995. It is also looking to undertake further public consultation on ICSI, genetic screening, egg freezing and payment of egg and semen donors in this coming year.
378. Redgment CJ, Al-Shawaf T, Grudzinskas JG, Craft IL. Gamete intrafallopian transfer in older women: effect of limiting number of gametes transferred. British Medical Journal. 1994;309(20-27 August):510-11.
GIFT, post-menopausal, pregnancy, medical aspects, women, UK, regulation: GIFT, post-menopausal, pregnancy, medical aspects, women, UK, regulation.
This study found that older women may achieve better pregnancy rates from higher numbers of transferred embryos than presently allowed without unduly risking multiple pregnancies. Calls for a relaxation of the HFEA's limit.
379. Reynolds JL, Morrissy J. Request for Artificial Insemination. Canadian Family Physician. 1994;40(October):1711-3.
doctors, doctor patient relations, family, single women, ethics, practice, rights, reproductive rights: doctors, doctor patient relations, family, single women, ethics, practice, rights, reproductive rights.
This paper looks at the response of a doctor to being requested to refer a women for artificial insemination. It then discusses the nature of doctor patient relations and the rights and reponsibilities of both parties.
380. Richmond C. Professinal moralists and tabloid press have field day as 59-year-old woman gives birth. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1994;150(4: February 15, 1994):551-2.
post-menopausal women, IVF, ethics, social attitudes, UK: post-menopausal women, IVF, ethics, social attitudes, UK.
This paper reports on older women giving birth through IVF and women implanting themselves with eggs of different races to avoid discrimination. It notes a heated debate between two physicians working in this area. It notes that men have children in their 50's and 60's and that historically in peasant societies grandmothers rather than mothers were the ones to raise children.381. Rider C. The Human Rights Commision and Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Broadsheet; 1994.
382. Rieger D. Gamete donation: an opinion on the recommendations of the Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1994;151(10):1433-5.
Canada, infertility, post menopausal, women, doctors, couples, single women, ethics, medical aspects, drugs, rights, egg donation, genetic screening, HIV, psychological, interests of child, records, law, anonymity, prohibition, DI: Canada, infertility, post menopausal, women, doctors, couples, single women, ethics, medical aspects, drugs, rights, egg donation, genetic screening, HIV, psychological, interests of child, records, law, anonymity, prohibition, DI.
This response to the Royal Commissions report criticises the ban on egg donation except for women undergoing sterilisation, the acceptance of single women for DI, the limited screening procedures for donors, the lack of equivalent screening for recipients, and the questionable confidentiality of the records of donors.
383. Robertson JA. Children of Choice: Freedom and the New Reproductive Technologies. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1994.
assisted reproduction, rights, USA, ethics, reproductive rights, law, embryos, IVF, semen donors, cryopreservation, parenthood, cloning, genetic engineering, identity, contraception, egg donors: assisted reproduction, rights, USA, ethics, reproductive rights, law, embryos, IVF, semen donors, cryopreservation, parenthood, cloning, genetic engineering, identity, contraception, egg donors.
This is a book review. This book looks at issues of conflicting parental and offspring rights and the legal issues associated with this. It comes from the perspective that everyone has a right to do everything possible to produce healthy offspring.
384. Robertson JA. Ethical and legal issues in human embryo donation. Fertility and Sterility. 1995;64(5):885-893.
embryo donation, ethics, family, legal aspects, legal status of embryo.: embryo donation, ethics, family, legal aspects, legal status of embryo.
The author makes an analysis of ethical issues on embryo donation, considering the needs of infertile couples, the impact on offsprings, donors and recipients, legal status of the embryo, liability and compensation for donation. He concludes that human embryo donation is an ethically and legally acceptable way to form families.
385. Robertson JA. Symbolic Issues in Embryo Research. Hastings Center Report. 1995;25(1, January-February):37-8.
embryos, research, ethics, social attitudes, USA, economics, rights, scientists, identity, prohibition: embryos, research, ethics, social attitudes, USA, economics, rights, scientists, identity, prohibition.
This paper looks at what 'special' respect for embryos means, and the importance of symbolic lines in debates about this issue in relation to participants personal sense of meaning and understandings of the importance of symbols in expresssing a commitment to human life.
386. Ron-El R, Lahat E, Golan A, Lerman M, Bukovsky I, Herman A. Developmentof children born after superovulation induced by long acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and menotropins, and by in vitro fertilization. Journal of Pediatrics. 1994;125(5 (1)):734-7.
child development, drugs, IVF, interests of child, pregnancy, women, psuchological: child development, drugs, IVF, interests of child, pregnancy, women, psuchological.
This study of children who had been produced as a result of drugs used in IVF found no evidence of defects inthem in comparison to control population. not seen.
387. Rosenberg HE, Y. Follow-up studies of anonymous ovum donors. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(10):2741-2747.
anonymous ovum donors, psychological effects: anonymous ovum donors, psychological effects.
A follow-up study was conducted to determine the emotional and medical responses of anonymous ovum donors to an ovum donation procedure. It was reported significant discomfort, particularly related to bloating, however without long term effects, felt proud of their donations and talked to at least one person about it. The most frequent response for what they did with the money paid for their participation was that they paid some bills. the author believes that the study is biased because the sample included only 43% of the women who donated.
388. Rosenwaks Zea. The role of maternal age in assisted reproduction. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(1):165-171.
oocyte, IVF, maternal age, female fertility: oocyte, IVF, maternal age, female fertility.
This paper presents research data showing that fertility decreases with maternal age, reducing the success rates of embryo implantation amd increased abortion rate, together with a diminished reponse to ovarian stimulation and increased cromosomal aneuploidy.
