Comments are written in text form together with recent references. This list continues from the last issue of EJAIBand will continue. The full list of news (OLD = 1991-1993; NEW = 1994+) is available on-line topic-by-topic, at: http://eubios.info/NBB.html
Comments are written in text form together with
recent references. This list continues from the last issue of
EJAIB and will continue. This list is available
on-line topic-by-topic, at:
http://eubios.info/NBB.html
Genetic Engineering of Plants
The draft genome sequences of japonica and indica rice varieties have been published, Science 296 (2002), 76-92, 92-100, 13, 32-8, 45-6, 53, 58-9, 60-62; Nature 416 (2002), 567, 590-1. Two public groups and two private companies are discussing how to merge their results together in a single rice genome project, Nature 416 (2002), 573. Rice genetic engineering is discussed in Nature 416 (2002), 576-8. Science should aim to help alleviate world hunger, Science 296 (2002), 54-6. The genome sequence of maize is said to be half completed, AgraFood Biotech. 78 (9 April 2002), 19. Researchers in Italy have produced a GM aubergine that is 30% more productive than conventional varieties in field trials, and it is seedless, AgraFood Biotech. 80 (7 May 2002), 21; www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6750/2/4/. A feasibility study on biodiesel fuel is being conducted in the USA, www.admworld.com. Foresters in the USA are less enthusiastic to use GM trees than farmers to use GM crops, Nature 416 (2002), 163. The susceptibility of plant roots to microorganisms in different settings may affect the distribution of plants, Nature 417 (2002), 32-3. Genetic Engineering of Animals A cow has been cloned from cells taken from beef meat obtained after slaughter, NS (4 May 2002), 18. Australia has produced cloned dairy cattle, AgraFood Biotech. 78 (9 April 2002), 19. A French company, BioProtein has gained the license to make rabbit clones, SCRIP 2734/35 (3-5 April 2002), 12; NS (13 April, 2002), 23. Cloned mice have shorter lifespan than other mice, Lancet 359 (2002), 587; JAMA 287 (2002), 1255. Cloned embryos may be vulnerable to epigenetic change which causes problems when they develop, NatMed. 8 (2002), 215-6, 262-7. A review of cloning experiments in mammals is J. Assisted Reproduction & Genetics 18 (2001), 451-67. Rat brains respond to mouse ES cells, Science 295 (2002), 254-5. The use of transposase gene to transfer genes to animals may increase the efficiency, NS (30 March 2002), 6-7. The use of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model of human disease is discussed in TIBTECH 20 (2002), 147-8. A Drosophila model of Huntington disease is being used to study protein aggregation, NatGen 30 (2002), 367-76. Imprinted genes may be involved in inbreeding avoidance in mice, Proc. Royal Society London B. 269 (2002), 665-70. On epigenetics, Nature 416 (2002), 491-3. Genetic analysis of the mouse brain proteome is reported in NatGen 30 (2002), 385-9. A mouse model of use in study of vitamin C receptors is described in NatMed. 8 (2002), 445-6, 514-7. A mouse model of Prinzmetal angina is reported in NatMed. 8 (2002), 466-72. Mice models for asthma have been made, Science 295 (2002), 336, 338+. Interleukin-6 deficient mice develop mature onset obesity, NatMed. 8 (2002), 75-80. Mice that have spontaneous coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction have been made, Circulation Research 90 (2002), 244-5. Angpt13 gene regulates lipid metabolism in mice, NatGen 30 (2002), 151-7. Inactivation of Pbx1 gene promotes diabetes mellitus in mice, NatGen 30 (2002), 430-5. Mice deficient in estrogen receptor beta have hypertension, Science 295 (2002), 505-8. Mice deficient for TRP2 gene lose sex discrimination and male-male aggression, Science 295 (2002), 1493-500. On a mouse model for Alzheimer disease, Science 295 (2002), 2264-7; for Down syndrome, AJMG 107 (2002), 317-24; and for ALS, Nature 417 (2002), 74-9. Mice models of tumour suppressors in melanoma are reported in Lancet 359 (2002), 7-8. Designer Molecules A review of structure based drug design is GEN 22 (1 April 2002), 16, 19, 21. Non-invasive tracking of viruses expressing soluble marker peptides is reported in NatMed. 8 (2002), 527-31. Discussion of research priorities in proteomics is in Nature 417 (2002), 107. Biotechnology & the Public The attitudes to genetics of 36 medical officers in Sri Lanka are reported in Dissanayake, VHW. Et al. "Attitudes towards the new genetic and assisted reproductive technologies in Sri Lanka: a preliminary report", New Genetics and Society 21 (2002), 65-74. A series of 11 papers on German attitudes to genetic engineering are in New Genetics and Society 19 (Dec. 2000), 221-388. Distrust of science in the UK is discussed in Current Biology 12 (2002), R229; Nature 416 (2002), 117. A book review on Von Wartburg, WP. & Liew, J., Gene Technology and Social Acceptance (University Press of America, 1999) is JME 28 (2002), 56. A discussion of how the biotechnology debat of the 1970s could be repeated again in this decade is Science 295 (2002), 975. A report from the breaking of a press embargo of a story on the risks of the contraceptive pill that led to headlines in the UK that the pill doubles the risk of cervical cancer is discussed in Lancet 359 (2002), 1079; NS (13 April, 2002), 3. Press coverage of the environmental causation of breast cancer is reviewed in Sociology of Heath & Illness 23 (2001), 747-75. Media studies might help scientists, Nature 416 (2002), 461, 475; JAMA 287 (2002), 776. A paper on public understanding of biotechnology and on animal biotechnology is New Genetics and Society 20 (2001), 205-24. French teaching of agricultural biotechnology is reviewed in New Genetics and Society 20 (2001), 23-48. A report from a UK experiment is Levitt, M. "The gene shop at Manchester airport", New Genetics and Society 20 (2001), 77-88. Italian research on public attitudes to biotechnology finds people who are more informed dislike biotechnology more, Nature 416 (2002), 261. A book review of Public Intellectuals is NS (20 April 2002), 50. A book review on Francis