Comments are written in text form together with recent references. This list continues from the last issue of EJAIBand will continue. The full list of news (OLD = 1991-1993; NEW = 1994+) is available on-line topic-by-topic, at: http://eubios.info/NBB.html
Comments are written in text form together with
recent references. This list continues from the last issue of
EJAIB and will continue. This list is available
on-line topic-by-topic, at:
http://eubios.info/NBB.html
Genetic Engineering of Plants
Potato plants that produce spider silk have been made, AgraFood Biotech. 57 (2001), 16. Discussion of companies making both natural and synthetic bio-based polymers is Industrial Bioprocessing 23 (2001), 314. A gene which can protect plants against high levels of monomers has been found, so that instead of polymers they may be used to make monomers, Industrial Bioprocessing 23 (April 2001), 112. TMRI and Martek have announced a joint project to identify genes in microalgae, Plant Biotech Week (24 May 2001), 4. On gene discovery in filamentous fungi, PNAS 98 (2001), 5110-5. Methods to correlate phenotype profile to gene function are described in GEN 21 (15 May 2001), 34-5. Genomic interspecies microarray hybridization is described for gene identification in AEM 67 (2001), 1911-21. A review of tracing the wild genetic stocks of crop plants is Genome 44 (2001), 309-10. A theoretical paper showing that sexual selection can eliminate the cost of sex is Nature 411 (2001), 692-5. Human aspects of plant diversity are discussed in Economic Botany 54 (2000), 459-70. GM tomatoes with higher levels of cancer fighting flavonoids are being made, AgraFood Biotech 55 (2001), 13. Male sterility can be induced in plants by metabolic engineering of the carbohydrate supply, PNAS 98 (2001), 6522-7. A study in tomato finds two distinct mechanisms for salt tolerance, The Plant Cell 13 (2001), 873-87. A survey from Asahi Shimbun in Japan has found that 34 of Japanfs regional governments are investing in genetic engineering of plants, Nature 412 (2001),8-9. A discussion of the production of pharmaceuticals in plants is Int. Herald Tribune (6 June 2001). It is possible on the area of a table top to grow up specific vaccine for a patient against Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma within 7 weeks, AgraFood Biotech 54 (1 May 2001), 4; and on edible vaccines, p. 17. The US company Large-Scale Biology Corporation has been given permission from the USDA to continue releases of plants for making patient-tailored vaccines. A list of antibodies made in plants is in TIPS 6 (2001), 219-222. Low nicotine tobacco is being grown in farms in the USA for Vector Tobacco, Plant Biotech Week (24 May 2001). A review on new ways to fight plant disease is Science 292 (2001), 2270-2; and a series of papers on plant disease resistance mechanisms are in Science 292 (2001), 2269-2290 and Nature 411 (2001),826-872. CSIRO in Australia has announced a technique to use a natural genetic mechanism to vaccinate plants against diseases, Plant Biotech Week (1 June 2001), 1. A review is de Maagd, RA. Et al. gHow Bacillus thuringiensis has evolved specific toxins to colonize the insect worldh, TIG 17 (2001), 193-9. Kenyan scientists have found a Bt gene that is effective against a wide variety of local pests, AgBiotech Reporter (April 2001), 30. A study on the mechanism of Bt resistance by insects suggests that high doses need to be maintained so insects are killed and do not survive, because they may evolve resistance otherwise, AgBiotech Reporter (April 2001), 1-2. Expression of animal antiapoptotic genes ay be useful for plant disease resistance, PNAS 98 (2001), 6957-62. A resistance trait to European corn borer has been found in an Argentinian maize, NS (22 April 2000), 12. A report on law suits that Florida residents are filing to stop removal of infected trees with Citrus canker is Science 292 (2001), 2275-6. On RNA silencing in plants, Science 292 (2001), 2277+. A report for Kenya is ISAAA Briefs, The Benefits of Biotechnology for Small-Scale Banana Producers in Kenya (No. 22, 2001, 34pp.). Engineering crops to release more iron-solubilizing chelators may increase their yields in alkaline soils, NatBio. 19 (2001), 417-8. A review of use of green fluorescent protein in fungal biology is AEM 67 (2001), 1987-94. Genetic fingerprinting has found the fungal strain that caused the Irish potato famine, Ristaino, JB. Et al. gPCR amplification of the Irish potato famine pathogen from historic specimensh, Nature 411 (2001), 695-7; NS (9 June 2001). Russia is facing a potential potato famine, Nature 410 (2001), 1011. Methods for air sampling and DNA analysis of fungal spores are described in AEM 67 (2001), 2453-9. A conference review on analysis of the genomes of plant-associated microbes is The Plant Cell (March 2001), 451-7;and of pant genomes, The Plant Cell (April 2001), 725-32. A report on use of thioredoxin to make hypoallergenic wheat is in Guardian (24 May 2001). Tokyo government in Japan is planning to give cedar trees plant growth regulator to try to stop pollen production which causes allergies, Nature 411 (2001), 515. Spanish scientists have made a GM orange tree that produces oranges in its first year, AgBiotech Reporter (April 2001), 29. Genetic Engineering of Animals A new type of egg with more unsaturated fatty acid which lowers cholesterol has been made in China by feeding a supplement to chickens, APBN 5 (2001), 169. Danish researchers are trying to make a schizophrenic pig, Science 292 (2001), 2247. Some common themes in plant and animal disease are discussed in Science 292 (2001), 2285-9. Efforts to make allergen free cats are being made, Int. Herald Tribune (28 June 2001). Insect modeled robots could be useful for space exploration, NS (2 June 2001), 20. A homologue of GroEL, a chaperone is also used as an insect toxin in endosymbionts, Myrmeleon bore, Nature 411 (2001), 44. Gene knockouts in zebrafish are reported in PNAS 98 (2001), 2461-6, 6540-2. Genes from Tilipia are being studied to attempt to find genes to make fresh water fish tolerant to salt water, Plant Biotech Week (13 April 2001), 4. Drosophila has been used to model Tau malfunction, Science 292 (2001), 1983-4; and on auditory mechanisms, Nature 411 (2001), 908. The UK Royal Society report, The Use of Genetically Modified Animals, is available on their www site, and it supports the use of Genetically modified animals, BMJ 322 (2001), 1382. They predict GM meat to be on sale in 10 years. Genetically engineered mice have been made that change colour at the flick of a dietary switch, Genes & Development 15 (2001), 1506-17; Nature 411 (2001), 985. A review of factors that affect the developmental potential of cloned mammalian embryos is PNAS 98 (2001), 5949-51. A report on the aberrant methylation of donor genomes in cloned bovine embryos from South Korea is NatGen. 28 (2001), 173-7. Nuclear transfer protocol affects the mRNA expression in cloned bovine blastocysts, Biology of Reproduction 65 (2001), 309-17. A study of gestation deficiencies in cloned sheep fetuses is Biology of Reproduction 65 (2001), 23-30. Mice with defects in growth hormone production have extended lifespan, PNAS 98 (2001), 6736-41. Being small among dogs leads to longer lifespan, NS (14 April 2001), 14. The European Union is funding a mutant mouse archive for genomics research in Italy, Lancet 357 (2001), 1957; Science 292 (2001), 1985-6.France has also made a new center, Nature 411 (2001), 231. Faster computer mapping may mean fewer mice are needed to identify genes, Science 292 (2001), 1814-5, 1915-8. Precision in mice behavioural genetics is reviewed in PNAS 98 (2001), 5957-60. A study of some traits in mice is Current Biology 11 (2001), 725-34. The question of whether smart mice feel more pain is discussed in Nature Neuroscience 4 (2001), 453-4. A review of gene models for Alzheimer research is TIG 17 (2001), 254-61. A review of mouse models of cell death is NatGen. 28 (2001), 113-8. New mouse cancer models are said to be better, Nature 410 (2001), 1043-4. Somatic activation of the k-ras oncogene causes early onset lung cancer, Nature 410 (2001), 11. Defective DNA polymerase-delta proofreading causes cancer susceptibility in mice, NatMed. 7 (2001), 638-9. A comparison of antitumour activity of antiangiodenic proteins delivered by gene transfer is in PNAS 98 (2001), 4605-10. Overexpression of cyclin A1 alters development of leukemia, PNAS 98 (2001). Lack of macrophage fatty-acid-binding protein aP2 protects mice deficient in apolipoprotein E against atherosclerosis, NatMed 7 (2001), 699-707. Deletion of the hypoxia-response element in VEGF promoter causes motor degeneration, NatGen. 28 (2001), 131-8. Exercise my delay the onset of neurological diseases in A-T mutated mice, The Scientist (28 May 2001), 15, 17. TGF-beta1 may reduce plaque burden in transgenic mice, NatMed. 7 (2001), 612-8. Unliganded thyroid hormone receptor causes severe neurological dysfunction, PNAS 98 (2001). Haploinsufficency of protoamine 1 or 2 causes infertility in mice, NatGen. 28 (2001), 82-7. Spermiogenesis deficiency is seen in mice lacking Trf2 gene, Science 292 (2001), 1153-5. Male fertility defects also result from loss of serine protease inhibitor protease nexin-1, PNAS 98 (2001), 3029-33. Akt-2 deficient mice show symptoms of type 2 diabetes, Lancet 357 (2001), 1771. Designer Molecules Alteration of the genetic code has been achieved in E.coli, Science 292 (2001), 453-4, 498-500, 501-4. Secretion of recombinant proteins via the chaperone/usher pathway in E. coli is reported in AEM 67 (2001), 1805-14. Trophic conversion of an obligate photoautotrophic organism, Phaeodactylum tricornurtum, a microalgae, has been achieved through metabolic engineering of a single enzyme to allow it to utilize sugars, Science 292 (2001), 2073-5. A review of metabolic engineering is Science 292 (2001), 2024-5. On how bacteria respire minerals, Science 292 (2001), 1312-3. A discussion of cell culture innovations in Europe is GEN 21 (1 June 2001), 10, 68, 75. Ultra-thin fibres are new materials with many uses, Nature 411 (2001), 236. There is growing support for RNA as a prelife world, Science News 159 (2001), 212; Nature 411 (2001), 1003-5. This supports the idea ribozymes were the first biotic enzymes, Science 292 (2001), 1278-9. Diversity of mRNA is discussed in PNAS 98 (2001), 4825-6. On the question of life without photosynthesis in outer space, Science 292 (2001), 2026-7. Biotechnology & the Public An editorial in Science 292 (2001), 1021 by Sir Robert May, President of the Royal Society, is on science and society. A discussion of how to overcome the gyukh factor is in NatBio 19 (2001), 491. The uncertainty of science is discussed in