389. Rouhe C. Two point Two. London; 1995.
390. Rubinow DRR, C.A. Infertility and depression: Psychosomatic Mecidine; 1995.391. Ruyter KW, Forde R, Norheim OF. [Prioritisation of fertilization in vitro -- a systematic analysis] in Norwegian. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforining. 1994;114(23):2735-8.
IVF, policy, couples, ethics, medical aspects, economics: IVF, policy, couples, ethics, medical aspects, economics.
not seen. This paper discusses ways of determining policy in regard to prioritising access to IVF in a public system. Looks at isses of ethics, economics and disease severity.
392. Ryan MA. The new reproductive technologies: Defying God's dominion? The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 1995(20):419-438.
Assited human reproduction, divine authority, "playing God": Assited human reproduction, divine authority, "playing God".
This essays examines versions of the objetions to assited human reproductive and new reproductive technologies: a) these technologies usurp God's dominion; b)they permit mankind to "make" his own offspring
and c) involve us in a denial of human finitude. The author argues that there is a theological problem and sugggests that we should analyse what is legitimate whithin the paramenters of co-creation and which human choices will violate them. She also argues that assited reproductive technologies do not make a child, it does reate conditions under which fertilisation and implantation can take place. In considering the denial of our human finitude, the author points out that medicine can help some people to solve some problems, however it still doesn't solve problems all problems for all people.
393. Saffron L. Appendix A: Resources and Reading List. In: Saffron L, ed. Challenging Conceptions. Planning a Family by Self-Insemination. London: Cassell; 1994.
lesbian, DI, child development, parenthood, motherhood, family, doctors, social attitudes, clinics, law, offspring, openness, telling the child, screening, STDs, HIV, UK, medical aspects: lesbian, DI, child development, parenthood, motherhood, family, doctors, social attitudes, clinics, law, offspring, openness, telling the child, screening, STDs, HIV, UK, medical aspects.
Includes sections on lesbian parenting, books for children of lesbian parents, screening for HIV, and a series of contact addresses for these and other areas.
394. Saffron L. Challenging Conceptions. Planning a Family by Self-Insemination. London: Cassell; 1994.
lesbian, DI, child development, parenthood, motherhood, family, doctors, social attitudes, clinics, law, offspring, openness, telling the child, screening, STDs, HIV, UK, medical aspects: lesbian, DI, child development, parenthood, motherhood, family, doctors, social attitudes, clinics, law, offspring, openness, telling the child, screening, STDs, HIV, UK, medical aspects.
This book is a guide for lesbian and single women wanting to become pregnant using DI without the use of doctors. It looks at practical and legal issues, including, screening donors, telling people about the situation and dealing with the law in the UK.
395. SART SfART, The American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Assisted reproductive technology in the United States and Canada: 1993 results generated from the American Society for Reproductive Medcinie/ Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Registry. Fertility and Sterility. 1995;64(1):13-21.
DI, assisted reproduction,
cryopreservation, IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, embryos,
infertility, clinics, doctors, USA, Canada
medical aspects, pregnancy, technology,
women, egg donation, ET, age, male infertility, pregnancy rates: DI, assisted reproduction,
cryopreservation, IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, embryos,
infertility, clinics, doctors, USA, Canada
medical aspects, pregnancy, technology,
women, egg donation, ET, age, male infertility, pregnancy rates.
This study of ART clinics in the USA and Canada finds success rates fpr IVF, ZIFT and GIFT increasing only marginally. Also reports on other procedures. Finds lower success rates for older women and in situations where there is a male factor in the infertility. Also finds generally an increasing number of procedures being performed.
396. Saunders D. IVF bill to allow details on donors. The Age. Melbourne; 1995.
397. Saunders K. Growth and Development of IVF Children at 2 Years of Age. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne, Australia; 1995.
IVF, child development, multiple pregnancy, disability, psychosocial, family: IVF, child development, multiple pregnancy, disability, psychosocial, family.
This piece reports on a study of IVF children at 2 years of age. Overall there were no differences between the IVF children and a control group.
398. Scheib JE. Female Choice in the Context of Artificial Insemination By Donor. . in press.
women, DI, psychological, men, matching, semen donors, doctors, practice, family, economics, class, infertlity, lesbian, single women, couples, access, Canada, Norway, secrecy, openness, anonymity, offspring, age, sociobiology: women, DI, psychological, men, matching, semen donors, doctors, practice, family, economics, class, infertlity, lesbian, single women, couples, access, Canada, Norway, secrecy, openness, anonymity, offspring, age, sociobiology.
This study of women's preferences when choosing a long term mate, a sperm donor and a partner for 'extra-pair copulation' found that preferences in choosing a sperm donor were similar to those for choosing a long term mate excepting that general health was valued more highly in a donor. Factors which were rated were Character, Health, Physical Attributes, Abilities, and the ability to provide resources. Research was conducted in Canada and Norway.
399. Schilling G. Zur Problematik familiarer Geheimnisse am Beispiel der heterologen Insemination. (Family Secrets in Donor Insemination). Psychotherapy, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychology. 1995;45:16-23.
family, secrect, DI, stigma, male infertility, men, couples, telling the child, psychosocial, psychological, interests of child, stress: family, secrect, DI, stigma, male infertility, men, couples, telling the child, psychosocial, psychological, interests of child, stress.
This longitudinal study of 40 DI couples found that 34 couples had kept DI a secret even from their families, 10 considered themselves to be oppresed by secrecy, and only 2 couples intended to tell the child about his or her conception. Discusses the stigma of male infertility and the pros and cons of telling and not telling the children about their conception.
400. Schover LR, Greenhalgh LF, Richards SI, Collins RL. Psychological screening and the success of donor insemination. Human Reproduction. 1994;9(1):176-8.