Bacon is in Lancet 359 (2002), 1075. Reductionism is discussed in Nature 416 (2002), 583-4. The concept of risk in science is discussed in Nature 416 (2002), 123, 481; BMJ 324 (2002), 827-30; O&G 99 (2002), 371-2, 527-8; NEJM 346 (2002), 1099-100; Science 295 (2002), 281. A 1km diameter asteroid has a 1 in 300 chance of hitting Earth on 16 March 2880, Science 296 (2002), 27; NS (2 Feb. 2002), 13. Fear of the number 4 in Japanese and Chinese is discussed in Science 295 (2002), 267. Tsunami risk is discussed in Nature 415 (2002), 369. Religion and science is discussed in Lancet 359 (2002), 806-7; Current Biology 12 (2002), R265-6; SA (March 2002), 20. A survey in Southeastern USA on the doctor as God"s mechanic is SSM 54 (2002), 399-409. School science education is not the only way that students are taught to deal with technology, Time (15 April 2002), 52. Also on education, Lancet 359 (2002), 1165; Nature 416 (2002), 1. Art involving DNArt is discussed in Science 296 (2002), 43. Regulation & Field Trials of GMOs The question of whether regulation of biotechnology in Denmark hindered biotechnology industry is discussed in New Genetics and Society 20 (2001), 255-72. Discussion of the National Academy of Sciences report, Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation (Feb. 2002) are in AgraFood Biotech. 80 (7 May 2002), 5. Utilitarianism and the GM crop debate is discussed in New Genetics and Society 20 (2001), 75-84. Most EU countries ar late to comply with the Biotech Directive (98/44/EC), SCRIP 2733 (29 March 2002), 3. The USA and EU differ on biotechnology regulation, Food Chemical News (18 Feb. 2002), 5-6. The variety of regulations on GM crops is discussed in NS (9 Feb. 2002), 3.Claims that UNEP is buying support for Cartegena have been made, NatBio 20 (2002), 205. There have been claims that the Mexican transgene results that suggest GM contamination are artefacts, Nature 416 (2002), 600-2; Science 296 (2002), 236-7; NS (13 April, 2002), 10. Some contamination of organic food by GM crop derived genes is probably inevitable given that plants exchange genetic material, Splice 8 (March 2002), 4-5; SA (April 2002), 18. A survey found most organic farmers do not know about GM crops, AgraFood Biotech. 74 (12 Feb. 2002), 11. Gene flow and limits to natural selection are reviewed in Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17 (2002), 183-9. Risks of gene flow from some crops are high, AgraFood Biotech. 77 (26 March 2002), 18. A report from a UK meeting on approval of Aventis T25 GM maize is reported in Splice 8 (March 2002), 8-10. Production of nontransgenic plants from transgenic ones is described in NatBio 20 (2002), 215-6. A review is Senior, IJ. & Dale, PJ., "Herbicide-tolerant crops in agriculture: oilseed rape as a case study", Plant Breeding 121 (2002), 97-107. China has been gaining money and reduced pesticide poisoning cases from the use of Bt crops, NS (2 Feb. 2002), 12. India has accepted transgenic cotton, Nature 416 (2002), 468; NS (6 April 2002), 14. The debate on commercialisation of GM crops in Brazil is discussed in AgraFood Biotech. 80 (7 May 2002), 11; Leisa Magazine (Dec. 2001), 19-20. The benefits of GM crops to farmers ar discussed in AgraFood Biotech. 78 (9 April 2002), 5. The Thai senate urged the lifting of the ban on GM crops, AgraFood Biotech. 77 (26 March 2002), 21-2. GM crops in South Africa are discussed in AgraFood Biotech. 72 (15 Jan. 2002), 10. The risks and benefits of Bt maize in Kenya are discussed in Biotechnolgoy & Development Monitor 48 (Dec. 2001), 6-9. The way that pink bollworm mines into cotton bolls in Bt and non-Bt cotton is reported in J. Econ. Entomol. 95 (2002), 143-8. The sustainability of agriculture is discussed in TIBTECH 20 (2002), 193-6; NS (5 Jan. 2002), 25-7. Australian researchers are considering when to introduce transgenic European carp species with a daughterless gene to stop the invasion of the carp in the Murray River and other rivers in Australia, NS (11 May 2002), 3, 6. In Scotland recently 100,000 farmed salmon escaped from farms, Nature 416 (2002), 571. A new transposon in Drosophila is reported in Genetics 92 (2002), 375-81. On the US anthrax bioterrorism in 2001, JAMA 287 (2002), 34-5, 858-62, 863-8, 869, 898. Countering bioterrorism is discussed in Human Genome News 12 (Feb. 2002), 1-2; Food Chemical News (25 Feb. 2002), 8; JAMA 287 (2002), 573-6, 898-9; Lancet 358 (2001), 2137; 359 (2002), 239, 771; BMJ 324 (2002), 336-9, 362-5, 370. The CDC view on risks of biowarfare on the US food supply is Lancet 359 (2002), 874-80. Changes in medical curriculum are being made to include risks of terrorism, JAMA 287 (2002), 1099-100. Smallpox vaccination is discussed in NatMed. 8 (2002), 428; Science 296 (2002), 25-6; JAMA 287 (2002), 575-6, 706. Discussion of whether Iraq is making camelpox a biological weapon is NS (6 April, 2002), 5; General Virology 83 (2002), 855. A better anthrax vaccine has been recommended by the US Institute of medicine, JAMA 287 (2002), 1516-7; Science 296 (2002), 639-40. A method to use Siamese fighting fish chomatophores as a detection for toxins is discussed in NS (30 March 2002), 20. International law on biowarfare is discussed in Science 295 (2002), 2325. The control of the chemical weapons inspectorate was disputed recently, NS (20 April, 2002), 16; BMJ 324 (2002), 332-5. Censorship of science to prevent war is discussed in Science 296 (2002), 617. Vaccines & Diseases Parental autonomy and choices for immunization of children are not so easy to refuse, BME 175 (Feb. 2002), 13-19. MMR safety is discussed in BMJ 324 (2002), 315, 383, 386, 393-6, 492, 630; Lancet 359 (2002), 590, 637, 705; Current Biology 12 (2002), R151-2. Chickenpox vaccination is discussed in NS (4 May 2002), 7 JAMA 287 (2002), 606-11. US immunization policy is discussed in JAMA 287 (2002), 505-9 707. Edible vaccines are discussed in NatMed. 