Nature 411 (2001), 891. A comparison of risk between USA and Japan is Rosa, EA. Et al. gThe cognitive architecture of risk: Pancultural unity or cultural shaping?h, pp. 185-210 in Renn, O. and Rohrmann, B. Cross-Cultural Risk Perception. A survey of empirical studies (Kluwer Academic Publishers 2000). On a forum for agbiotech debates, see www.nationalacademies.org/agbiotech. A general paper on bioethics and policy is Macer, D. "Bioethics: perceptions of biotechnology and policy implications", Int. J. Biotechnology 3 (2001), 116-33. A new US survey found 46% of consumers do not know what to think about the safety of GM foods, 29% saying GM foods are safe and 25% saying they are unsafe Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology, AgraFood Biotech (4 April 2001), 3-4. In January 2001, 70% said they were willing to buy GM potatoes and tomatoes, up 7% from January 2000. A paper presenting results from German studies is Hampel, J. et al. gAttitudes towards genetic engineeringh, New Genetics and Society 19 (2000), 233-49; 221-31, 383-8. In general medical applications are supported whereas agricultural applications are not. An Australian survey finds that few persons are able to name a specific risk or benefit of GM foods, AgraFood Biotech 53 (18 April 2001), 6-7. The Australian Biotechnology Association has a site for information, www.biotechnology.gov.au. A UK survey has found a 10% decrease in the number of persons who think GM foods are unsafe. In a survey, 48% of people said that they would eat GM food and 44% would not, AgraFood Biotech 53 (2001), 3. A Quebec survey found 75% would rather pay more for food than eat GM food, Ramfs Horn 190 (May 2001), 5. There are calls in the US for a bipartisan OTA, Nature 411 (2001), 117. The role of academies of science in a global world are debated with regard to the need to stop global warming in Ambio 30 (2001), 71. The FAO panel of eminent experts in science report from their first meeting, and the two first reports from the FAO Ethics in Food and Agriculture Series have been published in multiple languages, and are available on the FAO www site. A discussion of a citizenfs alternative to the Canadian CBAC is Ramfs Horn 189 (April 2001), 5. The New Zealand Royal Commission on Genetic Modification will deliver its report at the end of July. Comments are on its web site. See also, Splice 7 (May 2001), 8-9. On the revolution in the twentieth century science caused by statistics, see a book review in Nature 411 (31 May 2001). The role of rivalry in advancement of science is discussed in Nature 411 (2001), 523-4. A history of James Watt is in Science 292 (2001), 55-6. The coevolution of printing and written representation of language is discussed in Nature 411 (2001), 997. On the need for better scientific writing, Nature 411 (2001), 243. A book review on The Origins of Creativity is Nature 410 (2001), 1029. Book reviews on science and God are in Nature 411 (2001), 239-40. In Turkey there is a strong creationalism movement (see earlier papers from the Eubios-coorganised Turkey conference), Science 292 (2001), 1286-7. A series of papers on creationism are in NS (22 April 2000), 34-48. The difference between science and religion is discussed in NS (22 April 2000), 3. On science, religion and cooperation, BioScience 51 (2001), 171. Astrology is also popular, Time (25 June 2001), 49. A discussion of the book Real Science is Nature 411 (2001), 134-5. Regulation & Field Trials of GMOs In New Zealand GM potatoes and carrots that express possum contraceptive antigens have been allowed for field trials and import, AgraFood Biotech 53 (18 April 2001), 16. In another case, the High Court ruled that cows with GM fetuses for multiple sclerosis trials had to be slaughtered, although their release had been approved by the responsible agency, Nature 411 (2001), 402. A survey of Irish farmers found that they trust universities, consumer and farm groups, and the medical profession for information about GM crops, Farm & Food (Spring 2001), 38-39. Comments on the production of GM animals are in NS (26 May 2001), 3. On the genetic origin of goats, which is different to other domestic animals, PNAS 98 (2001), 5382-4. Argentina ended a ban on Roundup Ready soybean in May 2001, and many farmers are now using it, Plant Biotech Week (8 May 2001), 9-10. Argentina may also be testing GM strawberries, AgraFood Biotech 53 (18 April 2001), 16. On the 2001 FDA revised rules on GM crops, Current Biology 11 (2001), R201. Monsanto has asked for the location of most of its field trials in Australia to be kept secret to avoid troubles, whereas Aventis made its sites public, Nature 412 (2001), 110. There have been vandal attacks on GM trials in the UK in mid-June, Nature 411 (2001), 984. Controversies over transgenic trees and vandalism are discussed in Science 292 (2001), 34-6. A discussion of free trade and industrial forestry in developing countries with GM trees is GeneWatch 14 (May 2001), 1, 11-13. As discussed in the Food Safety section, an investigation has found Starlink corn is not responsible for human allergic reactions, Washington Post (13 June 2001). A Belgium report has found GM crops on the market in Europe are safe, AgraFood Biotech 57 (2001), 15-6. Europe has decided to allow further commercial growing of GM crops, Current Biology 11 (2001), R199-200. The EU Scientific Committee on Plants has questioned whether a 1% labeling cut off for GM plants is feasible, AgraFood Biotech 52 (4 April 2001), 11-2. Friends of the Earth has called for an EU ban on the Aventis pest resistant maize that has been approved for animal feed, Plant Biotech Week (27 April 2001), 1. GM grapes are expected to be on trial soon after researchers clarify the safety, NS (26 May 2001), 6. However some winemakers are against this and have formed a group Terre et Vin du Monde, AgraFood Biotech 53 (18 April 2001), 10. Starbucks has said that they will not reject GM products, AgraFood Biotech 52 (4 April 2001), 6. China is planning to increase its cotton growing area by 17%. China has new rules on the import of GM products, Plant Biotech Week (22 June 2001), 7. However China recently banned use of GM rice, wheat, maize, tomato, cotton and soybeans for fear other countries may not buy them, AgBiotech Reporter (May 2001), 1. China has also said it is against human cloning, APBN 5 (2001), 125. India has blocked sale of transgenic cotton seeds, Nature 411 (2001), 983. A new protein rich GM potato is reported in India, AgBiotech Reporter (May 2001), 16. Thailand has stopped all GMO releases while a law is developed (3 April 2001). In Malaysia researchers are using GM to make papayas that ripen more slowly for export, AgraFood Biotech 53 (18 April 2001), 17. The UN Human Development Report, Making New Technologies Work for Human Development, has called for use of GM crops for poorer nations, Nature 412 (12 July 2001). There is debate over the extreme view of Greenpeace against GMOs because it is holding back development of GMOs for third world farmers, NS (9 June 2001); Guardian (18 April 2001). There has also been discussion that GM animal technology has focused on varieties for rich countries not poor, Nature 411 (2001), 403. On UNESCO programmes for developing capacity in biotechnology are reviewed in Agrofood-industry Hi-Tech (Jan 2001), 38-40. Another issue is the scarcity of water, Science 292 (2001), 2217. A critique of the precautionary principle is in NatBio 19 (2001), 302-3. See also The Ecologist 31 (May 2001), 9. Italian police have seized seeds from Monsanto for checks that it does not contain GMOs, Plant Biotech Week (6 April 2001), 4. There has been much debate over GMOs in Italy, NatBio 19 (2001), 293. A monitoring plan for German GM crops has been announced, Nature 405 (2001), 986. A court in Japan has dismissed a case against genetic engineering dangers at the National Institutes of heath in Tokyo, Science 292 (April 2001). A study has found that corn pollen itself may affect Monarch butterfly, whether or not it is Bt, Tschenn, J. et al. gEffects of corn plants and corn pollen on Monarch butterfly oviposition behaviourh, Environmental Entomology 30 (2001), 495-500. A review article is Marvier, M. gEcology of transgenic cropsh, American Scientist 69 (2001), 160-7. The Ecological Society of America has called for more study of GMO release, Nature 411 (2001), 626. A study of Roundup Ready soybeans questions their use because they increase the amount of herbicide used, glyphosate, Benbrook, CM. Troubled Times amid Commercial Success for Roundup Ready Soybeans, AgBioTech InfoNet Technical Paper 4 (3 May 2001). On GM crops and pesticide use, Science 292 (2001), 637-8; EST (2001), 276-7A; AgraFood Biotech 55 (15 May 2001), 2-3. The safety of organic farming is debated because of the toxicity of some of the allowed pesticides, AgraFood Biotech (12 June 2001), 9. Ways to manage insect diversity in grasslands are reviewed in J. Applied Ecology 38 (2001), 310-9. A field release of GM sterile cotton bollworm is being tested in the USA under USDA rules, AgraFood Biotech 55 (15 May 2001), 11. Farmers in the Philippines are asking for a change in policy to allow GMO release, AgBiotech Reporter (April 2001), 25. A dual system to reinforce biological containment of recombinant bacteria designed for rhizoremediation, AEM 67 (2001), 2649-56. A study has found that bacterial genes do not cross to humans easily, although there are about 40 bacterial genes only shared by humans they are probably the result of gene loss, Science 292 (2001), 1903-6; Nature 411 (2001), 940-4; NS (23 June 2001), 15; TIG 17 (2001), 235-7. A review of sex and transposons is Current Biology 11 (2001), R296-9; also Nature 411 (2001), 146-8. The dynamics of hobo transposable element in transgenic Drosophila is reviewed in Genetic Research 77 (2001), 135-42. On sexual selection and sex, Nature 411 (2001), 689-91. The question of whether organisms can speed up their own evolution is discussed in Science 292 (2001), 1824-6. The mechanism of homologous recombination is conserved from bacteria to humans, Current Biology 11 (2001), R278-80. Invasive species and black carp are discussed in Science 292 (2001), 169, 203. On an invasive flower from Asia, Impatiens glandulifera, Nature 411 (2001), 653. Control of predators of invasive species is discussed in Nature 412 (2001), 115-6. A study of agriculture in MesoAmerica finds a variety of cultivated pollen from 6000 years ago, Science 292 (2001), 1370-3. A book review discussing transfer of bacterial virulence genes is Quarterly Review of Biology 76 (2001), 207-9. On recombination in Wolbachia, Current Biology 11 (2001), 431-5. On the evolution of bacterial pathogenesis, Science 292 (2001), 1096-8. A discussion of whether Plum Island in the USA is a biowarfare lab is GeneWatch 14 (May 2001), 3-4. Vaccines & Diseases As reported in several daily news items on Eubios web site, the Japanese government has paid compensation and apologized to the leprosy patients who were isolated, sterilized and discriminated for many years. See also Japan Times (24 May 2001), 1. 