DI, couples, psychological, stress, secrecy, pregnancy: DI, couples, psychological, stress, secrecy, pregnancy.
This study attempts to reproduce the results of an earlier study (Schover, et al 1992) which found that a psychologist's evaluation of the level of the couples adjustment to DI was predictive of their chances of pregnancy. This result was not replicated in this study; the only factor being predictive of higher pregnancy rates was the younger age of the wife. These results may have been influenced by the employment of a nurse half way through the course of the study who provided more effective support to the couples. The majority of couples planned to tell neither the child nor anyone else about the DI. The authors, however, have moved away from always advocating this total secrecy approach.401. Seaman EKea. Evaluation of the infertile couple: JAMA vol.274, no.3; 1996.
402. Seidman DS, Lotan Y. In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer in Israel: 1990 Results from a National Survey. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1994;11(1):1-4.
IVF, GIFT, ICSI, assisted reproduction, age, women, clinics, pregnancy rates, multiple pregnancy, Israel, policy, economics: IVF, GIFT, ICSI, assisted reproduction, age, women, clinics, pregnancy rates, multiple pregnancy, Israel, policy, economics.
This paper reports on the success rates of infertility treatment clinics in Israel in relation to IVF and associated procedures. Looks also at the age related and multiple pregnancy issues.
403. Sewall G, Mason L. Parental Acceptance, Disclosure and Decision Making Amongst Recipients in an Anonymous Donor Oocyte Program. Presented at the Fifty-First Annual Meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Abstracts of the Scientific Oral and Poster Sessions. Program Supplement; Seattle, USA; 1995.
egg donation, parenthood, family, couples, counselling, telling the child, secrecy, openness, adoption, men, women, pregnancy: egg donation, parenthood, family, couples, counselling, telling the child, secrecy, openness, adoption, men, women, pregnancy.
This study of couples who now have children as a result of egg donation found that they often chose this method in preference to adoption. 82% said that counselling should be available in regard to family building issues prior to conception. Most had told some one else about the conception and 58% plan to tell or had told the child. Most felt the child should have the option to contact the donor but only a third wanted the option to meet the donor themselves.
404. Sheldon T. IVF could be offered to older women in the Netherlands. British Medical Journal. 1996;312(25 May):1319.
IVF, menopausal women,: IVF, menopausal women,.
This newspiece informs that the roal Dutch Medical Association recommended to set an age limit of 55 instead of the previous age of 40 for IVF treatment. Medical authorities are aware of the possibility of ethical problems and potential risks.
405. Shenfield F. Filiation in assisted reproduction: potential conflicts and legal implications. Human Reproduction. 1994;9(7):1348-54.
identity, assisted reproduction, posthumous, France, UK, law, legislation, embryos, rights, cryopreservation, parenthood, adoption, anonymity, DI, egg donation, couples, ET, surrogacy, family, lesbian, single women, motherhood, fatherhood, interests of child: identity, assisted reproduction, posthumous, France, UK, law, legislation, embryos, rights, cryopreservation, parenthood, adoption, anonymity, DI, egg donation, couples, ET, surrogacy, family, lesbian, single women, motherhood, fatherhood, interests of child.
This paper looks particularly at legal issues and other implications in relation to third party donor gametes used in ARTs in the UK and France. Addresses secrecy and anonymity issues and the interests of the child.
406. Shenfield F. A comparison of French and British Statutes in Assisted Reproduction. Presented at the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology ???; Brussels, Belgium; 1994.
France, UK, legislation, couples, interests of child, family, embryos, ethics, law, DI, commercialisation, Sweden, anonymity, rights, assisted reproduction: France, UK, legislation, couples, interests of child, family, embryos, ethics, law, DI, commercialisation, Sweden, anonymity, rights, assisted reproduction.
This paper looks at legislation and ethics regarding ARTs utilising third party gametes in the UK and France.
407. Shenfield F, Seibel MM, Seibel SG, Zalbestein M. Control of human sex ratios. Sex selection: a matter for 'fancy' or for ethical debate
Gender distribution - not sex selection. Human Reproduction. 1994;9(4):569-70.
sex selection, medical aspects, rights, gender, identity, pregnancy, India, couples, technology, DI, embryos, ET, ethics, anonymity, secrecy: sex selection, medical aspects, rights, gender, identity, pregnancy, India, couples, technology, DI, embryos, ET, ethics, anonymity, secrecy.
Shenfield in the first paper, argues against sex selection and the freedom of choice of couples, in favour of avoiding certain negative effects for society. The other authors propose that couples can have access to sex selection if they agree to donate the embryo of the undesired sex to an infertile couple.
408. Shenfield F. Particular requests in donor insemination: comments on the medical duty of care and the welfare of the child. Human Reproduction. 1994?:1976-7.
lesbian, single women, infertility, doctors, Belgium, UK, DI, family, psychosocial, law, interests of child, France, fatherhood, motherhood, sexuality, child development, rights, policy,: lesbian, single women, infertility, doctors, Belgium, UK, DI, family, psychosocial, law, interests of child, France, fatherhood, motherhood, sexuality, child development, rights, policy,.
This paper argues against accepting lesbian and single women for DI treatment on the grounds that their infertility is social and not medical and that consequently doctors do not have a 'duty of care' in regards to treating them. Also expresses concern about the welfare of the child, and addresses issues of rights, fatherhood, and family.
409. Shenfield F, Steele SJ. A gift is a gift is a gift, or why gamete donors should not be paid. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(1-2):253.
ethics, DI, egg donation, semen donors, egg donors, law, policy, UK, France, motivation, payment, STDs, screening, interests of child, commercialisation, couples, sterilisation, IVF, women, education, organ doning: ethics, DI, egg donation, semen donors, egg donors, law, policy, UK, France, motivation, payment, STDs, screening, interests of child, commercialisation, couples, sterilisation, IVF, women, education, organ doning.