8 (2002), 94. The possibility of a vaccine against Alzheimer disease is discussed in SA (May 2002), 12-3. An oral cidofovir derivative may be effective against smallpox, Lancet 359 (2002), 1041. Also on smallpox, JAMA 287 (2002), 1104 (see also GMO regulations section for biowarfare). Anthrax vaccine should be improved, Lancet 359 (2002), 951. On polio eradication, Science 296 (2002), 269-70. Sequencing of the malaria parasite genome is discussed in JAMA 287 (2002), 1251-3; Nature 416 (2002), 697-700. A description of the role of social sciences in malaria control is in TDR News 67 (Feb. 2002), 6-7. Altruistic willingness to pay for malaria preventing insecticide treated nets was found in Nigeria, SSM 54 (2002), 519-27. Protective effects of the sickle cell gene against malaria are reviewed in Lancet 359 (2002), 1311-2. There are interactions between the malarial pathogen and human host, Science 296 (2002), 545-8. Drug resistant malaria is discussed in Lancet 359 (2002), 770. Dengue fever is discussed in Nature 416 (2002), 672-3. On Tsetse fly, Lancet 359 (2002), 686. A report from the meeting of the Global Fund on AIDS, TB and malaria is Lancet 359 (2002), 414; BMJ 324 (2002), 129. Review of the hygiene hypothesis is Science 296 (2002), 490-4. Because of the presence of many microbes in the human body many genomic sequences find a number of microbial DNA sequence contaminants, NatGen 30 (2002), 131-3. Paper on self-recognition and immunity and identity are in Science 296 (2002), 297-316. Prion disease is discussed in Current Biology 12 (2002), R248-9, 523-30. Japan has now had 4 cases of BSE in cows. Prion disease in deer is found in the USA, Nature 416 (2002), 569-70. The challenge of communicable disease in Europe is reviewed in Science 295 (2002), 2047-50. On TB, Science 295 (2002), 2040-1; and WHO policies to it, Lancet 359 (2002), 775-80. Ebola disease is reported in NatMed. 8 (2002), 313; JAMA 287 (2002), 1381-2. Antibiotic resistance is discussed in NatBio 20 (2002), 206-7; BMJ 324 (2002), 176. AIDS & Sexually Transmitted Diseases The WHO has been considering guidance on HIV drugs for developing countries, NatMed. 8 (2002), 429. The question of caps on AIDS benefits in the USA is discussed in AJLM 28 (2002), 107-23.Microbes & Pollution Remedies
Microbiologists are trying to trace polluting bacteria, Science 295 (2002), 2352-3. Dechlorination of chloroacetanilide herbicides by thiosulfate salts is reported in PNAS 99 (2002), 5189-94. Environmental Issues Japan and the EU are going to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, EST 36 (2002), 184A. The US plans for reducing pollutants by trading are discussed in EST 36 (2002), 181-2A. Clean car fuel is discussed in SA (May 2002), 22-3. The carbon flow and release of carbon dioxide from rivers is discussed in Nature 416 (2002), 594-5, 617-9. Trees may not solve the problems of global warming, NS (13 April 2002), 16. Ocean fertilization by iron to make plankton accumulate carbon is discussed in Science 296 (2002), 467-8. IPCC politics is discussed in Science 296 (2002), 232-3. The difficulty of making predictions is discussed in Nature 416 (2002), 690-1. The ideology of development is questioned in Ecologist 32 (March 2002), 44-5. Industrial ecology is discussed in Science 296 (2002), 471. A case study of Monsanto and PCB pollution is Political Affairs (April 2002), 8-13. Green consumerism is debated in SA (May 2002), 70-7. Health affects from environmental pollution are discussed in BMJ 324 (2002), 683; JAMA 287 (2002), 1581. Asthma is associated with exercise in polluted areas by children, Lancet 359 (2002), 386-91. Lung cancer from fine particulate air pollution is also a risk, JAMA 287 (2002), 1132-41. Cattle growth hormone risks are discussed in EST 36 (2002), 194-7A. Endocrine disruptors and atrazine are discussed in NS (30 March 2002), 8; Science 296 (2002), 447-8; Nature 416 (2002), 665-6; EST 36 (2002), 186A. Medical waste is a particular problem, Lancet 359 (2002), 56. The persistence of antifouling agents in the marine environment is discussed in EST 36 (2002), 1539-45. PBDE accumulates in the artic from flame retardants, EST 36 (2002), 188-92A. Indirect effects in aquatic ecotoxicology are discussed in Environmental Management 29 (2002), 311-23. Methods to assess surface water pollution are discussed in EST 36 (2002), 1532-8. Drug pollution in US streams is discussed in SA (May 2002), 18. Antibiotics are being spread across farmland in many places, NS (20 April 2002), 15. Trends in chlorinated benzene derivatives in pulp sites are assessed in EST 36 (2002), 1869+. Arsenic pollution is affecting millions of people in Bangladesh, Lancet 359 (2002), 1127. Yucca mountain nuclear waste disposal is debated in Science 296 (2002), 659-60. A series of papers on the future of energy are in Newsweek (8-15 April 2002), 44-61. Biodiversity The climatic affects on coral are discussed in Science 296 (2002), 277-8; NS (20 April, 2002), 11. Using artificial networks for modeling seal populations in New Zealand is reported in Ecological Modelling 148 (2002), 111-31. There has been criticism of the decision to allow sturgeons to be caught in the Caspian sea, Science 295 (22 March 2002). A study of fisheries productivity over the past 2200 years in the Pacific is Nature 416 (2002), 729-32. Protecting the oceans and conservation is discussed in Science 296 (2002), 458-60. Science and the Convention on Biological Diversity is discussed in Science 295 (2002), 2371-2. Hopes for life on Mars by plants appear difficult, NS (13 April, 2002), 11. A new class of organism has been found in ocean hot vents, Nature 417 (2002), 27-8. A new insect order has also recently been added, Science 296 (2002), 445-6. The design of life and evolution is discussed in Science 295 (2002), 2373-4. Animal Rights Some of the ways that advanced medicine is helping the health of pets is discussed in Pathways 3 (April 2002), 3-23. The US senate blocked the moves to extend animal protection for rodents and birds, Nature 415 (2002), 826; Science 295 (2002), 1190-1. A German law that restricts animal research further is discussed in Nature 416 (2002), 355. On animal rights debates, Lancet 359 (2002), 809; Nature 414 (2002), 687. Examination of whether animal experiment data helps medicine in fluid resuscitation is BMJ 324 (2002), 474-6.. Unventilated cages can have high carbon