2001), 1. Polysaccharide conjugate typhoid vaccine with an efficiency of 90% has been reported, NEJM 344 (2001), 1263-9, 1322-3. WHO and Aventis have announced an initiative to work against sleeping sickness, SCRIP 2641 (9 May 2001), 23. Vaccine trials in transgenic mice suggest a vaccine may help against Alzheimerfs disease, Trends in Neurosciences 24 (2001), 305-7. The question of whether many chronic ills like cancer and heart disease stem from viruses is discussed in SA (May 2001), 26-7. A discussion of monoclonal antibody production is SA (June 2001), 20-1. Foot and mouth disease is now under control in the UK, after the tough campaign of eradication, Nature 411 (2001), 258-9. A possible human case is discussed in BMJ 322 (2001), 1085. The Health Council of the Netherlands has produced a report gVariant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and blood transfusionh (2001/02E), 32pp. They found very little scientific evidence to date. As of May 9, 2001, there had been 64 cases of BSE reported in Germany, AgraEurope (11 May 201), 2-3. Also on BSE, NEJM 344 (2001), 1549-51. Three genetic sites involved in susceptibility to prion disease have been reported, PNAS 98 (2001), 6279-83; Lancet 357 (2001), 1595. Antibiotic resistant bacteria appear to be very widespread, NS (19 May 2001), 5. On methods to overcome such bacteria, NS (28 April 2001), 17. AIDS & Sexually Transmitted Diseases (see next issue) It has become clear that polio vaccines were not a cause of HIV, Nature 410 (2001), 1035-6. Microbes & Pollution Remedies An automated system for bioremediation has been developed, Industrial Bioprocessing 23 (April 2001), 9. On biomonitoring, Nature 411 (2001), 989-90. The sorption of lipophilic organic compounds to wood is analysed in EST 35 (2001), 1561-73. On degradation of phenylurea herbicides by Arthrobacter globiformis, AEM 67 (2001), 2270-5. A fern with an affinity for arsenic is useful for bioremediation, EST 35 (2001), 278-9A. On cleaning up dioxin with nanotubes, EST 35 (2001), 233A. Spontaneous succession for restoration of human disturbed habitats in Central Europe is reported in Ecological Engineering 17 (2001), 55-62. On biodegradation of oil, Nature 411 AEM 67 (2001), 1034-7. Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria are analysed in AEM 67 (2001), 2683-91. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing a cysteine synthase gene are resistance to cadmium, J. Plant Physiol. 158 (2001), 655-61. On cadmium resistance, AEM 67 (2001), 1437-44. On remediation of dyes, Bioresource Technology 77 (2001), 247-55. The question of whether science and technology can solve environmental problems is asked in Ecological Economics 37 (2001), 271-87. Environmental Issues (see next issue) The UK Environment Survey from 2001 is reported in The Ecologist 31 (May 2001), 33-39. There have been many criticisms of Mr. Bush's refusal to agree to the Kyoto Protocol, despite evidence of greenhouse warming, Economist (16 June 2001), 12, 49, 87-8. Depleted uranium ammunition in the Gulf War and Balkans is discussed in Croatian Medical J. 42 (2001), 130-4. Biodiversity (see next issue) A study of turtle mating is J. Heredity 92 (2001), 206-11. A study of mountain sheep survival found age was the most significant factor in in harsh winters, Science 292 (2001), 1499-500. Contraception and African elephants are debated in Nature 411 (2001), 766. A new UN report suggests there has been some slow down in the loss of forests, Science 291 (2001), 2294. Animal Rights A paper on ethics are Munro, L. "Future animal: Environmental and animal welfare perspectives on the genetic engineering of animals", CQHE 10 (2001), 314-24; Engels, EM. "The moral status of animals in discussions on xenotransplantation (part 1)", Human Genome Review 13 (July 2000), 165-82; Harvard Law Review 114 (2001), 1542-9. Animals are more conscious than early thought, PNAS 98 (2001), 4833-4; NS (30 June 2001), 48-51; which implications for ethics, Philosophical Studies 103 (2001), 315-40. A paper on the appropriate number of rats in cages is Laboratory Animals 35 (2001), 80-90. On human consciousness, Nature 411 (2001), 415-6. The future of zoos is discussed in Science 292 (2001), 1304-5; BioScience 51 (2001), 172-7. Dolphins have been shown to recognize themselves in mirrors, apparently, SA (July 2001), 15; Science News 159 (2001), 279. Japan is still calling for more whaling, NS (9 June 2001), 17. Facial recognition is discussed in Lancet 357 (2001), 1271; NS (16 June 2001), 25. Elephants can recognize friend or foe, McComb, K. et al. "Matriarchs as repositories of social knowledge in African elephants", Science 292 (2001), 491-4, 417-8; Science News 159 (2001), 244. Pain perception is discussed in PNAS 98 (2001), 6537-9. A survey of Swedish students responses to compulsory courses in laboratory animal science is Laboratory Animals 35 (2001), 188-93. Animal tests and the genome pooroject are discussed in Lancet 357 (2001), 1805-6. Europe has stopping experiments on chimpanzees, Nature 411 (2001), 123. A discussion of animal rights groups activities is BioCentury (30 April 2001), A12-3; Newsweek (7 May 2001), 54-6; Nature 411 (2001), 7. On chimpanzees, Current Anthropology (2001), 407-8; SA (July 2001), 15; American Scientist 89 (2001), 120-2; NS (28 April 2001), 49; Nature 411 (2001), 126-8, 525-6, 995-6; Science 292 (2001), 205. The NIH has found a home for 300 chimpanzees at Charles River laboratories, Science 292 (2001), 1279-80. Gene expression in chimps differs to human brains, Science 292 (2001), 44-5; Animal traditions is reviewed in NatGen 28 (2001), 15. On hand morphology and tool use in early humans, PNAS 98 (2001), 2953-5. Safety of Recombinant DNA Products On the regulation of biologic products from GM plants, Current Opinion in Biotechnology 12 (2001), 308-11. Insulin alternatives are compared in BioCentury (2 July 2001), A14-5. Radioactive antibodies are being used in brain tumour treatment, Science News 159 (2001), 253. Debate over use of vascular endothelial growth factor is in NatMed. 7 (2001), 639-41. Food safety A letter on the physical detection limits for GMOs in corn is NatBio 19 (2001), 405; Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment 4 (2000), 195. The reliability of tests are assessed in Int. J. Food Science and Technology 36 (2001), 357; NS (14 April 2001), 16. The ANZFA labeling procedures are discussed in Australian Biotechnology 11 (March 2001), 17-8. The EU will allow sale of foods containing traces of nonapproved GM traits, European Voice (17 May 2001), 1-2; AgraFood Biotech 56 (29 May 2001), 10. China has required more field tests before US companies can sell GM grain there, Int. Hearld Tribune (9 June 2001). In the USA however the areas growing GM soybean and corn are expanding still, AgBiotech Reporter (March 2001), 2. However the USDA called for public comment on segregation of GM food, AgraFood Biotech 50 (7 March 2001), 4-5. A report from the 29th Session of the Codex Committee on Food Labeling in Ottawa, 1-4 May, 2001 is in Ramfs Horn 190 (May 2001), 1-4. A survey in the US found less than 20% were strongly in favour of labeling GM food, and few were wiling to pay for it, AgraFood Biotech 57 (12 June 2001), 7-8 (see Biotechnology and Public section for opinion surveys). Surveys of foods in US and Germany have found that about 60% of foods contain some GM food, but the amounts are between 1-5%, AgraFood Biotech 51 (21 March 2001), 3. Labeling is also discussed in AgraFood Biotech 51 (21 March 2001), 13. Labeling in pet foods is reviewed in FDA Consumer (May 2001), 26-31. On the traceability discussions at the Codex Task Force on Novel Foods Produced from Biotechnology, AgraFood Biotech 53 (18 April 2001), 12; Food Chemical News (19 Feb. 2001), 23; (12 March 2001), 32. Aventis asked the EPA to consider that 20ppb of Starlink corn was safe for human consumption, Ramfs Horn 190 (May 2001), 4. Starlink will be found in the food chain for some further years it is expected, AgBiotech Reporter (April 2001), 1. Blood tests were used to test people who claimed health problems from Starlink corn, and they were found to be negative; Nature 411 (2001), 878. See also papers in AgraFood Biotech 56 (29 May 2001), 6. Probiotics can reduce the affect of allergies, Lancet 357 (2001), 1057-9. The FDA is making stricter guidelines for allergens in snacks in general, BMJ 322 (2001), 883. The EPA has said that Bt corn is cost effective but a report from the Union of Concerned Scientists said it is not, AgraFood Biotech 51 (21 March 2001), 23. Monsanto has said that it will stop selling GM potato seed to US and Canadian farmers because most fast food manufacturers have said they do not use it, AgBiotech Reporter (April 2001), 4. A study of animals fed GM corn and soybean at the University of Illinois has found no difference, AgraFood Biotech 55 (15 May 2001), 3; 58 (26 June 2001), 1-2. Also further studies in mice find no modified DNA from food enters the mice, Molecular Genetics and Genomics (March 201); AgraFood Biotech 52 (4 April 2001), 24. A critique of substantial equivalence is Splice 7 (May 2001), 7, 14. A new WHO book is Foodborne disease: a focus for health education (WHO, 2000, 198pp.). Food security and North American eating habits are discussed in Ramfs Horn 191 (June 2001), 1-3; and on GM food aid, pp. 6-7. Strategic Consulting Inc. has predicted in a report The World Market for GM Food Testing, that public dislike will decrease as people see advantages form GM foods for themselves, www.strategic-consult.com. A way to reduce coffee production costs by biotechnology has been criticized by a UK charity, ActionAid, AgBiotech Reporter (June 2001), 11. On multifunctional foods, TIBTECH 19 (2001), 89-90. Food safety in Europe is discussed in Lancet 357 (2001), 1276, 1956. Obesity genes are discussed in NatGen. 