This paper looks at the situation with regard payment of donors in the UK and France, and argues against payment on the grounds of respect for persons, the interests of the child, and the avoidance of exploitation. Also looks at schemes whereby services are exchanged for gametes.
410. Sherins RJ. Are Semen Quality and Male Fertility Changing. New England Journal of Medicine. 1995;332(5):327-8.
sperm quality, male infertility, methods, men, women, social attitudes: sperm quality, male infertility, methods, men, women, social attitudes.
This Editorial discusses the validity of studies finding a decrease in male fertility, and looks at potential causes of changing fertility in indeustrialised countries.411. Sherwin S. The Ethics of Babymaking. Hastings Center Report. 1995;25(2, March-April):34-7.
ethics, assisted reproduction, abortion, birth, Canada, class, commercialisation
commodification, consent, contraception
disability, feminism, gender, genetic engineering, identity, infertility, interests of child, law, motherhood, parenthood, payment, prohibition, regulation, reproductive rights, rights, social attitudes, social change, surrogacy, technology, USA, women: ethics, assisted reproduction, abortion, birth, Canada, class, commercialisation
commodification, consent, contraception
disability, feminism, gender, genetic engineering, identity, infertility, interests of child, law, motherhood, parenthood, payment, prohibition, regulation, reproductive rights, rights, social attitudes, social change, surrogacy, technology, USA, women.
This is a review of three books/reports: Human Reproduction: Principles, Practices, Policies, by C. Overall: Children of Choice: Freedom and the New Reproductive Technologies, by J. A. Robertson, and Proceed with Care: Report of the Canadian Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies. It looks at definitions and applications of the idea of reproductive rights, and rights in general.
412. Shushan A, Schenker JG. The use of oocytes obtained from aborted fetuses in egg donation programs. Fertility and Serility. 1994;62(3):449-51.
guideline, egg donors, research, post menopausal, IVF, medical aspects, cloning, ethics, policy, abortion, consanguinity, anonymity, records: guideline, egg donors, research, post menopausal, IVF, medical aspects, cloning, ethics, policy, abortion, consanguinity, anonymity, records.
This paper argues for the use of eggs from aborted fetuses to assist women to have children who can not bear children without them; within certain ethical and scientific guidelines. These include, informed consent, screening of donors, keeping of records, separation of decision to abort from decision to donate, anonymity of donors and no say of donors in the specification of recipients. It also looks at cloning and consanguinity issues.
413. Shushan A, Eisenberg VH, Schenker JG. Subfertility in the era of assisted reprodution: changes and consequences. Fertility and Sterility. 1995;64(3):459-69.
male infertility, female infertiliy, medical aspects, economics, clinics, pregnancy rates, IVF, GIFT, ICSI, assisted reproduction, drugs: male infertility, female infertiliy, medical aspects, economics, clinics, pregnancy rates, IVF, GIFT, ICSI, assisted reproduction, drugs.
This paper reviews medical developments in ARTs in the last ten years. It looks at various types of infertility and the effectiveness and costs of various treatments for these. Concludes that in some cases treating female infertility with drugs is more effective than using IVF.
414. Siegel-Itzkovich J. Israel considers surrogacy law. British Medical Journal. 1994;309(6 August):359.
law, legislation, religion, Judaism, Israel, surrogacy, IVF, insurance, social attitudes commercialisation, rights, motherhood, single women: law, legislation, religion, Judaism, Israel, surrogacy, IVF, insurance, social attitudes commercialisation, rights, motherhood, single women.
This newspiece outlines the surrogacy situation in Israel and the proposals of a new government report. It notes insurance companies covering IVF (even for single women) and Judaism's pro-natalism. Committee proposes committee to oversee all surrogacy arrangements, compensation but not payment for surrogates, right of surrogate to keep child, and refusal to allow foreigners to bear or 'order' children. Notes some religious dissent.
415. Skakkebaek NE, Giwercman A, Krester Dd. Pathogenesis and management of male infertility. The Lancet. 1994;343(June 11):1473-9.
sperm quality, male infertility, medical aspects, IVF, ICSI, counselling: sperm quality, male infertility, medical aspects, IVF, ICSI, counselling.
This article looks at reasons for declining male fertility in the industrialised world and at ways of managing this. As to reasons, the article looks at various medical disorders, genetic factors, drugs used in medicine, and environmental factors (oestrogen, socioeconomic factors, nutrition). As to management it looks at new tests and studies being undertaken and mentions IVF and ICSI, and the importance of counselling for situations where children are impossible.
416. Skakkebaek NE, Keiding N. Changes in semen and testis. British Medical Journal. 1994;309(19 November):1316-7.
sperm quality, male infertility, doctors, medical aspects: sperm quality, male infertility, doctors, medical aspects.
This paper comes to the conclusion that sperm quality in terms of both count and morphology is on the decrease. Discusees the oestrogen hypothesis as a cause of this.
417. Skovmand K. Danish artificial-fertilisation research faces threat. The Lancet. 1995;346(September 2):629.
Denmark, embryos, research, ethics, regulation, legislation, IVF, scientists, doctors: Denmark, embryos, research, ethics, regulation, legislation, IVF, scientists, doctors.
This piece reports on the concerns of the Danish Ethical Council that researchers are proceeding rapidly with research into embryos etc. without any restraint. It discusses the system of ethical approval in Denmark and possible legislation which may be introduced to change this.
418. Skovmand K. Danish fertility bill sparks debate. The Lancet. 1996;347(February 17):462.
Danish bill, fertility, menopause, older age: Danish bill, fertility, menopause, older age.