dioxide levels, Laboratory Animals 36 (2002), 209-12. The issue of cage comfort and research is discussed in NS (9 March 2002), 11. Recommendations for health monitoring of rodent and rabbit colonies are in Laboratory Animals 36 (2002), 20-42. Animal health habits can help human health, NS (23 Feb. 2002), 42-5. There is evidence that cattle were herded in Africa for 10,000 years, Hanotte, O. et al. "African pastoralism: Genetic imprints of origins and migrations", Science 296 (2002), 336-9, 236. A book review of great Apes and Humans is NS (9 Feb. 2002), 48. A new primate research center at the University of Cambridge was halted by protests, Nature 415 (2002), 725. There are calls to allow primate research in Europe to continue, Nature 416 (2002), 670. Most large primates in Africa are killed for their meat, NS (9 March 2002), 14. A bank loan to a chimp care facility in USA is discussed in Nature 415 (2002), 248. Mutualism in cooperative vertebrates is reviewed in Science 296 (2002), 69-72. Gene evolution studies suggest the brain has evolved quickly, Science 296 (2002), 234-5. Brain size and intellect are discussed in NS (23 Feb. 2002), 15; Nature Neuroscience (2002); Science 295 (2002), 1220-3. The origin of language is discussed in NS (30 March 2002), 24-7. The question of whether early humans could think and cave paintings from 100,000 years ago are discussed in Newsweek (21 Jan. 2002), 43. A review on the evolution of whales is SA (May 2002), 52-61. The far-reaching impacts of the lowered whale numbers in the 20th century on the ecosystem are discussed in Science 295 (2002), 1457. Whaling in Japan is discussed in NS (2 Feb. 2002), 6. At the May 2002 meeting of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) Japan failed to get support for increasing its whale catch. One gene determines bees social status, Science 296 (2002), 636; NatGen 30 (2002), 4-5. Altruism is discussed in Current Biology 12 (2002), R270-2. A discussion of feral human children is NS (9 Feb. 2002), 46. A philosophical paper is Regan, DH. "The value of rational nature", Ethics 112 (2002), 267-91. Measurement of consciousness is discussed in NS (6 April, 2002), 30-3. Safety of Recombinant DNA Products Human parathyroid hormone may be useful for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis, BMJ 324 (2002), 435-6. Clinical trials of endostatin have been disappointing, Science 295 (2002), 2198-9. Adverse reactions to TNF inhibitors in arthritis are discussed in Lancet 359 (2002), 352, 540-1; BMJ 324 (2002), 312-3. Interferon resistance and hepatitis C infection are discussed in Lancet 358 (2001), 1662-3; 359 (2002), 1064-5; NEJM 345 (2001), 1452-7; BMJ 323 (2001), 1141-2, 1151-5. Nephrectomy followed by interferon therapy helps patients survive longer, NEJM 345 (2001), 1655-9. Sunscreens in the future might contain IL-12, Lancet 358 (2001), 1878. Use of recombinant human activated protein C is discussed in BMJ 323 (2001), 881-2, 923-6. Use of beta-interferon in MS is discussed in Lancet 358 (2001), 1619. The prevalence of proteolytic antibodies against factor VIII in hemophilia A is reported in NEJM 346 (2002), 662-7. Treatment with erythropoietin can lead to pure red cell aplasia, NEJM 346 (2002), 469-75. Diabetes treatment is discussed in Lancet 359 (2002), 990, 1004-10; JAMA 287 (2002), 701-2. There are concerns about threats to the production of animal insulin by a company takeover, BMJ 324 (2002), 130. Insulin resistance may be linked to ADMA level changes which affect cardiovascular disease, JAMA 287 (2002), 1451-2. Food safety Changes to the way seeds are labeled with GM varieties in Europe are suggested in NatBio 20 (2002), 319, 324-5. Criticism of traceability in the EU are in AgraFood Biotech. 76 (12 March 2002), 10; 77 (26 March 2002), 13. European consumers may buy GM food if it is cheaper, AgraFood Biotech. 79 (23 April 2002), 8. Indian regulators have said an Indian ban on importing GM soybean oil are not enforceable, AgraFood Biotech. 79 (23 April 2002), 13. Bt maize may reduce fumonism mycotoxin levels, AgraFood Biotech. 77 (26 March 2002), 20. Toxicologists have called GM foods safe, The Scientist (29 April 2002), 22. Eating soya may not prevent cancer, NS (13 April, 2002), 6. Food safety is discussed in Lancet 359 (2002), 91. On the GM food debate, Ecologist 32 (March 2002), 43; AgraFood Biotech. 73 (29 Jan. 2002), 15; NS (16 March 2002), 12. Starlink is discussed in AgraFood Biotech. 71 (25 Dec. 2001), 18. Obesity is a major health concern around the world, Lancet 359 (2002), 1412; FDA Consumer (March 2002), 8; JAMA 287 (2002), 1382-6; NEJM 346 (2002), 854-5; BMJ 324 (2002), 625-6. Genes and obesity are discussed in The Scientist (29 April 2002), 22-3; Lancet 359 (2002), 681, 1215; Nature 415 (2002), 268-9. Small molecule insulin mimetics can reduce food intake, NatMed. 8 (2002), 179-83. Dietary restriction in long lived flies is reported in Science 296 (2002), 319. Fish oils save the heart, Albert, CM. Et al. "Blood levels of long chain n-3 fatty acids and risk of sudden death", NEJM 346 (2002), 1113-8; 1102-3; JAMA 287 (2002), 1815-21. The residual lifetime risk for hypertension in middle-aged and elderly US persons is 90%, JAMA 287 (2002), 1003-10. Safe amounts of vitamin A, retinol, are discussed following some risks of increased hip fractures, JAMA 287 (2002), 47-54, 102-3. Vitamin C and E retards early progression of transplant-associated coronary ateriosclerosis, Lancet 359 (2002), 1108-13. A review of ateriosclerosis is SA (May 2002), 28-37. Reducing salt intake would aid the health of most people in the world, Lancet 358 (2001), 2134. A suggestion that diets high in starch may lead to short-sightedness is in NS (6 April, 2002), 9. Iron overload is discussed in Lancet 359 (2002), 786-90. The use of powdered insects as a supplement may be useful, NS (6 April, 2002), 20. The health benefits of red wine are discussed in Lancet 358 (2001), 2135. Areca nut use is associated with oral cancer, BMJ 324 (2002), 799-800. A book review on healthy eating is NEJM 346 (2002), 633. The confusing issues of vitamins are discussed in Time (21 Jan. 2002), 55. Endocrine-disrupting nonylphenols have been detected in a wide range of foods, EST 36 (2002), 178-80A. Disease Risks & Drugs Individual responsibility for health is argued in HCR 32 (March 2002), 22-31. Frequent involvement in cognitively stimulating activities reduces risk of Alzheimer disease, JAMA 287 (2002), 742-8. Genetic susceptibility to tobacco smoke toxicity is discussed in Geriatrics & Gerontology International 2 (2002), 1-7. Progress in understanding nicotine receptors is described in NatMed. 