28 (2001), 188-91; BMJ 322 (2001), 630-1; Lancet 357 (2001), 1344, 1883; Science News 159 (2001), 238-9. Circumventing leptin resistance for weight control is reported in PNAS 98 (2001), 4279-81, 4652+. Mechanisms of elevated cholesterol are discussed in Science 292 (2001), 1310-2. Updated guidelines on cholesterol management are discussed in JAMA (2001), 2508-9. On obesity, JAMA 285 (2001), 1172-7; BMJ 322 (2001), 631-2, 687-9, 716-20, 1379-80, 1406-9; NEJM 344 (2001), 940-1; Science 291 (2001), 2536-45; Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 21 (2000), 334-6; NatMed 7(2001), 387; MJA 174 (2001), 553-4. Consumption of sugar sweetened drinks is associated with childhood obesity, Lancet 357 (2001), 490-1, 505-8. Childhood obesity is a global epidemic, Lancet 357 (2001), 1989. Reduction in dietary fat reduces cardiovascular risk, BMJ 322 (2001), 757-63; Lancet 357 (2001), 972-3. Dietary trans fatty acids are discussed in Lancet 357 (2001), 732-3, 746-51. Predictors of risk factors for atherosclerosis are compared in JAMA 285 (2001), 2481-5. A fatty diet might also impair memory, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 75 (2001), 179+; NS (3 March 2001), 10. Obesity and inactivity are said to be linked to a global cancer epidemic, BMJ 322 (2001), 945. On ethical issues, Keywood, K. gMy body and other stories: Anorexia nervosa and the legal politics of embodimenth, Social & Legal Studies 9 (2000), 495-515. The outcome of patients with eating disorders in intervention programs are questioned after 5 years, Lancet 357 (2001), 1254-7. On marital stress and heart disease, JAMA 285 (2001), 1289-90. Diabetes is on the rise worldwide, Lancet 357 (2001), 815. Treating diabetes in severely obese people is questioned in Lancet 357 (2001), 1357-9. Changing habits is important for prevention, NEJM 344 (2001), 1343-50, 1390-2. Material deprivation is also associated with diabetes, BMJ 322 (2001), 1389-93. Efforts to stop dangerous chemicals entering the food chain are discussed in NS (30 June 2001), 3-4. On the incidence of food borne diseases in the USA in 2000, JAMA 285 (2001), 2071-3. A review of how spices may protect us from food toxins and microorganisms is American Scientist 89 (2001), 142-51. The social phenomenon of bottled water is discussed in Ambio 30 (2001), 118-9. Vitamin C in the absence of transition metal ions may lead to genotoxins so that it does not prevent cancer, Science 292 (15 June 2001). Vitamin E supplements in healthy persons are questioned by the results in JAMA 285 (2001), 1178-82, 2449-50; Lancet 357 (2001), 631-3. Fish consumption appears to be linked to lower prostrate cancer risk, Lancet 357 (2001), 1764-6. On vitamins to stop muscle wastage, NS (2 June 2001), 5. Lutein may reduce atherosclerosis, Lancet 357 (2001), 2030. A study suggesting that adult consumption of fruits and vegetables is not associated with reduced breast cancer risk is JAMA 285 (2001), 769-76, 799-801. On Brassica vegetables and breast cancer risk, JAMA 285 (2001), 2975-7. Green tea and gastric cancer were not linked in Japan in NEJM 344 (2001), 675-6, 632-6. A book review of Health Food Junkies is JAMA 285 (2001), 2255-6. A book review of the Cambridge World History of Food is JAMA 285 (2001), 1359. The use of child slaves in production of chocolate is said to be common in Africa, The Independent (22 April 2001), 26; Daily Telegraph (17 April 2001), 4. A comparison of organic and conventional fresh produce buyers in the Boston area is Risk Analysis 20 (2000), 735+. A study of nutrition behaviour in US consumers is Health Psychology 19 (2000), 479-86. How values about food are passed from mother to daughter are reported in Health Psychology 19 (2000), 376-81. A survey of diet and health attitudes in 35 and 75 year old persons in the USA and Switzerland found different knowledge, AJPH 91 (2001), 418-24. On iron deficiency in children, MJA 174 (2001), 162-3. Disease Risks & Drugs (see next issue) The affect of corticosteriods on growth of children using them for asthma is discussed in NEJM 344 (2001), 607+. In general on public health, Lancet 357 (2001), 976-7. Smoking prevalence rates in Bulgaria have increased from 1986 to 1996, AJPH 91 (2001),455-7. Patenting & Business (see next issue) A discussion of the case of Monsanto vs. Schmeiser and patenting life is Ramfs Horn 189 (April 2001), 1-2; GeneWatch 14 (July 2001), 3. The question of whether the HGP actually helps or hinders gene patenting is debated in GeneWatch 14 (May 2001), 5-9. The UK House of Lords Science and Technology Committee has said that patents should only be issued for genes when a significant gene function has been identified, SCIRP 2635 (18 April 2001), 4. A series of papers on biotechnology and business in different countries is Int. J. Biotechnology 3 (2001), 1-216. Birth Control A series of 22 papers on reproduction as young persons in developing countries are in Reproductive Health Matters 9 (May 2001), 6-207. A survey of Chinese parents' attitudes to providing contraceptives to their children found them ambivalent, Reproductive Health Matters 9 (May 2001), 137-45. Five papers looking at gender discrimination in India are in Dharma Deepika, South Asian J. Missiological Research 5 (Jan. 2001), 3-48. Papers on gender are in NS (12 May 2001), 26-45; (16 June 2001), 48. Papers on homosexuality and health are in AJPH 91 (June 2001), 855-939. A paper on the role of ethics in Lesbian and Gay health research in South Africa is AJPH 91 (2001), 865-8. Transgender rights are discussed in Columbia Law Review 101 (2001), 392-420. Risk factors for on-line sexual solicitation of youth are reported in JAMA 285 (2001), 3011-4. A book review on Celibacy, Culture and Society is JAMA 2785 (2001), 3028-9. A review of the China population census is Science 292 (2001), 1823. Developing countries face extra issues in reproductive health, Lancet 357 (2001), 2029. The birth control pill may protect against bowel cancer, Independent (16 April 2001); but not against pelvic inflammatory disease, Lancet 357 (2001), 1270. Venous thrombosis is discussed in terms of genetic and oral contraceptive risk factors in NEJM 344 (2001), 1222-31, 1527-35; BMJ 322 (2001), 1024-5. The question of whether breast and pelvic exams are needed for hormonal contraception is discussed in JAMA 285 (2001), 2232-9. A comparison of oral contraceptives versus transdermal contraceptive is JAMA 285 (2001), 2347-54. Post-marketing surveillance of Norplant in developing countries is reported in Lancet 357 (2001), 1815. Education affects the views of providers of emergency contraception, O&G 97 (2001), 942-6. Cost savings come from providing emergency contraception, O&G 97 (2001), 789-93; JAMA 285 (2001), 3080. On the future of quinacrine sterilization, F&S 75 (2001), 1244-5. Spain is considering improving its law banning female circumcision, Lancet 357 (2001), 1510. Embryo Status The US government has limited coverage of the abortion pill for poor women to rape, incest of physical danger to health, BMJ 322 (2001), 1015. The International relations Committee of the US House of Representatives overturned the Bush ban on funds to international groups that perform abortions, BMJ 322 (2001), 1142-3. On ethics of abortion provision, Am. J.O & G 184 (2001), 1582-3. A book review on Horatio Robinson Storer is JAMA 285 (2001), 3027-8. A floating abortion boat called Women on Waves, that provides abortions to Irish women, is discussed in Lancet 357 (2001), 2035. Attitudes in Ireland are changing, BMJ 322 (2001), 1444-5. A study of the karyotype of the abortus in recurrent miscarriage is F&S 75 (2001), 678-82. Fetal transplants for Parkinson's disease research are discussed in Current Biology 11 (2001), R285-6. Bioethical issues for conjoined twins are discussed in Lancet 357 (2001), 1968-71. Stem cell debates are discussed in ART section. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Papers discussing the ethics of cloning include: Itinerarium 9 (18 May 2001), 89-92 (in Italian); on regulation in Australia, Bioethics Research Notes 13 (2001), 1-3; France may continue to ban human cloning even for therapeutic purposes, Nature 411 (2001), 878-9. The UK Royal Society called for a global ban on human reproductive cloning, Independent (20 June 2001). On human cloning efforts, Current Biology 11 (2001), R247; Science 292 (2001), 639; F&S 75 (2001), 1057-8; NS (19 May 2001), 14-5. The ethics of embryonic stem cell research is discussed in Science 292 (2001), 1299; NatGen 28 (2001), 99-100; BioCentury (23 April 2001), A10-11; (21 May 2001), A8; NatMed. 7 (2001), 396-8; JAMA 285 (2001), 1895. UNESCO IBC report on stem cells is discussed in SCRIP 2645 (23 May 2001), 18. On the German debate, which like Switzerland, is in the position that import of stem cells for research is legal although creation in the country is not: Nature 411 (2001), 117, 119-20, 875; 412 (2001), 4; Science 292 (2001), 60, 415-6, 1036-8, 1811-3. On the USA, NatMed. 7 (2001), 518; NS (30 June 2001), 5; Nature 411 (2001), 979; 412 (2001), 107; Science 292 (2001), 1463. President Bush has said they support a bill that would also forbid cloning human embryos for research, Nature 411 (2001), 3; Science 292 (6 April 2001); Int. Herald Tribune (22 June 2001). Canada may seek middle ground, Science 292 (2001), 31, 33; Current Biology 11 (2001), R413-5. Europe has put stem cell patents on hold until the end of 2001, until the European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies makes an opinion on them, Nature 412 (2001), 110. On the moral status of human embryos, GEN 21 (15 June 2001), 6, 68; Lancet 357 (2001), 1368; Time (25 June 2001), 64. See the Gene Therapy section for the mitochondrial transfer and babies. On medical uses and research on ES cells, NatMed. 