This newspiece reports some controversies caused by the Danish fertility bill regarding restriction of treatment for women, setting menopause as age limit.
419. Snowden C. What Makes a Mother? Interviews with Women Involved in Egg Donation and Surrogacy. Birth. 1994;21(2: 2 June 1994):77-84.
surrogacy, egg donors, motherhood, childrens rights, secrecy: surrogacy, egg donors, motherhood, childrens rights, secrecy.
This article looks at the ways 13 women who had been involved in some way with surrogacy or egg donation viewed the gestational, genetic and social aspects of motherhood. It notes that they emphasised the importance of the genetic or gestational components depending on various circumastances, but that there was a consensus about the importance of social motherhood and the woman who raised the child being the real mother.
420. Sobek A, Zavodny P, Dostal J. Psycholgical Aspects of Donor Inseminations. See Notes: Unpublished; 1994.421. Sobek A, Pilka L. Ethical Aspects of Donor Gametes Manipulation. See Notes: Unpublished; 1994.
422. Soderstrom-Anttila V. Follow-up study of Finnish volunteer oocyte donors, concerning their attitudes to oocyte donation. Human Reproduction. 1995;10(11):3073-3076.
oocyte donation, volunteer, anonymity, secrecy, attitude, Finland.: oocyte donation, volunteer, anonymity, secrecy, attitude, Finland.
Thirty Finnish volunteer oocyte donors weresent a questionnaire at 12-18 months after donation to investigate their experiences concerning treatment and attitudes to donation. All donations were carried out anonymously and without payment. Eighty five per cent of the respondents reported no gyneacological problems afterwards, 96% of the respondentes reported that their own feelings were sufficiently taken into consideration during treatment and 78% would donate again. Other attitudes, such as the ones related to motivation for donation, age limit for recipients, anonymity and secrecy, pregnancy and outcomes of the donation are also investigated.
423. Soroka NE. Living in the Shadow. Artificial Insemination Through An Anonymous Donor - A Retrospective Study. unpublished; 1994.
424. Spurgeon D. Canada could ban some reproductive technologies. British Medical Journal. 1994;308(15 January):154-5.
Canada, prohibition, ethics, embryos, research, commercialisation, surrogacy, cloning, screening, HIV, infertility, doctors, DI: Canada, prohibition, ethics, embryos, research, commercialisation, surrogacy, cloning, screening, HIV, infertility, doctors, DI.
This newspiece reports on the report of the Canadian Royal Commision on New Reproductive Technologies. Notes its recommendations to ban certain practices and that a compulsary liscensing procedure be established for clinics to be overseen by a board representative of the wider community. Notes that Obstetricians and Gynecologists objected to this as being overly bureaucratic.
425. Stirling P, Hubbard A. Foetal attraction, Women no longer need babies in order to feel fulfilled. / Family snapshot. New Zealand Listener; 1994.
426. Stirrat GM. Ethics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. British Medical Journal. 1995;310(3 June):1476.
ethics, doctors, philosophy, embryos, rights: ethics, doctors, philosophy, embryos, rights.
This review of this book by S.Bewley and R. H. Ward discusses the role of philosophers, different ethical approaches to medical practice, and the status of the embryos. Outlines areas which are neglected by this book.
427. Strong G. Gifts gratefully conceived. The Sunday Age. Melbourne; 1995.
428. Stuhmcke A. Surrogate Motherhood: The Legal Position in Australia. Journal of Law and Medicine. 1994;2(November):116-24.
law, Australia, surrogacy, advertising, doctors, couples, surrogates, contracts, family, social attitudes, payment, commercialisation: law, Australia, surrogacy, advertising, doctors, couples, surrogates, contracts, family, social attitudes, payment, commercialisation.
This paper outlines the diversity of approaches to legislating surrogacy in Australia and the discrepency from the intention of the central government that the legislation be uniform across Australia.
429. Sutcliffe AG, D'Souza SW, Cadman J, Richards B, McKinlay IA, Lieberman B. Outcome in children from cryopreserved embryos. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1995;72:290-3.
IVF, offspring, child development, cryopreservation, embryos, medical aspects: IVF, offspring, child development, cryopreservation, embryos, medical aspects.
This study of non-IVF offspring and those conceived using IVF and cryopreservation finds no statistically significant differences between the two groups overall.
430. Szamatowicz M, Grochowski D. Infertility Treatment in Poland. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1994;11(4):182-4.
infertility, Poland, IVF, couples, pregnancy rates, medical aspects, economics, history, practice, clinics, assisted reproduction, Catholic, cryopreservation, GIFT, ICSI: infertility, Poland, IVF, couples, pregnancy rates, medical aspects, economics, history, practice, clinics, assisted reproduction, Catholic, cryopreservation, GIFT, ICSI.
This paper reports on the incidence of infertility in Poland, and the history of the assisted reproduction in this country. It looks at the costs associated with treatment, various medical issues and the pressure of the Catholic church to stop certain programmes.431. Tan S-L, Doyle P, Maconochie N, et al. Pregnancy and birth rates of live infants after in vitro fertilization in women with and without previous in vitro fertilization pregnancies: A study of eight thousand cycles at one center. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994;170(1 (1)):34-40.
IVF, pregnancy rates, women, pregnancy, clinics, medical aspects, age: IVF, pregnancy rates, women, pregnancy, clinics, medical aspects, age.
This study of the pregnancy and live birth rates of women undergoing IVF, and women undergoing IVF after having previously given birth to a live birth using this method, found that the latter women had significantly higher conception and birth rates than the former.
432. Thomas JA. Falling sperm counts. The Lancet. 1995;346(September 2):635.
sperm quality , environmental factors, medical aspects: sperm quality , environmental factors, medical aspects.