8 (2002), 447-9. Peace and public health, and the Skopje Declaration on Public Health, Peace and Human Rights (Dec. 2001) are discussed in Croatian Medical J. 43 (2002), 103-125. Patenting & Business An unofficial report from the 2001 UNESCO Symposium on Ethics, Intellectual property and genomics is Kirby, M. "Intellectual property and the human genome (Part II)", Law and the Human Genome Review 15 (2001), 65-83. The ethical issues of patents are discussed in NatGen 30 (2002), 359. A comparison of different methods for compensating contributors of human tissue is AJLM 28 (2002), 77-106. Questions of access and benefit sharing are discussed in Biotechnology and Development Monitor 49 (March 2002), 2-9. A study of the way companies promote biotechnology is in New Genetics and Society 20 (2001), 239-54. The globalization of biotechnology and political economy in developing countries is discussed in New Genetics and Society 20 (2001), 25-42. The impact of the UN Global Compact is discussed in Pathways 3 (April 2002), 26-31. Birth Control The risks of the contraceptive pill discussed in a WHO meeting, that led to headlines in the UK that the pill doubles the risk of cervical cancer is discussed in Lancet 359 (2002), 1079, 1080-1, 1085-92; BMJ 324 (2002), 808. There is a claim for compensation from the makers of third generation contraceptive pills of the side effects, BMJ 324 (2002), 561. Venous thromboembolism is discussed in Lancet 359 (2002), 456-7, 1348. Misoprostol for women"s health is discussed in O&G 99 (2002), 316-32. Dutch GPs have been warned about a new contraceptive pill, BMJ 324 (2002), 869. Experience of polycystic ovarian syndrome and loss of womenhood is discussed in SSM 54 (2002), 349-61. Introduction of a transdermal hormonal contraceptive Ortho Evra is reported in F&S 77 (2002), Supplement 2. In general on birth control, BMJ 324 (2002), 796; F&S 77 (2002), 1-14. A legal challenge by SPUC to UK pharmacy dispensing of the emergency pill is discussed in BMJ 324 (2002), 381. Maternal mortality is discussed in Lancet 359 (2002), 701-4. A philosophical paper on considering future children"s interests is Jackson, E. "Conception and the irrelevance of the welfare principle", Modern Law Review 65 (2002), 176-203. A series of papers under the symposium theme "Human mate choice and prehistoric marital networks", ed. K. Aoki & T. Akazawa (Int. Research Center for Japanese Studies, International Symposium 16. 2000) includes 16 papers (211pp., 2002). Papers on the evolution of sex are in Nature Reviews 3 (2002), 241-317. Medicalisation of sexual behaviour is discussed in BMJ 324 (2002), 896-900. Attitudes to sex are discussed in Lancet 359 (2002), 1084. In general on reproduction, JAMA 287 (2002), 1188-9. The future of human population is in Lancet 359 (2002), 1145-8. Overpopulation is threatening biodiversity, Nature 417 (2002), 21-2. The selling of children still is found in the world, Lancet 358 (2001), 2095. Embryo Status The status of the fetus is discussed in New Genetics and Society 20 (2001), 225-38. The legal response to pregnancy and childbirth is discussed in Modern Law Review 65 (2002), 290-303. A study of why unintended pregnancies happen in Yamagata, Japan is in SSM 54 (2002), 1065-79. Reproductive rights in Serbia and Croatia are discussed in SSM 54 (2002), 625-42. A Portuguese judge freed 15 women accused of having illegal abortions, Lancet 359 (2002), 330. The Irish referendum on abortion is discussed in Lancet 359 (2002), 505. US politics and its adverse affects on international family planning is criticized in Lancet 359 (2002), 539. On human embryo research (see also ART section), JAMA 287 (2002), 1731-2. Transplanted ES cells can differentiate into functional neurons in Parkinsonian brains, NatMed. 8 (2002), 105-6; NS (24 March), 10-1; (13 April, 2002), 5. On the successes of fetal cell implants, JAMA 287 (2002), 175-6. Astrocyte cells in the brain can generate new neurons, Nature 417 (2002), 29, 31. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Australia reached a compromise solution on the use of embryos for making ES cells, Science 296 (2002), 238; NatMed. 8 (2002), 430; BioCentury (8April 2002), A13; Nature 416 (2002), 574. Pro-life groups in Canada were upset at the positive guidelines for research, Nature 416 (2002), 116; Science 295 (2002), 1816. A paper on ethics is Hansen, JES. "Embryonic stem cell production through therapeutic cloning has fewer ethical problems than stem cell harvest from surplus IVF embryos", JME 28 (2002), 86-8. European views on therapeutic cloning are discussed in NEJM 346 (2002), 1579-82; Lancet 359 (2002), 796. Germany has decided to allow import of ES cell lines if they were from spare embryos and judged ethical by a new committee, Lancet 359 (2002), 506; BioCentury (29 April 2002), A11; Nature 415 (2002), 566; 417 (2002), 8; Science 295 (8 Feb. 2002), 296 (2002), 265-6. German researchers cannot work on new ES cell lines if they go to other countries. A paper in Spanish on cloning is Revista Latinoamericana de Bioetica 2 (2002), 116-49. The French position is still unsure despite a decision to allow import of ES cells, BioCentury (14 Jan. 2002), A14. On Israeli ES research, Science 295 (2002), 1818-9. A discussion of therapeutic cloning is in Law and the Human Genome Review 15 (2001), 15-7; Science 295 (2002), 1237. The question of whether a common legal framework for ES cell research is needed in Europe is debated in Law and the Human Genome Review 15 (2001), 121-38. Laws on cloning are discussed in NatGen 30 (2002), 1-2. The UK model for ES cell research is reviewed in Health Law Review 10 (No.2, 2002), 