7 (2001), 393-5, 412-3; Science 292 (2001), 429, 438-40, 615-7, 1389-91. On human ES cells, Current Biology 11 (2001), 514-8. The question of whether adult stem cells are sufficient is discussed in Science 292 (2001), 740-3, 1820-2. On progenitor cells from human brain after death, Nature 411 (2001), 42-3. On the ironies of a lack of control over ART in USA and the efforts to control cloning, NS (30 June 2001), 3. A criticism of the Quebec cult for genetic determinism in its goal for cloning is made in NatBio 19 (2001), 403. A survey of what Finnish women want from ART is SSM 53 (2001), 123-33. On the psychology of IVF patients, F&S 75 (2001), 119-25. Book reviews on ART include JAMA 285 (2001), 2650-1. Preimplantation diagnosis for Li-Fraumeni syndrome, an adult syndrome, has been reported, BMJ 322 (2001), 1505. A baby has been born in Japan after vitrification of human blastocysts, F&S 75 (2001), 1027-9. An automated IVF chip should speed the production of human embryos, NS (26 May 2001), 4-5. Prenatal diagnosis after ICSI is discussed in F&S 75 (2001), 1240-1. A survey of clinical practice is Wong, SF. & Ho, LC. "Sex selection in practice among Hong Kong Chinese", SSM 53 (2001), 393-7. Also on sex selection ethics, F&S 75 (2001), 861-4. A court decision from India on female infanticide and sex selection is reported in Issues in Medical Ethics 9 (2001), 97-8. On the race and economics of couples using ART in the USA, Am. J. O&G 184 (2001), 1080-2.A survey of why patients chose private IVF found that they chose excellent records, F&S 75 (2001), 893-7. Access to ART services varies in the USA widely, Am. J. O&G 184 (2001), 591-7. On IVF for cancer patients and survivors, F&S 75 (2001), 647-53, 705-10. On laparoscopic transplantation of frozen-banked ovarian tissue, F&S 75 (2001), 1049-56, 1212-6. On anonymous oocyte donation, F&S 75 (2001), 1034-6. Male infertility is discussed in BMJ 322 (2001), 1310; Lancet 357 (2001), 1223-4; NEJM 344 (2001),1172-3. The MUC 1 and genetic susceptibility to infertility is discussed in Lancet 357 (2001), 1336-7. A study found little evidence to link leatherwork with male infertility, Occup. Environ. Med. 58 (2001), 217-24. Intrauterine insemination with frozen donor sperm is more effective than intracervical insemination, F&S 75 (2001), 656-60. A comparison of day 5 and day 6 blastocyst transfers is F&S 75 (2001), 1126-30. Mitochondria and gamete quality are discussed in AJHG 68 (2001), 1535-7. Book review: R.G. Lee and D. Morgan, Human Fertilisation and Embryology. Regulating the Reproductive Revolution, (Blackstone Press Ltd. 2001, ISBN 1-84174-119-1, 401pp.). This is a timely subject given the revival in the discussion of human embryo experiments and assisted reproductive technology (ART). The focus of the book is on the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act of the UK, the discussion that led to its formulation through the embryo research debates of the late 1980s, and how the Act has been interpreted to guide the practices of assisted reproductive technology in the 1990s. The book is a comprehensive guide to the legislation in the UK. The UK regulatory system is one of the world models for regulating assisted reproductive technology, so the book is useful for a wide spectrum of academic readers. The book looks at the debate since the Warnock Report of 1984. The recent areas of cloning and stem cell research are discussed, including analysis of the government report in the UK that lead to the parliamentary acceptance of research using embryonic stem cells. The authors also examine the ethical issues and debates relating to the law. There are a number of legal cases that are also discussed, as they relate to the access by persons to ART. One area that the authors acknowledge is not dealt with deeply is the introduction into UK law of the European Convention on Human Rights by the Human Rights Act of 1998. The right to reproduce would seem to be one of the basic human rights that has often been discussed in the debates of the twentieth century on reproduction and eugenics. The difficult issues like surrogacy ad posthumous children are discussed. The book focuses on the UK situation, with only the last and eleventh chapter looking in detail at the situation in other countries as the international experience, specifically, Scandinavia, Mainland Europe, North America, Australasia, The Middle East and Far East. There is a comparison with other European states in the embryo research chapter as well, so an international scholar can use the index to find references to the countries of interest. In international bioethics a book is needed that deals with the issues for each culture as deeply as the authors have done so for the UK. The information was gathered with the help of some other colleagues, and reflects that in its variable quality. The book is most reliable for the UK situation, and the only errors I was able to note were statements saying that gamete donation of any kind is not permitted in Japan, and Japanese doctors do not have a disciplinary body like the General Medical Council. In fact the there is a disciplinary body. In a following page the authors say that there are no guidelines on gamete donation, but in fact there are Professional guidelines of the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology on gamete donation. However, the experience in the UK the authors describe shows that a committee with a statutory basis can regulate assisted reproduction flexibly. There is a need for books from other authors around the world describing the experiences in their culture to the same degree as this book does for the UK. The book is a basic reference book for bioethics researchers who want to work in the field of ART. There are still a number of countries that do not have laws to regulate ART, and learning from the UK experience will aid policy makers, members of ethics committees, providers and users (providing that they have a good educational background). Fetal Environment & Neonates Nutrient supplements for pregnant women that contain flavonoids can occasionally trigger a form of infant leukemia, NS (22 April 2000), 7. Rubella vaccine may be safe in early pregnancy, BMJ 322 (2001), 695. Ancient viruses may be important in the establishment of the placenta, NS (24 Feb. 2001), 10. Home birth is discussed in Beech, BAL. "Ethics, home births and NHS trusts", BME 167 (2001), 20-2. Caesarean for fetal distress is discussed in BMJ 322 (2001), 1316-7. The Child Health Foundation of Munich has approved infant formula supplemented with DHA ad AA, AgraFood Biotech 55 (15 May 2001), 4; Acta Paediatrica (April 2001). On monitoring infants for exposure to chemicals in breast milk, Environmental Health Perspectives 109 (2001), 75-88. Food insufficiency is a health concern for poor US preschool children, AJPH 91 (2001), 781-6. Letters on neonatal salt intake and blood pressure are in Lancet 357 (2001), 1880-1. A general review on the nutritional basis of the fetal origins of adult disease is Int. J. Epidemiology 30 (2001), 15-23. Genetic Disease Markers (see next issue) On genetics of hypoparathyroidism, Lancet 357 (2001), 974-6. Crohnfs disease is discussed in BioCentury (29 May 2001), A7-8. On cancer genetics, Lancet 357 (2001), 491-2. Genetic Screening Methodology (see next issue) A paper on the outcome of children following amniocentesis is JMG 38 (2001), 336-8; see also SSM 53 (2001), 148-9. DNA Fingerprinting & Privacy A review paper is Nunes, R. & Pereira de Melo, H. "Genetic testing in the workplace. Medical, ethical and legal issues", Human Genome Review 13 (July 2000), 119-42. President Bush announced plans to combat genetic discrimination on 23 June, Nature 411 (2001), 985; NS (30 June 2001), 5. There are two bills being discussed in the US government now. The UK Human Genetics Commission recommends a three year ban on insurers using genetic tests, BMJ 322 (2001), 1060-1, 1144; Current Biology 11 (2001), R375-6. In Japan the government has announced it will stop screening applicants for colour blindness prior to hiring, Asahi Shimbun / IHT (English version) (23 June 2001), 22. The FDA has introduced regulations requiring that all human tissue banks register with the FDA, and has proposed rules for good tissue practice, NatMed. 7 (2001), 264-5. Plans for a wide ranging UK genetics database are discussed in BMJ 322 (2001), 1009-10, 1018. Human genetic databases are discussed in BMJ 322 (2001), 1009-10. Stored tissue may be important for future care of families, BMJ 322 (2001), 1060. UK registries will have to apply for the right to collect patient's data without consent, BMJ 322 (2001), 1199; Nature 411 (2001), 509. Confidentiality of patient records is discussed in JAMA 285 (2001), 3075-6; MJA 174 (2001), 296-7, 637-40. US health insurance privacy is discussed in JAMA 285 (2001), 3015-21. Privacy is also important for family members, JAMA 285 (2001), 1960-3. Papers on privacy are in Social Research 68 (Spring 2001), 1-350+. On use of electronic patient's records, BMJ 322 (2001), 1401-5. A DNA test was used to convict a restaurant owner of selling illegally caught salmon, Nature 411 (2001), 407. A series of papers on DNA profiling of animal mating systems is J. Heredity (March 2001), 99-200. Ethics & Genetic Screening A book review on Parens, E. and Asch, A. Prenatal testing and disability rights is GeneWatch 14 (May 2001), 14; and in NEJM 344 (2001), 1404-5. On autism and disability, NS (14 April 2001), 42-5. A review paper is Alderson, P. "Prenatal screening, ethics and Down's syndrome: a literature review", Nursing Ethics 8 (2001), 360-74. Prenatal screening and women's choice is discussed in GeneWatch 14 (July 2001), 4-11. Ethics of preimplantation diagnosis are discussed in Human Genome Review 13 (July 2000), 211-32; BMJ 322 (2001), 1008-9; JAMA 285 (2001), 3130+, 3143-4. On truth-telling in genetics for Huntington's disease tests, JMG 38 (2001), 39-42. The 1994-98 experience on prenatal testing for Huntington's disease is reported in JMG 38 (2001), 333-5. Risk perception and cancer testing is discussed in JMG 38 (2001), 139-42; BMJ 322 (2001), 1174-8. On predictive testing. BMJ 322 (2001), 1052-6. Surnames and human genetics are discussed in TIG 17 (2001), 353-6. A paper on audit is Davidson, H. et al. gLaw, ethics and epidemiology: The case of the cervical screening audit:, New Zealand Bioethics J. 2 (June 2001), 8-26. Routine audit should be required, BMJ 322 (2001), 1179. In general on medical genetics and ethics, see a special issue of BMJ 322 (28 April 2001), 1069-70; NatGen 28 (2001), 111. A paper on genetics ethics committees in the USA is AJPH 91 (2001), 787-90. Genetics for developing countries are discussed in BMJ 322 (2001), 1006-7. A call for research into genetics and psychopathy is Nature 410 (2001), 287. The Max Planck Society has offered an apology to the victims of Nazi science, Science 292 (2001), 179-81; Nature 411 (2001), 726. On IBM and Nazis and the Holocaust, Nature 411 (2001), 993-4. Papers on Sir Francis Galton are in the Galton Institute Newsletter (March 2001), 2-3; (June 2001), 2-3. The proceedings of the Galton Institute Conference 2000 are published as Peel, RA. & Timson, J. A Century of Mendelism (Galton Institute 2001, 80pp.). A comparison of Bali and Tokyo on attitudes to the mentally sick is Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences 54 (2000), 547-52. Gene Therapy Maybe 30 babies worldwide have been born from the use of cytoplasmic transfer to add mitochondria from a woman without a mitochondrial disease to a fertilized egg from a woman with a mitochondrial disease, so they have the DNA from 3 parents, NS (12 May 2001), 3, 7; Independent (5 May 2001). This has been debated in ethics circles, Science 292 (2001), 397. James Watson argued to use germline therapy to rid society of genetic disease, Independent (16 April 2001). The biology of mitochondrial gene therapy is reviewed in TIBTECH 18 (2000), 394-9. On germline therapy ethics, Science 292 (18 May 2001), 1301; GeneWatch 14 (July 2001), 1, 13-4. On the future of biology and genetics, Quarterly Review of Biology 75 (2000), 298-300; Australasian Science (August 2000), 17; Reindal, SM. gDisability, gene therapy and eugenics \ a challenge to John Harrish, JME 26 (2000), 89-94. On ethics, see the HUGO statement on gene therapy research, EJAIB 11 (2001), 98; Willgoos, C. "FDA regulation: An answer to the question of human cloning and germline gene therapy", AJLM 27 (2001), 101-24. A study on the FDA and NIH regulation of gene therapy is Current Opinion in Biotechnology 12 (2001), 304-7. Comment on modified FDA regulations on gene therapy are in NatMed. 