This paper argues that there is little or no scientific basis for the contention that there is a relationship between falling sperm counts and the increase in environmental oestrogens.
433. Thompson L. Fertility with Less Fuss. Time; 1994.
434. Thornton JG, McNamara HM, Montague IA. Would you rather be a 'birth' or 'genetic' mother? If so, how much? Journal of Medical Ethics. 1994;20:87-92.
parenthood, ethics, social attitudes, surrogacy, IVF, law, family, gender: parenthood, ethics, social attitudes, surrogacy, IVF, law, family, gender.
50 women and 50 men were asked whether they would prefer to be birth or genetic mothers ( or whether they would prefer their partners to be birth or genetic mothers). The split was roughly even with a slight bias toward birth motherhood. A lottery technique was also used to determine the strength of the preference either way. There was little difference between male and female attitudes although women tended to favour one particular option to a greater degree than men. Authors contend that their results should be taken onto account by legal decision-makers.
435. Thorpe A. Infertility Counselling: Identifying Client Needs. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual Scientific Meeting; The Sheraton Hotel, Brisbane, Australia; 1994.
infertility, counselling, IVF, couples, doctors, New Zealand, DI: infertility, counselling, IVF, couples, doctors, New Zealand, DI.
This study of 20 couples presenting for counselling for IVF or DI treatment found that while most couples did not want ongoing counselling, they were in favour of compulsary counselling initially, and of the offer of further counselling.
436. Times T. Surrogate baby killed. The Times. London; 1995.
437. Tubert S. [Maternity, sterility and reproductive technology] in Spanish. Acta Psiquiatrica y Psicolgica de America Latina. 1994;40(2):115-26.
medicalisation, assisted reproduction, motherhood, fatherhood, blood bond, technology, psychosocial, psychological, infertility, social attitudes, culture, sexuality: medicalisation, assisted reproduction, motherhood, fatherhood, blood bond, technology, psychosocial, psychological, infertility, social attitudes, culture, sexuality.
This paper looks at infertility and ARTs in terms of their importance in relation to human psychology and culture, and to the symbolic order. Looks at the impact of the medicalisation of infertility on sexuality, and human bodies. not seen.
438. Turnpenny P, Giltinan D, Grant A, Morton M. Secrets in the Genes. Adoption, inheritance and genetic disease. London: British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering Publications; 1995.
439. Van Balen F, Trimbos-Kemper TCM. Factors influencing the well-being of long-term infertile couples. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994;15:157-64.
infertility, couples, psychosocial, psychological, The Netherlands, secrecy, stress, coping skills, adoption, counselling, assisted reproduction, education, process: infertility, couples, psychosocial, psychological, The Netherlands, secrecy, stress, coping skills, adoption, counselling, assisted reproduction, education, process.
This study of 108 long term infertile couples (half of whom had ceased pursuing medical treatment) found that strong feelings about childlessness, a high degree of femininity, secrecy about infertility, continuing to pursue pregnancy or adoption, and male infertility (for men), were associated with lower self esteem and greater distress. Paper notes that infertility is a life-long problem.
440. Van Balen F, Trimboskemper TC. Involuntarily childless couples: their desire to have children and their motives. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995;16(3):137-44.
infertility, couples, motivation, psychosocial, stress, gender, economics, parenthood: infertility, couples, motivation, psychosocial, stress, gender, economics, parenthood.
not seen.441. Van Balen F. Parent-child relationship after IVF. Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie en haar Grensgebieden. 1995;50(1):10-14.
ART, parent, child, infertility, parent-child relationship: ART, parent, child, infertility, parent-child relationship.
Studied the relationships between parents and children born as a result of IVF and compared them with the parent-child relationships of fertile and initiale infertile parents, and determined parents' emotional involvement, child-rearing problems, and the characteristics of the children. Subjects: 85 male and female Dutch adults (parents of IVF preschool children); 63 male and female Dutch parents (fertile parents of preschool children). Subjects completed the Dutch version of the Child Rearing Practices Report(J.H. Block,1965) and the Nijmegen Questionnaire of Child Rearing Situations (L.M. Robbroeckx and PMA Wels, 1989). Preschool reports on the children were assessed to determine their characteristics.
442. Vartiainen H, Saarikoski S, Halonen P, Rimon R. Psychosocial factors, female fertility and pregnancy: a prospective study - Part 1: Fertility. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994;15:67-75.
stress, psychosocial, psychological, female infertility, fertility, Finland: stress, psychosocial, psychological, female infertility, fertility, Finland.
This study of 180 Finnish women found that higher than average fertility was associated with looking younger than one's age, no fluctuation in body weight prior to pregnancy, low consumption of coffee, low score for psychosomatic symptoms, being the youngest sibling, low number of negative life changes, younger than spouse, having phobic traits (in a psychoanalytic analysis), and being customarily religious. There were no associations between low fertility and personality factors. Article has a psychoanalytic foundation.
443. Vauthier-Brouzes D, Lefebvre G, Lesourd S, Gonzales J, Darbois Y. How many embryos should be transferred in in vitro fertilization? A prospective randomized study. Fertility and Sterility. 1994;62(2):339-42.
multilple pregnancy, IVF, ET women, doctors, medical aspects: multilple pregnancy, IVF, ET women, doctors, medical aspects.
This paper transferred two embryos each to one group of 28 healthy women, and four embryos each to another such group. No differences were found in preganancy rates between the two groups, and greater high ranking pregnancies (multiple?) were found in the latter group.
444. Venn A. ART and Cancer. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne, Australia; 1995.
disability, women, assisted reproduction, pregnancy, drugs, IVF: disability, women, assisted reproduction, pregnancy, drugs, IVF.