14-24; also, BME 175 (Feb. 2002), 5-7; BMJ 324 (2002), 503; Nature 416 (2002), 3-4. There were conflicting legal judgments in the UK on cloning, BMJ 324 (2002), 190, 562. On US anti-cloning movements and stem cell policy, Nature 415 (2002), 349, 351-2, 722; 416 (2002), 109, 669; 417 (2002), 103; BioCentury (15 April 2002), A18; Science 295 (2002), 601-2 296 (2002), 465. Rumours of human cloning and a pregnancy of a human clone are discussed in NS (2 Feb. 2002), 4-5; (13 April, 2002), 4; Nature 416 (2002), 570; Lancet 359 (2002), 1; BMJ 324 (2002), 868; SA (Feb. 2002), 10-1. Ethical issues of cloning are discussed in Science 296 (2002), 314-6 Access to cloning technology and equity are important issues in whether it should be allowed, CQHE 11 (2002), 169-79. Also on cloning, Splice 8 (March 2002), 14-5. A review of legal attitudes is in J. Assisted Reproduction & Genetics 18 (2001), 442-50; J. Law & Medicine 9 (2001), 14-7. Some persons contain cells from two individuals as chimeras in what is called genetic mosaicism, Nature 417 (2002), 10-11. The question of pluripotency of somatic stem cells is discussed in NatMed. 8 (2002), 213-4; NS (16 March 2002), 12; PNAS 99 (2002), 3586-90; BMJ 324 (2002), 696; Lancet 359 (2002), 1047-54; Nature 416 (2002), 485-6; NEJM 346 (2002), 770-2. India is planning to introduce further laws to attempt to control female feticide; BMJ 324 (2002), 385. In general on the issue, Issues in Medical Ethics 10 (April 2002), 24-5. The US decision to allow sex selection in preimplantation diagnosis is reviewed in Bioethics Research Notes 13 (Dec. 2001), 37-9. Arguments to support sex selection are in JME 27 (2001), 302-7. The UK also allowed preimplantation diagnosis to be used for the benefit of a sibling as a donor, Current Biology 12 (2002), R193. The ethics of deliberately conceiving a deaf child are discussed in the USA, Lancet 359 (2002), 1315. Anonymity of sperm donors is discussed in JME 28 (2002), 127. A paper on selling eggs is Resnik, DB. "Regulating the market for human eggs", Bioethics 15 (2002), 1-25. The question of testing gamete donors for spinal muscular atrophy is raised in F&S 77 (2002), 409-11; see also, BMJ 324 (2002), 631. A paper on preferences of Jewish recipients of DI is SSM 54 (2002), 363-76. A comment fro a child of DI is BMJ 324 (2002), 797. Ethical issues of HIV and ART is discussed in F&S 77 (2002), 218-21. Access to ART services in the USA are reported in F&S 77 (2002), 537-41. Fertility after ovary transplantation is reported in Nature 415 (2002), 385. Ooplasmic transfer is discussed in NEJM 346 (2002), 773-5. Better survival of human eggs after freezing is reported in NS (26 Jan. 2002), 15. A study suggesting increased risk of neurological problems like cerebral palsy after IVF is Stromberg, B. et al. "Neurological sequelae in children born after in vitro fertilization a population based study", Lancet 359 (2002), 461-5, 459-60; BMJ 324 (2002), 633; SA (April 2002), 11-2; NS (16 March 2002), 17. A paper on the low birth weights of some children after IVF is NEJM 346 (2002), 731-7, 769-70. The risks of major birth defect are doubled with ICSI, Hansen, M. et al. "The risk of major birth defects after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in vitro fertilization", NEJM 346 (2002), 725-30. The 1998 results of ART in the USA are reported in F&S 77 (2002), 18-31; JAMA 287 (2002), 1521-2. Blastocyst culture and transfer may improve IVF outcome, F&S 77 (2002), 114-8. In general on risks of ART, F&S 77 (2002), 223+. A review of human gene mutations causing infertility is JMG 39 (2002), 153-61 also Lancet 359 (2002), 44-6. Fetal Environment & Neonates The case of Maria Aziz al-Rafi who was forced by a UK hospital to undergo surgery against her parents will is discussed in BME 176 (March 2002), 3-4. A baby girl has survived after being born at 285g in Rome, AP (27 May 2002). Premataure birth is not however so lucky usually, NEJM 346 (2002), 197-8, 282-4. Caesarean section rates in the UK are in BMJ 324 (2002), 486. An iatrogenic legacy of diethylstilbestrol is discussed in Lancet 359 (2002), 1081-2, 1102+. Fathers should take vitamins for producing good sperm, NS (23 March 2002), 11. Women who have given birth within two years have more aggressive breast cancer, Lancet 359 (2002), 1129. A series of papers on ADHD and genes are in AJMG 114 (2002), 34-41, 255-276. Genetic Disease Markers The idea of diabetes as a genetic disease is discussed in Hedgecoe, A. "Reinventing diabetes: classification, division and the geneticization of disease", New Genetics and Society 21 (2002), 7-28. A study on the way Huntington"s disease is represented is New Genetics and Society 21 (2002), 39-64. A series of papers on cancer are in Nature Reviews 2 (March 2002), 153-232. Genetic Screening Methodology Gene microarray analysis of multiple sclerosis lesions is reported in NatMed. 8 (2002), 500-8. Mortality associated with breast cancer has decreased by 25% due to genetic tests a Spanish doctor claimed, BMJ 324 (2002), 755. A new gene test for breast cancer is reported in BMJ 324 (2002), 755. DNA Fingerprinting & Privacy A series of 3 articles on genetic databases in Iceland and privacy are in New Genetics and Society 20 (2001), 101-156. On the risks and oversight of genetic databases in the UK, New Genetics and Society 20 (2001), 157-84; and in general on DNA sampling, New Genetics and Society 20 (2001), 59-68; 19 (2000), 165-206. The genetic data of half a million UK persons will go to a new UK biobank, Nature 417 (2002), 9. A paper on ethical issues is Harris, J., "Ethical issues in genetic testing for insurance", Law and the Human Genome Review 15 (2001), 25-31. The issues of genetics and insurance in the UK are discussed in BME 176 (March 2002), 19-24; BMJ 324 (2002), 443. A book review on regulation of data and privacy is BMJ 324 (2002), 619. A summary of the Danish Council of Ethics report on genetic investigation of healthy subjects is BME 175 (Feb. 2002), 8-11 (www.etiskraad.dk). An online tumour bank combining resources of 8 physical centers in Europe is reported in Nature 416 (2002), 464. Gene expression profiling