7 (2001), 265. On human health and genetic modification, NZ Science Review 57 (2000), 26-36. A company Eukarion is seeking permission from the FDA to test a synthetic catalytic scavenger drug that enhanced the lifespan of nematode worms by 44%, in humans who are stroke or burn victims, Guardian (30 June 2001). In the USA human height may have reached its normal genetic ceiling, SA (July 2001), 16. CREB and enhancement of memory is discussed in Trends in Neurosciences 24 (2001), 314; J. Neuroscience 21 (2001), 2404-12. On the ethics of memory enhancement, Australasian Science (Nov 2000), 26-31. Freedom to pursue beauty is discussed in Holm, S. gChanges to bodily appearance: the aesthetics of deliberate interventionh, JME 26 (2000), 43-8; Wijsbek, H. gThe pursuit of beauty: the enforcement of aesthetics or a freely adopted lifestyle?h, JME 26 (2000), 454-8. Gene therapy for blindness may be useful if done early enough following work at the University of Pennslyvania, Acland, GM et al. gGene therapy restores vision in a canine model of childhood blindnessh, NatGen. 28 (2001), 92-5; Science News 159 (2001), 296; Biotech. News 21 (4 May 2001), 1. On gene therapy for angiogenesis, NatMed. 7 (2001), 532-4; and treating atherosclerotic arteries, PNAS 98 (2001), 4078-83. Stem cell implants may help heart disease, NS (7 April 2001), 7; NatMed. 7 (2001), 430+; Nature 410 (2001), 640-1. In general on cells for tissue engineering, TIBTECH 18 (2000), 17-9; see also Organ Transplants section. Gene therapy for hemophilia is reported in Roth, DA. Et al. gNonviral transfer of the gene encoding coagulation factor VIII in patients with severe hemophilia Ah, NEJM 344 (2001), 1735-42, 1782-3; BMJ 322 (2001), 1442. In 4 of 6 patients implanted with modified fibroblasts the levels of factor VIII rose. See also Science 291 (2001), 1692-6. A review of hemophilia is NEJM 344 (2001), 1773-9. On preselective gene therapy for Fabry disease in mice, PNAS 98 (2001), 3428-33. A review on gene therapy for pain is American Scientist 89 (2001), 126-35. A discussion of HIV and Ebola vectors is Lancet 357 (2001), 776. Processing of plasmid DNA for gene therapy is discussed in TIBTECH 18 (2000), 380-8. Protection against learning impairments in mice, metachromatic leukodystrophy, is reported in NatMed 7 (2001), 310-7. Prospects for CF gene therapy are discussed in Environmental Health Perspectives 109 (2001), 16. Cancer gene therapy on lesions caused by cancer is discussed in The Scientist (30 April 2001),1, 16-7. On gene therapy in mice to sustain erections, Science News 159 (2001), 237. April 2001), 1, 16-7. A comparison of the anti-tumour activity of antiangiogenic proteins delivered by gene transfer, PAS 98 (2001), 4605-10. Transient gene expression may be useful for treating some diseases, Nature 411 (2001), 410-2. Naked DNA vaccination is discussed in NatBio 19 (2001), 527-8. On human artificial chromosomes, PNAS 98 (2001), 5374-6, 5705-10; TIBTECH 18 (2000), 402-3. FHIT gene therapy prevents tumor development in Fhit-deficient mice, PNAS 98 (2001), 3346-51. A report from the 2001 American Society of Gene Therapy meeting is Biotech. News 21 (8 June 2001), 4; GEN 21 (1 June 2001), 1, 48-9, 77. On the cause of the fatal immune reaction in Jesse Gelsinger, JAMA 285 (2001), 2570. The University of Pennsylvania has been allowed to restart from gene therapy trials, NatMed. 7 (2001), 265. Human Genome Project (HGP) A report of a consultation from churches in Tonga about selling rights to their DNA to a biotechnology company is printed in BME 166 (2001), 8-10. Also on Tonga, The Scientist 15 (19 Feb. 2001), 1, 12. On ELSI issues, Australasian Science (August 2000), 1; Lancet 357 (2001), 535-7; JAMA 285 (2001), 721-2; NS (17 Feb. 2001), 3; The Scientist 15 (2001), 32-3. A book review on the social issues of the genome diversity is BioScience 51 (2001), 248-9. Spiritual aspects of the genome are debated in J. Rehabilitation 67 (2001), 33-7. A new book on ELSI issues is Mattei, JF., ed., The Human Genome (Council of Europe, 150pp., ISBN 92-871-4567-9). Individual genomic sequencing is the goal of a Cambridge UK company Solexa, Nature 411 (2001), 402. Papers on the completion of the human genome sequence and publication of the drafts include: Lancet 357 (2001), 489, 538; NatMed. 7 (2001), 266; BMJ 322 (2001), 381; NatBio 19 (2001), 207-9; NatMed. 7 (2001), 262, 281-3; NS (17 Feb. 2001), 4-7; (28 April 2001), 41; Science News 159 (2001), 100-1. In general on the HGP, NEJM 344 (2001), 862; Lancet 357 (2001), 531-7, 1537; NatMed. 7 (2001), 267-8, 275, 287-8; BMJ 322 (2001), 1371; JAMA 285 (2001), 2447-8; NS (28 April 2001), 40-1. On the Chinese genome sequencing effort, Nature 410 (2001), 10-2. A series of papers on the human genome in French are in La Recherche (June 2000), 25-45. On viruses in our genome, Science 292 (2001), 1848-50. There is still uncertainty over the number of human genes, between 30,000 to 60,000 genes are estimated, NS (12 May 2001), 16. On the origins of the discovery of the genetic code, Nature 410 (2001), 146-7. Wellcome has banned its grant recipients from using money to gain access to Celerafs genome sequence, Nature 410 (2001), 397. Relations between Celera and the public genome project are said to be improving, Nature 411 (2001), 726; Science 292 (2001), 1982-3; Current Biology 11 (2001), R202-3. Structural biologists plan to release all data within 6 month, Science 292 (2001), 188. Canada is seeking economic benefits from genomics in many species, Science (April 2001). Germany has increased funding to US$175 million over the next three years from the federal government to genomics research, Science 292 (2001), 29-30. On the environmental genome project, Environmental Health Perspectives 109 (2001), A22-3. Accuracy will have to improve to measure minor changes in genome sequences, as seen in the errors in the draft sequences of some genomes, NS (19 May 2001), 7. Immunogenetics and genomics, Lancet 357 (2001), 2037-41. On bioinformatics, Current Biology 11 (2001), R155-8. Celera has announced they have finished the mouse genome sequence, Science 292 (2001), 822-3; SCRIP 2640 (4 May 2001), 13. On the mouse genome NS (22 April 2001), 5; Nature 410 (2001), 121. The rat genome project collaboration is discussed in Science 291 (2001), 1872. The question of which mammalian species to chose for sequencing is discussed in Science 292 (2001), 2264-6; Current Biology 11 (2001), R416-7. On methodology, NatGen 27 (2001), 229-30; Science 292 (2001), 515-7. Building a genebank from published literature is discussed in Science 291 (2001), 2318-9. On the proteomics project, NS (14 April 2001), 5. Microbial genomes are discussed in TIBTECH 18 (2000), 14-6. The leprosy causing bacteria Mycobacterium leprae genome is discussed in Nature 409 (2001), 1007+; NS (24 Feb. 2001), 19. The sequence of a green algae, Guillardia theta, Nature 410 (2001), 1040-1, 1091-6; NatGen. 28 (2001), 6-7. The complete sequence of Caulobacter crescentus is reported in PNAS 98 (2001), 4136-41. Annotation of the Drosophila genome is in Nature 411 (2001), 259-60. Fungal genomics is progressing, Science 292 (2001), 2273-74. On the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome, Science 292 (2001), 1280-1. Multiple pathways cooperate to suppress genomic instability in yeast, Nature 411 (2001), 1073+. The Y chromosomes of 12,127 persons from 163 populations for 3 markers support a common genetic history of 1 million years and that all came from a single origin in Africa, Science 292 (2001), 1151+. Human DNA diversity is discussed in Nature 411 (2001), 199-202; AJHG 68 (2001), 738-52, 1315-20; Science 291 (2001), 1733-4; Genetical Research 77 (2001), 143-51. The Indian caste system differences are seen in DNA fingerprints, NS (19 May 2001), 17. On mitochondrial genetic diversity in Portugal, Ann. Human Genetics 64 (2000), 491-506; and on extinct Tainos in the Caribbean, Ann. Human Genetics 65 (2001), 137-51. A new hominin genus has been reported in eastern Africa, Nature 410 (2001), 433-40. See a series of papers in Science 291 (2001), 1721-54. DNA from the Mungo man fossil in Australia is one problem for the Out of Africa hypothesis of origins of Homo sapiens, Australasian Science (March 2001), 29. Homo erectus lived in Java between 1.5 to 1 million years ago, Science News 159 (2001), 246; NS (14 April 2001), 26-9. Also on human origins, Science 291 (2001), 1051-2, 1460-1; Current Biology 11 (2001), 774-8, 779-83; Hereditas 133 (2000), 217-28. Membership of tribes is discussed in Columbia Law Review 101 (2001), 702-72. General Medical Ethics A book review of Needham, J. & Lu GD., Science and Civilisation in China, part 6: Medicine (Cambridge University Press 2000, 261pp.), is JAMA 285 (2001), 1891-2. On translating the concept of liberty in nineteenth century Japan, J. History of Ideas 62 (2001), 161-81. A Confucian reflection on personhood and doctor-patient relationship is JME 27 (2001), 44-50. Hippocratic influences on Plato on medical ethics are discussed in Turkiye Klinikleri J. History of Medicine 1 (2001), 7-10. A paper on Israeli bioethics is Leavitt, F. "Medical ethics in Beer Sheva", Turkiye Klinikleri J. Medical Ethics 9 (2001), 13-20. A new journal has been launched, the Formosan J. Medical Humanities 1 (Number 1, November 2000). Editorial office Email: tai@mercury.csmc.edu.tw. A recent and excellent small book on Japanese medical ethics is Shinagawa, SN, Tradition, Ethics and Medicine in Japan (Humitas Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-928366-68-8, 80pp.) A book review on the history of medicine is NS (12 May 2001), 50-1. A new book is Morgan, Derek, Issues in Medical Law and Ethics (Cavendish Publishing, London, 2001, 281pp.). After general introductions to law and ethics for medicine, it discusses several different issues including the legal status of the embryo, ethics of fetal sex identification, genetics, and ethics of dying. On the bioethics of HT Engelhardt, Itinerarium 9 (18 May 2001), 79-88 (In Italian). Bioethics and business ethics for bioethics consultants are discussed in HCR 31 (March 2001), 9-21. The question of paying persons for entering clinical trials is discussed in NS (3 March 2001), 50-1; JME 26 (2000), 126-30. The medical profession