This is a study of the relationship between assisted reproduction and breast ovarian cancer, particularly of the effects of fertility drugs. It looks at 10,358 women who have been through a particular IVF clinic over a 15 year period. Also reports on a larger study which is currently in progress.
445. Verral M. Lords Fail to Reverse Move to ban Embryo Treatment. Nature. 1994;369(23/6/94):598.
embryos, aborted fetuses, infertile women: embryos, aborted fetuses, infertile women.
It reports that an amendment designed to overturn a proposed ban on the use of embryos from aborted fetuses to treat infertile women failed in Britain's House of Lords. A new version would be debated.
446. Verrall M. Lords fail to reverse move to ban embryo treatment. Nature; 1994.
447. Victoria PSo. Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Assembly, Daily Hansard, Fifty-second Parliament, Second Session. Melbourne: L. V. North, Government Printer; 1995.
448. Victoria PSo. Infertility Treatment Bill. In: sponsored by Mrs Tehan MfH, ed. Melbourne: L. V. North, Government Printer; 1995.
449. Vine MF. Worldwide decline in semen quality might be due to smoking: BMJ; 1996.
450. Vines G. Infertile women face ban on fetal eggs. New Scientist; 1994.451. Virutamasen P. Ethical Issues in Assisted Reproduction: Buddhist's View. In: Mori T, Tominaga T, Aono T, Hiroi M, eds. Perspectives in Assisted Reproduction. Tokyo: Ares-Serono Symposia Publications; 1994.
.
This article outlines the Buddhist ouylook in this area. It notes that individual consciences are impotant as are, such things as professional ethics. It concludes that the Government should intervene to protect offspring, that screening of donors is advisable and the needs of infertile women should also be taken into account.
452. Wallach EE. Five decades of progress in management of the infertile couple. Fertility and Sterility. 1994;62(4):665-85.
history, assisted reproduction, medical aspects, DI, IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, ICSI, ET, cryopreservation, screening, pregnancy, genetic screening, ethics: history, assisted reproduction, medical aspects, DI, IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, ICSI, ET, cryopreservation, screening, pregnancy, genetic screening, ethics.
This paper charts the technical development of ARTs, especially since the 1950s. Mentions ethical issues and makes predictions about future developments.
453. Watkins M, Fisher S. Talking with Young Children about adoption (Book Review of): Review in Journal of the American Medical Association vol 271, No. 15, p1212; 1994.
adoption, child development: adoption, child development.
This generally favourable review by R. P. Sager, outlines the books contents, noting the authors' position that adopted children need to be told about their adoption as early and as often as possible. It also describes positively the book chapter on 'Stories of Parents and Children Talking Together About Adoption' which outlines ways parents can talk to their children about adoption.
454. Webb M. A Successful Infertility Support Group: The Inside Story. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia 13th Annual Scientific Meeting; The Sheraton Hotel, Brisbane, Australia; 1994.
support groups, social support, infertility: support groups, social support, infertility.
This paper reports on the experiences of a Queensland infertility support group. Its recruitment practices, its conflict resolution procedures, its relationships with professionals and its changes in structure over time.
455. Webb SM, Midford S. Donor Issues: Outcomes and Evaluation of a Public Consultation. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne, Australia; 1995.
DI, egg donation, methods, counselling, known donors, posthumous, telling the child, ICSI, psychosocial, family, openness, age, egg donors, semen donors: DI, egg donation, methods, counselling, known donors, posthumous, telling the child, ICSI, psychosocial, family, openness, age, egg donors, semen donors.
This is a qualitative study of the attitudes of participants at a consulatation on donor related issues. It notes that there was consensus that 18 years was too young for a donor to fully understand the implications of donation, and that in known donor situaion special attention needed to be paid to counselling and information sharing.
456. Weeks W. Will Victoria also 'Proceed with Care' in relation to Reproductive Technology? Health Issues. 1994(March):35-6.
Canada, Australia, policy, social attitudes, surrogacy, interests of child, law, parenthood, commercialisation, payment, advertising, ethics, practice, doctors, economics,: Canada, Australia, policy, social attitudes, surrogacy, interests of child, law, parenthood, commercialisation, payment, advertising, ethics, practice, doctors, economics,.
This is an approving summary of the Canadian Royal Commissions' document 'Proceed with Care' in light of the consultations currently being undertaken by the Victorian state government in Australia. It concentrates on surrogacy issues and the consultation process.
457. Wells S. Within Me, Without Me. Adoption: an open and shut. 1994: Scarlet Press; 1994.
adoption, openness, couples, psychosocial, family, psychological, blood bond, identity, NZ: adoption, openness, couples, psychosocial, family, psychological, blood bond, identity, NZ.
This book contains a series of stories told by participants in adoption of their experience of this.
458. Wellsmore H. Some Thoughts on the Possible Impacts of Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection. Adoption Research and Counselling Service (Inc) Newsletter. 1994;December 1994:2-5.
ICSI, adoption, counselling, psychosocial, couples, family, DI, infertility, stress, IVF, women, assisted reproduction, blood bond, child development: ICSI, adoption, counselling, psychosocial, couples, family, DI, infertility, stress, IVF, women, assisted reproduction, blood bond, child development.
This paper looks at the history of ICSI, and the potential impact of this on couples and families. It compares it to DI and looks at the stresses and issues involved in both procedures. It looks at the pressures that can be placed on couples to utilise new technologies, and the possible impact of ICSI on family functioning. It recommends the use of counselling in helping couples come to good decisions.
459. Wellsmore H. The Impact of Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection. Presented at the The Fertility Society of Australia Thirteenth Annual Scientific Meeting; The Sheraton Hotel, Brisbane, Australia; 1994.