to classify soft tissue sarcomas is reported in Lancet 359 (2002), 1263-4. Privacy is discussed in Lancet 359 (2002), 84; NEJM 346 (2002), 201-4. The human genome issue may force a transformation of the US private insurance based health care system, Geetter, JS. "Coding for change: The power of the human genome to transform the American health insurance system", AJLM 28 (2002), 1-76. A report by the California HealthCare Foundation (6 May) claims the US lacks a policy of protecting genetic information, Lancet 359 (2002), 1678. Genetic discrimination is discussed in Human Genome News 12 (Feb. 2002), 9-11. A report from a conference that discussed the Autogen agreement with Tonga for a genetic database is BME 175 (Feb. 2002), 4; BMJ 324 (2002), 443. A US federal judge changed his decision from use of fingerprint data, Science 296 (2002), 2195-7. DNA and immigration are discussed in Lancet 359 (2002), 794. Ethics & Genetic Screening Genetic essentialism and mana is discussed in New Genetics and Society 20 (2001), 43-58. A simple blood test for antibody m266might predict Alzheimer long before it appears, NS (30 March 2002), 15; Science 295 (2002), 2264. The use of predictive medicine and schizophrenia is debated in New Genetics and Society 20 (2001), 5-22. On the ethics of testing: Merz, JF. Et al. "Protecting subjects" interests in genetics research", AJHG 70 (2002), 965-71; The Scientist (1 April 2002), 16-7. A conference report on genes and law is in Human Genome News 12 (Feb. 2002), 5-6. A study of reproductive health in persons with homozygous beta-thalassemia is in F&S 77 (2002), 119-27. In general on genetics and ethics see NatGen 30 (2002), 343-4; BMJ 324 (2002), 690-1, 863-4; JAMA 287 (2002), 773; Lancet 359 (2002), 881-4. Craig Venter has set up a new Institute for considering ethical issues of genetics, Nature 417 (2002), 3. Mortality of Down syndrome is discussed in Lancet 359 (2002), 275-6, 1019-25. Teaching ethical issues of genetics is discussed in HCR 32 (March 2002), 37-39. A study of decisions in 53000 pregnancies in a hospital St. Louis, Missouri, USA, for termination if fetal anomaly is found is O&G 99 (2002), 216-22. The ethics of prenatal diagnosis are discussed in Sarangi, S. & Clarke, A. "Constructing an account by contrast in counseling for childhood genetic testing", SSM 54 (2002), 295-308; Williams, C. et al. "Is nondirectiveness possible within the context of antenatal screening and testing?", SSM 54 (2002), 339-47; J. Law & Medicine 9 (2001), 28-40; BME 176 (March 2002), 13-8. A Canadian study has shown a significant decrease in infant mortality as a result of prenatal diagnosis, JAMA 287 (2002), 1561-7. A Canadian prohibition against immigrants with disabilities is under legal challenge, Lancet 359 (2002), 240. France is changing the law to prevent people with disabilities from suing doctors for compensation for simply being born, Lancet 359 (2002), 233. A comparison of disabled older persons in Japan and USA is Geriatrics & Gerontology International 2 (2002), 53-6. Body image and disability is discussed in SSM 54 (2002), 971-80. A discussion of non-disease is BMJ 324 (2002), 883-5. A gene for super-sociality is discussed in Current Biology 12 (2002), R180-1. Book reviews of A Life of Sir Francis Galton are in Science 296 (2002), 472; JAMA 287 (2002), 522. Consanguinity is discussed in Time (22 April 2002), 28. The debate on whether there is race in genetics is in NS (20 April, 2002), 34-5. Gene Therapy A discussion of changing the way human beings are is NS (20 April, 2002), 42-45. A book review of Our Post human Future is SA (May 2002), 82-3. The US FDA has recommended a 15 year follow-up for patients who undergo gene therapy, Named. 7 (2001), 1263. A small risk of cancer is considered a small risk for cure from gene therapy, NS (27 April, 2002), 13; Science 296 (2002), 497. The risks of adeno-associated viral vectors are discussed in Lancet 359 (2002), 1216. Successful ADA and SCID gene therapy is reported in Aiuti, A. et al., "Immune reconstitution in ADA-SCID after PBL gene therapy and discontinuation of enzyme replacement", NatMed. 8 (2002), 423-5; Hacein-Bey-Abina, S. et al. "Sustained correction of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency by ex vivo gene therapy", NEJM 346 (2002), 1185-93; BMJ 324 (2002), 872; NEJM 346 (2002), 1241-3. There are predictions that gene therapy successes are coming soon despite the conservative phase of clinical trials, NatMed. 8 (2002), 429-30. Correction of mitochondrial genetic disorders by gene therapy using gene transfer to the nucleus is reported in NatGen 30 (2002), 345-6, 394-9. p53 gene transfer for cancer is discussed in Science & Medicine (March 2002), 60-1. Engineered T-cells as vectors have been made, Lancet 359 (2002), 856. Vector systems for DNA need to protect the DNA from change, NS (11 May 2002), 17. Antibody gene therapy is discussed in NatMed. 8 (2002), 343-8. RNA interference is discussed in Lancet 359 (2002), 682.Sickle cell gene therapy is discussed in JAMA 287 (2002), 180; remodeling of dystrophin in Lancet 359 (2002), 905, 936-41; and for spinal cord injury repair, Lancet 359 (2002), 950. Human Genome Project (HGP) Dissemination of the principles of the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights is discussed in New Genetics and Society 20 (2001), 89-104. A dispute involving the etiquette of releasing DNA sequence data on the Internet is reported in Science 296 (2002), 1206-7. The end of the human genome sequencing project is discussed in Science 295 (2002), 2348-51. A description of the Hap Map project is in Science 296 (2002), 1391-2. A panel for the Human genome Diversity Cell Lines is reported in Science 296 (2002), 261-2. Book review of Life Scripts are Nature 415 (2002), 736; NatMed. 