is discussed in J. Health and Social Behavior 42 (2001), 1-16; MJA 174 (2001), 324-5; Lancet 357 (2001), 867-70. Assessment of clinical competence is reviewed in Lancet 357 (2001), 945-9. A survey in Australia found most patients thought doctors should wear white coats, MJA 174 (2001), 343-4. Letters on the changing length of times for a medical consultation are NEJM 344 (2001), 1476-7. The question of future generations rights is discussed in J. Radiological Protection 21 (2001), 113+. On casuistry as a method, SSM 53 (2001), 71-81. Ethics of stakeholders are discussed in MJA 174 (2001), 405-6. A paper on the ethical sensitivity of nurses in Turkey is Nursing Ethics 8 (2001), 299-312. Evaluation of research ethics committees in Turkey is reported in JME 26 (2000), 459-61. On ethics of nursing in Botswana, Nursing Ethics 8 (2001), 340-9. Israeli psychiatrists have proposed a new law for forced incarceration of mentally ill patients for treatment, Lancet 37 (2001), 1956. In Kenya many patients have no treatment, Lancet 357 (2001), 1274. A paper from East Asia is Neary, I. gRights and psychiatric patients in East Asiah, Japan Forum 12 (2000), 157-68. A delegation form the Council of Europe has suggested to remove Japan as an observer from the Council of Europe because of the inhumane conditions of prisoners in death row and execution of mentally ill patients, Lancet 357 (2001), 941. A UK survey of what patients expect of psychiatric services is SSM 52 (2001), 985-98. Ethics of concealing medication in patientfs food is debated in Lancet 357 (2001), 1369. On informed consent for cancer registries, Lancet 357 (2001), 1536. On confidentiality for physiotherapy, JME 26 (2000), 447-53. How consumers can improve clinical trials is discussed in Lancet 357 (2001), 1721; and on promoting trials to the public in Australia, MJA 174 (2001), 202-3. Monitoring safety in trials is discussed in JAMA 285 (2001), 1201-5, 1206-8; BMJ 322 (2001), 603-6. Placebos generally have no significant health benefit, NEJM 344 (2001), 1594-602, 1630-2. A book review of Severed Trust is BMJ 322 (2001), 1253. A study of doctors action when given direct threats from patients finds they generally comply in Denmark, Lancet 357 (2001), 1258-61. Book reviews on new medical ethics books include JAMA 285 (2001), 1075-6, 2134-5, 2787-8, 3149; J. Health Politics, Policy and Law 25 (2000), 979-87. In general on bioethics, MJA 174 (2001), 269-70; JAMA 285 (2001), 2651-2; Ethics 111 (2001), 523-47. A survey of the readability of written drug information given in Australia to patients is higher than the average person, MJA 174 (2001), 557-8, 575-8; see also SSM 52 (2001), 1417-32. Doctor-patient-child communication is reviewed in SSM 52 (2001), 839-51. On the use of information booklets, BMJ 322 (2001), 1218-21. A practitioner database for poorly performing doctors is seldom used in the USA, Lancet 357 (2001), 1855. Towards a global definition of patient centred care is discussed in BMJ 322 JME 26 (2000), 444-5. In general on consent, BMJ 322 (2001), 459-60. On dignity of older people in healthcare, BMJ 322 (2001), 668-70. The question of race in medicine is discussed in Phil. Social Sciences 31 (2001), 20-39. On the heart of human nature, Science 292 (2001), 52-3. Refusals of medical procedures by Jehovahfs Witnesses is discussed in JME 26 (2000), 299-301; BMJ 322 (2001), 1123-4. A study of the ethical dilemmas that shape the development of medical students ethical view is BMJ 322 (2001), 709-10. Separating medical education from pharmaceutical marketing is important, JAMA 285 (2001), 2009-13. The importance of bioethics education for genetic medicine is made in NatBio 19 (2001), 197. Medical education is discussed in BMJ 322 (2001), 685-6; JAMA 285 (2001), 2147-8. A study of the impact of unethical behaviour on medical student values is JME 26 (2000), 462-5. Teaching of medical humanity in Argentina has been done for two decades, JME 26 (2000), 66-70. A call for teaching students the meaning of humanity is Nature 411 (2001), 131. A call to deal with bullying is made in JAMA 285 (2001), 2131-2. Law & Medical Ethics The US National Bioethics Advisory Committee has released its three volume report, Ethical and Policy Issues in International Research: Clinical Trials in Developing Countries. It is also available on their www site. The main report, 138 pp., is an important document to provide good ethical standards for ethics research between US researchers and persons in other countries. See reports in Lancet 357 (2001), 1506. A review of the Global Forum for Health Care Research meeting in Thailand is Issues in Medical Ethics 9 (2001), 63-4. A discussion in Japanese of the Helsinki Declaration revisions and ethics, with a series of papers is Rinsho Hyoka (Clinical Evaluation) 28 (2001), 379-568. A discussion of US attempts to undermine Helsinki is BME 166 (2001), 10-11, 13-4; 167 (2001), 1; BMJ 322 (2001), 747-8. Early discontinuation of a trial may violate Helsinki guidelines, BMJ 322 (2001), 605-6. Recent UK draft guidelines for research and CIOMS draft guidelines are in BME 167 (2001), 13-19. On the roles and responsibilities of doctors doing research from the UK MRC, BME 166 (2001), 18-24. A comment on informed consent signatures is IRB Ethics & Human Research 23 (May 2001), 1-4. A summary of the IRB procedure is Pritchard, IA. "Searching for "Research involving human subjects", what is examined? What is exempt? What is exasperating?", IRB Ethics & Human Research 23 (May 2001), 5-13. Also on informed consent, NatMed. 7 (2001), 519. The FDA established the Office for Research Trials, NatMed. 7 (2001), 646; see also Science 292 (2001), 1466-7. The use of presumed consent for emergency neonatal research is discussed in JME 26 (2000), 249-53. A review on assessment of psychiatric patientfs ability to give informed consent is Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences 54 (2000), 515-22. In the UK there are extra issues from the Human Rights Act, BMJ 322 (2001), 810-1, 848-50. In Europe there are questions if non-therapeutic research can be done for those who cannot give consent, Lancet 357 (2001), 818-9. Consent for children in New Zealand is discussed in Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 31 (2000), 551-76. Confiendtiality for children is discussed in Turkiye Klinikleri J. Medical Ethics 9 (2001), 7-12. On secrecy in research ethics committees, BMJ 322 (2001), 1294-6. In general on IRBs, JAMA 285 (2001), 2713-4. A series of 8 papers on keeping human rights in bioethics is CQHE 10 (2001), 223-313. Also on human rights see 8 papers in Nursing Ethics 8 (2001), 177-271; The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses is in Nursing Ethics 8 (2001), 375-9. On clinical practice guidelines, MJA 174 (2001), 211-2. The question of how to punish lawyers who lye on-line is discussed in J. Computer & Information Law 18 (2000), 875-914. The US is debating a patientfs bill of rights, BMJ 322 (2001), 752; Lancet 357 (2001), 2033. Patientfs rights in eighteenth century England are discussed with the law of contract in Social History of Medicine 13 (2000), 381-410. The BMA has released a new handbook on human rights, BMJ 322 (2001), 1435-6. On the future of the UK GMC, BMJ 322 (2001), 671, 689-90, 792, 1196. In general on medical law, JAMA 285 (2001), 2251. Medical error and malpractice cases are discussed in BMJ 22 (2001), 501-2, 1189, 1236-40, 1421-5; JAMA 285 (2001), 2114-20, 3134-40; J. Health & Social Behavior 41 (2000), 333-46; Medical Law Review 8 (2000), 85-114; Nakajima, K. et al. gMedical malpractice and legal resolution systems in Japanh, JAMA 285 (2001), 1632-40. Ireland is discussing mechanisms to deal with expected increases in medical litigation, Lancet 357 (2001), 698. The UK Shipman inquiry will investigate 466 deaths, BMJ 322 (2001), 1201. A Dutch doctor found guilty of murdering a 84 year old dying patient has not been punished, BMJ 322 (2001), 509. Scientific Ethics A survey is Krimsky, S. and Rothenberg LS., "Conflict of interest policies in science and medical journals: Editorial practices and author disclosures", Science and Engineering Ethics 7 (2001), 205-218. A study has found that authors do not like to disclose conflict of interests, Nature 411 (2001), 3-4; Science 292 (2001), 829. Conflict of interest policies are discussed in NEJM 344 (2001), 1017-8; Science 291 (2001), 2060; Nature 410 (2001), 513. The Center for Science in the Public in the Public Interest in the USA is going to list scientists ties with industry, Nature 411 (2001), 406. Truth is necessary in clinical trials with commercial sponsorship, MJA 174 (2001), 648-9. A German researcher has denied corruption charges after accepting money from a heart valve manufacturer for research, BMJ 322 (2001), 946. The University of Toronto is also involved in cases over their relationship with corporate donors, NatMed. 7 (2001), 643. The culture of peer review is discussed in Science and Engineering Ethics 7 (2001), 193-204. A paper on publication ethics is JME 26 (2000), 422-6. A book review of Ethical Issues in Biomedical Publication is in Lancet 357 (2001), 2064. On the need for better writing by scientists, Nature 411 (2001), 1. In China there is increasing pressure to publish papers, Science 291 (2001), 1477-8. A series of papers on computer ethics is in Science and Engineering Ethics 7 (2001), 219-260. On engineering ethics at Delft University, Science and Engineering Ethics 7 (2001), 261-82; and on doing the minimum needed, Science and Engineering Ethics 7 (2001), 283-303. The BMJ has banned the term "accidents" from its papers, BMJ 322 (2001), 1320-1. On the BMJ ethics committee, BMJ 322 (2001), 1263-4. As reported in Eubios Daily News web pages, a Japanese researcher has been accused of espionage for alleging taking a cell line from a laboratory in the USA to Japan, Science 292 (2001), 1274-5, 1984. A UK case involving fabrication of research results and discipline from the GMC is in BMJ 322 (2001), 508. In general on research ethics, Lancet 357 (2001), 1290; Nature 411 (2001), 129-30, 131-2, 511; Science 291 (2001), 1679, 1876, 2316; Scrip Magazine (March 2001), 3-4; BMJ 322 (2001), 634. Medical students think misconduct is common, BMJ 322 (2001), 1307. Gender discrimination is discussed in NatMed. 