ICSI, DI, couples, psychosocial, parenthood, doctors, technology: ICSI, DI, couples, psychosocial, parenthood, doctors, technology.
This paper explores issues surrounding the advent of ICSI for couples seeking infertility treatment. It outlines scenarios where couples have used or are intending to use DI and ICSI in various combinations, and addresses issues in relation to these scenarios. It also looks at genetic and social parenting, attitudes towards existing children, and medical staff attitudes to new technology.
460. Wennergren B. The Rights of a child in Sweden that was born thanks to AI or IVF. Unpublished; 1994.461. Western Australian Reproductive Technology Council. Sperm Donation: The Facts. Perth, Western Australia: Western Australian Reproductive Technology Council; 1994.
462. Whiteford LW, Gonzalez L. Stigma: The Hidden Burden of Infertility. Social Science and Medicine. 1995;40(1):27-36.
infertility, women, feminism, medicalisation, stress, psychological, psychosocial, couples, doctors, assisted reproduction, USA, social attitudes, sexuality, identity, gender: infertility, women, feminism, medicalisation, stress, psychological, psychosocial, couples, doctors, assisted reproduction, USA, social attitudes, sexuality, identity, gender.
This paper looks at the experiences of women undergoing different types of infertility, and the contrast between these experiences and the medicalised understanding of infertility and its treatment. Also focusses on the social attitudes and elements of the USA pronatalist culture.
463. Willey D. Outrage at test-tube baby's birth. Observer (UK). London; 1995.
464. Williamson L. Sowing the seed. Next; 1995.
465. Withers R, Leeton J, Rombauts L, Anderson J. Factors Deterring Women From Donating Oocytes. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Fertility Society of Australia and the Gynecology and Endoscopy Society; Melbourne, Australia; 1995.
egg donors, egg donation, motivation, legislation, donors' partners, drugs, treatment, practice, payment: egg donors, egg donation, motivation, legislation, donors' partners, drugs, treatment, practice, payment.
This study of women who declined to donate eggs after receiving information about the possibility of this found that the main reasons for them not donating were associated with the time the procedures required and the short and long term effects of the drugs used. Potential changes to legislation and payment issues were of lesser importance.
466. Wolfe L. In praise of older mothers. British paper. ???; 1994.
467. Xytex Corporation. Making Dreams Come True! 1100 Emmett Street
Augusta
Georgia 30904: Xytex Corporation; 1995.
468. Yaron Y, Lessing JB. Age-Related Decline in Fecundity - Cause? (Response to letters). Fertility and Sterility. 1994;61(4: April 1994):793.
oocyte, IVF, postmenopausal, female fertility, medical aspects: oocyte, IVF, postmenopausal, female fertility, medical aspects.
This response to letters responding to an earlier article by Yaron et al uses a medical and statistical argument to reinforce their position that in their study declining pregnancy rates in older women were due to endometrial aging not oocyte quality. They do, however, concede that declining pregnancy rates in older women may equally be due to poor oocyte quality.
469. Yaron Y, Amit A, Brenner SM, Peyser MR, David MP, Lessing JP. In vitro fertilization and oocyte donation in women 45 years of age and older. Fertility and Sterility. 1995;63(1: January):71-6.
IVF, egg donation, age, post menopausal, pregnancy, ET, women: IVF, egg donation, age, post menopausal, pregnancy, ET, women.
This study of women 45+ years attempting IVF with and without egg donation and ET notes v. low success rates in straight IVF treatment. Paper recommends that this not be attempted, and that IVF-ET only be undertaken with this group.
470. Yeh W. Age-Related Decline in Fecundity - Cause? (Letter). Fertility and Sterility. 1994;61(4: April 1994):793.
oocyte, IVF, postmenopausal, female fertility, medical aspects: oocyte, IVF, postmenopausal, female fertility, medical aspects.
This letter in response to an article by Yaron et al uses a medical and statistical argument to say that poor oocyte quality and endometrial aging are equally responsible for declining pregnancy rates in older women.471. Zimmermann-Tansella C. Men, Women and Infertility: Treatment and Intervention Strategies. A. P. Zoldbrod, Lexington Books, MacMillan, Inc., New York, 1993 256 pp. Social Science and Medicine. 1995:287-8.
men, women, infertility, treatment, couples, drugs, DI, stress, coping skills, process, gender, support groups, social support, pregnancy, health professionals, practice, psychological, psychosocial, sexuality, family: men, women, infertility, treatment, couples, drugs, DI, stress, coping skills, process, gender, support groups, social support, pregnancy, health professionals, practice, psychological, psychosocial, sexuality, family.
This review outlines the contents of this book. It describes its focus on psychosocial issues, different treatment options, sexuality, male and female differences in response to infertility, and the ways health professionals can help patients deal with their infertility and the treatments for them.
472. Zoldbrod A. Irrational Beliefs about Infertility and How to Stop Them. RESOLVE. 1994;Spring, 1994:6-7.
infertility, psychosocial, couples, stress, coping skills: infertility, psychosocial, couples, stress, coping skills.
This article outlines the basis of cognitive psychology and outlines a number of ideas and techniques which are designed to help people who have destructive irrational beliefs about infertility to overcome them.
473. Zoldbrod AP. Sexuality and Infertility: Special Considerations for Practice. Clinical Consultations in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994;6(2):109-115.
doctors, psychosocial, infertility, stress, sexuality, counselling, social support: doctors, psychosocial, infertility, stress, sexuality, counselling, social support.
This article looks at the affects that infertility and the treatments for infertility can have on patient sexuality. It makes suggestions about what doctors can do to help patients (particularly women) in this area, in terms of; the language they use, being mindful of pain, helping patients not to feel guilty and linking them to social support.