8 (2002), 443. Also related book reviews are in Lancet 359 (2002), 1164. Discussion of the ethics of anthropology researchers who studied the Yanomamo Indians is Science 295 (2002), 41. Ethnic differences and pharmacogenomics are reported in Lancet 359 (2002), 78-9. On the general issues of pharmacogenomics, New Genetics and Society 21 (2002), 29-38; 19 (2000), 135-64. The proceedings of the the Second Kitasato-Harvard School of Public health Symposium on Advanced and Global Drug Development Techniques: Bridging Strategies and Pharmacogenomics, are in Clinical Evaluation 29 (Suppl. XVII, 2002), 1-249. Human evolution is discussed in PNAS 99 (2002), 1134-9; NS (15 March 2002), 15; Nature 416 (2002), 32-3, 45-51; Science 295 (2002), 1634-5. Tracing personal genetic family trees is discussed in NS (16 March 2002), 32-6. A DNA-based computer for genomic studies has been made by Olympus Optical, SCRIP 2719 (8 Feb. 2002), 13. Discussion of the Celera human shotgun sequence is in Science 295 (2002), 1817. Celera Genomics is now focusing on drug discovery and genetic diagnostics, SCRIP 2742 (1 May 2002), 13. In general on genomic sequencing methods, NatGen 30 (2002), 31-9. A report from the discovery of DNA structure is Nature 415 (2002), 473-4. A book by John Sulston called Common Thread is reviewed in Current Biology 12 (2002), R230-1. Bioinformatics is discussed in Nature 417 (2002), 14, 119-20. Nomenclature can be confusing, Science 296 (2002), 671-2. The draft mouse genome is online for public access, Nature 417 (2002), 106. Genetic analysis of the mouse proteome is in NatGen 30 (2002), 385-9. The malaria parasite ge4nome has been sequenced, Plasmodium falciparum, Science 295 (2002), 1207, 1311+. The genome of stickle back fish has been mapped, NatGen 30 (2002), 127-8. Pufferfish genomes are being probed for human genes, The Scientist (18 March 2002), 22-3. The yeast genome (S. pombe) shares 50 genes with human diseases, BMJ 324 (2002), 441; Current Biology 12 (2002), R294-6. The US will maintain a pathogen genome database and center, NatMed. 8 (2002), 8. Alternative splicing may make genomes more complex, NatGen 30 (2002), 29-30. General Medical Ethics A new report from the Nuffield Council on Bioethics is: The ethics of research related to healthcare in developing countries (London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 205pp., April 2002). They recommend that the development of local expertise in the provision of healthcare and in healthcare research should be an integral component of any proposed research. They also discuss local consent criteria, and the need to make researchers aware of the ethical issues related to the research. A series of 17papers under the theme "The Birth of Tardiness. The Formation of Time Consciousness in Modern Japan", are in Nichibunken Japan Review 14 (2002), 1-238. A series of papers on the legacy of Van R. Potter are in Itinerarium 10 (20, 2002), 77-156. A paper on feminism in China is Nie, J.B., "Foreign lenses and native concerns: Significance of Western feminism for bioethics in China", Ethics and Society Newsletter 9 (Jan. 2002), 3-16. Teaching ethics for nurses is discussed in Nursing Ethics 9 (2002), 259-68. The issues of medical ethics for mentally ill persons are reviewed in Schuerich, N. "Moral attitudes and mental disorders", HCR 32 (March 2002), 14-21. Law & Medical Ethics Surrogate research consent is discussed in CQHE 11 (2002), 160-8. Research in developing countries is discussed in SSM 54 (2002), 1131-48. There have been questions of ethics involving Harvard researchers in China, Science 296 (2002), 28. Clinical trial problems at John Hopkins are discussed in NEJM 346 (2002), 716-20. Placebo controlled trials are discussed in NEJM 346 (2002), 382-3; Lancet 359 (2002), 1337-40. Ethics of trials are discussed in JME 27 (2001), 172-6. Risks of clinical trials are discussed in Time (22 April 2002), 30-9. The use of patients in clinical exams in the UK is discussed in BMJ 324 (2002), 404-7. Prophylatic interventions in children are debated in JME 28 (2002), 10-6. Bristol is discussed in Modern Law Review 65 (2002), 241-55; BMJ 324 (2002), 648-51. Scientific Ethics The place of curiosity and morality in ethics of science is discussed in Turkish J. Medical Ethics 10 (Feb. 2002), 1-5. Work on weapons leads to distrust in science, Nature 416 (2002), 677. Conflict of interest rules are discussed in Science 295 (2002), 246-7. Misallocation of credit in science is common, Nature 415 (2002), 835-6. Citation of unethical research is discussed in JAMA 287 (2002), 452-3. A study of whistle blowers is Human Relations 55 (2002), 455-79. Euthanasia & Terminal Care Palliative care is a global duty, Turkish J. Medical Ethics 10 (Feb. 2002), 11-5. However there can be cultural differences in the current attitudes, and a paper on how Mexican Americans deal with terminal cancer is CQHE 11 (2002), 117-26. Culture and futility is discussed in CQHE 11 (2002), 127-33. There may not always be agreement that suffering is the enemy to be defeated, HCR 32 (March 2002), 40-4. A comparison is made in Tanida, N. et al. "Voluntary active euthanasia and the nurse: a comparison of Japanese and Australian nurses", Nursing Ethics 9 (2002), 313-22. Israel has suggested a limit on the right to die, Lancet 359 (2002), 415. Results of physician assisted suicide in Oregon in 2001 are in NEJM 346 (2002), 450-2. Organ Transplants & Brain Death Race and access to kidney transplants is discussed in CQHE 11 (2002), 134-41. The question of donation is discussed in Glannon, W. & Ross, LF. "Do genetic relationships create moral obligations in organ transplantation?", CQHE 11 (2002), 153-9. Retaining organs from bodies is discussed in BME 176 (March 2002), 8-11. Health Costs The ethics of US health care rationing and costs is discussed in HCR 32 (March 2002), 32-6. Internet Journals and New Sites A series of papers on biodiversity online are in Biotechnology and Development Monitor 49 (March 2002), 1-24. New links include: Bioethics Journals http://www.medbioworld.com/med/journals/ethics.html Bioethics Associations http://www.medbioworld.com/both/assocdb/bioethics.html Center for Reproductive Health & Gynecology http://www.reproductive.org//links/index.html The Swedish National council on Medical ethics (SMER) http://www.smer.gov.se Pathways to Philosophy http://www.philosophypathways.com Medical ethics in Canada http://www.medicalethics.ca http://www.nursingethics.ca http://www.pharmacoethics.com