7 (2001), 637; Science 291 (2001), 2063-4; 292 (2001), 416; Nature 410 (2001), 395, 404-6. Euthanasia & Terminal Care The Netherlands legalized euthanasia in April, 2001; BMJ 322 (2001), 947, 1376-7; Lancet 357 (2001), 1221-2. On euthanasia in Europe, Lancet 357 (2001), 1038-9. Comments on legal assisted suicide in Oregon are in JAMA 285 (2001), 2363-9, NEJM 344 (2001), 605-7; MJA 174 (2001), 325-6, 353-4. On California's Death with Dignity Act, Ethics and Medicine 16 (2001), 79-86. Papers on futility and ethics of treating children include J. Clinical Ethics 11 (2000), 128-144. On palliative care for children, J. Clinical Ethics 11 (2000), 157-65. Spiritual care at the end of life is recommended in HCR 31 (March 2001), 22-6. Rights and assisted suicide are discussed in AJLM 27 (2001), 45-100. In general on end of life decisions, Lancet 357 (2001), 640, 1051; JAMA 285 (2001), 734-5, 2898-905; JME 26 (2000), 435-40; JAMA 285 (2001), 2578-9. Decisions in intensive care in India are discussed in Issues in Medical Ethics 9 (2001), 73-83. A series of papers on the under treatment of pain are in JLME 29 (2001), 7-93; Lancet 357 (2001), 1217, 1304-5, 1311-5. There are gender differences in the will to live at old age, SSM 52 (2001), 949-58. On hospices, JAMA 285 (2001), 925-32. Home care is an ideal that requires the help of the system, MJA 174 (2001), 266-7. There are still deficiencies in the amount of time given to communication by doctors about palliative care in Holland, JAMA 285 (2001), 1351-7, 2906. Palliative care in Hong Kong is discussed in SSM 52 (2001), 1608-9. On long life-spans in Sardinia, Science 291 (2001), 2074-5. Yeast longevity is discussed in Nature 410 (2001), 154-5; nematode apoptosis in Nature 412 (2001), 133-5; and human longevity in Science 291 (2001), 1491-2. DNRs are discussed in JAMA 285 (2001), 1602-6. QOL is discussed in BMJ 322 (2001), 1240-3, 1297-300, 1357-60, 1417-20, 1481-3. Organ Transplants & Brain Death Ageism and lists for heart transplants are discussed in New Zealand Bioethics J. 2 (June 2001), 27-31. An Australian paper on community preferences for organ allocation decisions is SSM 52 (2001), 853-61. A Dutch study is Reubsaet, A. et al. "Determinants of the intention of Dutch adolescents to register as organ donors", SSM 53 (2001), 383-92. The US is attempting to boost organ donations, Lancet 357 (2001), 1275. Attitudes and practices in procuring organs are debated in JAMA 285 (2001), 1958-60. ABO-incompatible heart transplants can be performed safely in infancy, NEJM 344 (2001), 793-800, 843-4. Improving tolerance is reviewed in Lancet 357 (2001), 1959-63. The outcomes from heart transplants in Maori and Polynesian patients is the same as New Zealand Europeans, NZ Med. J. 114 (2001), 44-6. Lessons from hand transplants are discussed following the removal of the transplanted hand of the first recipient, Lancet 357 (2001), 494-5. Tissue engineering to reconstruct thumbs is discussed in NEJM 344 (2001), 1547-8. Successful voice-box, larygeal, transplants have been conducted, NEJM 344 (2001), 1676-9, 1712-4. The prospects for reversal of deafness by implants is growing, NS (31 March 2001), 15. Transplanted dopaminergic neurons are assessed in NatMed. 7 (2001), 512-3. Artificial blood is progressing in Japan, Far Eastern Economic Review (17 May 2001), 34-6. A philosophical paper is Sanner, MA. "Exchanging spare parts or becoming a new person? People's attitudes toward receiving and donating organs", SSM 52 (2001), 1491-9. In general on ethics of transplants, NEJM 344 (2001), 1953. A series of Christian views, from Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox, Thomist, etc. on commerce in organ parts is in Christian Bioethics 6 (2000), 139-213. Some papers on organ transplants in India are in Issues in Medical Ethics 9 (2001), 41-55. A report in the Globe and Mail (Toronto) from a study of live donors in Canada in 1999 suggests there is an organ trade with donors in India, Times of India (5 June 2001). The ethics of live lung transplants are discussed in JME 26 (2000), 419-21. A transplant from a non-heart beating donor is discussed in Lancet 357 (2001), 819, 825-9. A claim that transplantation of livers from live donors has been proceedings too fast is NEJM 344 (2001), 1633-7. Options to increase the supply of live donors are discussed in JAMA 285 (2001), 1440-1. On the diagnosis of brain death, NEJM 344 (2001), 1215-21, 1244-6. Awareness during general anaesthesia is debated in MJA 174 (2001), 212-3. Chinese organ transplantation from executed prisoner's is discussed in Int. Herald Tribune (12 March 2001), 1, 8. Persons who did not have previous kidney dialysis have better life expectancy after kidney transplants from live donors, NEJM 344 (2001), 726-31. Immune monitoring for rejection of kidney transplants is advanced in NEJM 344 (2001), 1006-7. Retention of organs after necropsy is discussed in Lancet 357 (2001), 157; Current Biology 11 (2001), R151-2. After Alder Hey scandal there is a threat that medical research will be more difficult, BMJ 322 (2001), 448. A paper that accuses the nuclear industry of secretly snatching bones of dead persons is Goncalves, E. "Grave injustice", The Ecologist 31 (May 2001), 30-32. Simple cell implants may undo the damage done by heart attacks, NS (7 April 2001), 7; NEJM 344 (2001), 1785-7. Stem cell transplants are discussed in JAMA 285 (2001), 1034-8. Tissue engineering is expected to rapidly grow in the coming years, Nature 410 (2001), 622-5; NS (7 April 2001), 5; GEN 21 (15 March 2001), 22, 25, 61; PNAS 98 (2001), 4282-4. Stretching nerve cells might convert them into regenerating cells for repair of spinal cords, NS (21 May 2001), 17. Growing skin is easier by growing skin from a few hair cells, NS (21 June 2001), 19. Umbilical cord blood may be as good as bone marrow transplants, Lancet 357 (2001), 2031. On xenotransplants,, JAMA 285 (2001), 2304-6; Current Opinion in Biotechnology 12 (2001), 312-6; Transplantation Proceedings 32 (2000), 2687, 2691-2729. On a virtual human being, NS (16 June 2001), 26-9. Health Costs A special report on "Does inequality matter?", is in Economist (16 June 2001), 22pp. Supplement. Measuring the performance of health systems is discussed in Bulletin WHO 79 (2001), 489. On global health inequality, BMJ 322 (2001), 591-4. World Health Day (7 April) is discussed in AJPH 91 (2001), 551-2. Rationing is discussed in MJA 174 (2001), 472-3, 641-2; JAMA 285 (2001), 2078-9; AJPH 91 (2001), 351-3; Nature 410 (2001), 652-3. QOL may influence resource allocation, Lancet 357 (2001), 978. Whether research ethics can learn from rationing is discussed in JME 26 (200), 417-8. A discussion from a legal perspective is Kaplow, L. & Shavell, S., "Fairness versus welfare", Harvard Law Review 114 (2001), 967-1388. On equity, J. Health Economics 19 (2000), 553-83; Int. J. Health Care Services 30 (2000), 661-74. Aging populations mean increased demand for critical care, JAMA 285 (2001), 1016-7; BMJ 322 (2001), 734-5; J. Health Economics 19 (2000), 679-95. Global equity is discussed in BMJ 322 (2001), 629-30, 1321-2; Lancet 357 (2001), 1524-5. Child poverty is discussed in BMJ 322 (2001), 1137-8. On unemployment and bad health, SSM 53 (2001), 293-303; and on poverty and ill health, BMJ 322 (2001), 748-9, 786-9, 830-1, 1233-6, 1375-6; SSM 52 (2001), 999-1005, 1371-90; 53 (2001), 265-75; JAMA 285 (2001), 2650; AJPH 91 (2001), 1013-5, 1033-41, 1142-3; Int. J. Health Care Services 30 (2000), 435-51; Health and Place 6 (2000), 275-85; 7 (2001), 57-61. There is said to be extreme need for aid in Afghanistan, Lancet 357 (2001), 1769. The ethics of economic sanctions are debated in The Ecologist 31 (May 2001), 24-7. On health care for displaced populations, JAMA 285 (2001), 1212; Lancet 357 (2001), 713-4. Africa is also crushed by the debt burden, and they cannot escape this burden unless debts are cancelled, Lancet 357 (2001), 611. On the UK NHS standards of care, BMJ 322 (2001), 851-4, 1078-9, 1197, 1257-8, 1381. The UK health and social care bill is discussed in Lancet 357 (2001), 1345. The BMA may take legal measures over barriers to private practice, BMJ 322 (2001), 507. A plan to end age discrimination in NHS is discussed in BMJ 322 (2001), 751. US managed care is discussed in JAMA 285 (2001), 2622-8; NEJM 344 (2001), 1087-92, 1483-4; Modern Healthcare (25 June 2001), 28-32, 39. Ethics of the shortage of doctors at US public hospitals are discussed in HCR 31 (March 2001), 31-6. Consumer choice and managed care are debated in AJLM 27 (2001), 1-16. Medicare is discussed in NEJM 344 (2001), 928-31. In general on US health care, NEJM 344 (2001), 673, 679-84, 766-9, 847-52; BMJ 322 (2001), 572; Lancet 357 (2001), 782; AJPH 91 (2001), 385-91. Papers on the issue of competition in health care markets are in J. Health Politics, Policy and Law 25 (2000), 863-978. Health care is one of the issues in Japan, Lancet 357 (2001), 1509. Long term health care insurance in Japan is described in Japan Echo (June 2000), 28-33. New Zealand health sector reforms are discussed in BMJ 322 (2001), 1171-4; SSM 52 (2001), 1233-42; J. Health Politics, Policy and Law 25 (2000), 815-44. A study of health among older adults in Thailand is SSM 52 (2001), 1297-311. The dark side of Taiwan's economy is discussed in Int. J. Health Care Services 30 (2000), 699-716. The North Korean public health tragedy is reported in Lancet 357 (2001), 628-30. Health care in Bulgaria is being reformed, Lancet 357 (2001), 695. The future of Albanian health care is discussed in Lancet 357 (2001), 1047. Managed care in Latin America is being introduced, SSM 52 (2001), 1243-53. Many foreigners are going to Cuba because of its good health care, BMJ 322 (2001), 1198. Social deprivation and psychiatric care is discussed in SSM 53 (2001), 1-8. A report on the bad situation of mental health care in Ghana is Lancet 357 (2001), 1859. On economics of moral hazard, J. Health Economics 20 (2001), 283-8. Racial differences in health care are reported in JAMA 285 (2001), 1837; NEJM 344 (2001), 1351-7, 1358-65, 1392-5, 1443-9; AJPH 91 (2001), 1046-55; J. Health and Social Behavior 41 (2000), 295-313. Discrepancies in US Indian health care are discussed in Lancet 357 (2001), 1810; JAMA 285 (2001), 3029-30. Problems in Aboriginal health in Australia are reported in MJA 174 (2001), 201-2, 488-90, 507-11; 175 (2001), 4-5, 10-3. Rural practice is difficult to attract women doctors, JAMA 285 (2001), 3078-9. On women's health, JAMA 285 (2001), 1508-9.Internet Journals
A new journal, BioMed Central Medical Ethics, has been set up on-line, www.biomedcentral.com. There are questions over full on-line access to papers on the Internet from journals who fear loss of income, Nature 410 (2001), 502; Science 292 (2001), 51-2. Free on-line access increases a paper's impact, Nature 411 (2001), 521. Electronic publishing is still only beginning, BMJ 322 (2001), 628-9. There are still difficulties for many users to access, Nature 410 (2001), 1021, 1023-5. Surveys of US and UK on-line medical genetics sources are in BMJ 322 (2001), 1035-9. A survey of the quality of medical information on the Internet is JAMA 285 (2001), 2612-21.